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A Study of Bacterial Adaptation to Ultraviolet Light in Ultrapure Water Systems

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A Study of Bacterial Adaptation to Ultraviolet Light in Ultrapure Water Systems A STUDY OF BACTERIAL ADAPTATION TO ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT IN ULTRAPURE WATER SYSTEMS Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Liu, Yi Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 11:17:31 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193866 1 A STUDY OF BACTERIAL ADAPTATION TO ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT IN ULTRAPURE WATER SYSTEMS BY Yi Liu ___________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2009 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Yi Liu entitled A Study of Bacterial Adaptation to Ultraviolet Light in Ultrapure Water Systems and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________________________ Date: 05/05/2009 Kimberly L. Ogden ________________________________________________ Date: 05/05/2009 Farhang Shadman ________________________________________________ Date: 05/05/2009 Roberto Guzman ________________________________________________ Date: 05/05/2009 Wendell P. Ela Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: 05/05/2009 Dissertation Director: Kimberly L. Ogden 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR The dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Yi Liu 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation could not be finished without the help and support of many people who are gratefully acknowledged here. At the very first, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my advisor, Dr. Kimberly Ogden. Her concise and comprehensive guidance, full support and encouragement has made my graduate study at the University of Arizona a great life experience. I’m also extremely grateful to Dr. Mark Riley, for giving me generous permission to use his FTIR equipment, and for providing guidance and intellectual discussion regarding my research. What’s more, I wish to extend my thanks to Dominic Decianne, Roger Sperline, and David Bently for their nice and complete technical support. Thanks are also due to my postgraduate friends, who never failed to give me great encouragement and help. At last but not least, I would like to thank my husband Lei Wang for his support all the way from the very beginning of my graduate study. I am thankful to all my family members for their thoughtfulness and encouragement. 5 DEDICATION To my father, mother, husband and my dearest little girl, for your sincere love and full support. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................... 8 LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................11 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................12 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................14 1.1 Outline ................................................................................................................. 14 1.2 Background ......................................................................................................... 14 1.2.1 UPW treatment system. ............................................................................. 15 1.2.2 Bacteria living in UPW systems ................................................................ 16 1.2.3 Biofilm in aquatic surroundings ................................................................ 17 1.2.4 Disinfection in water treatment ................................................................. 18 1.2.5 Ultraviolet light .......................................................................................... 20 1.2.6 Mechanisms of UV disinfection ................................................................ 21 1.2.7 DNA repair mechanisms ............................................................................ 25 1.2.8 Factors affecting UV treatment .................................................................. 27 1.2.9 The application UV radiation in waste water treatment ............................ 28 1.3 Goal of this research ............................................................................................ 29 CHAPTER 2 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOR MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS .............................................................30 2.1 UV radiation ........................................................................................................ 30 2.2 PCR and 16S rRNA gene Sequencing ................................................................ 34 2.3 Transmission electron microscopy ...................................................................... 36 2.4 Mechanism of FTIR spectroscopy technique ...................................................... 37 CHAPTER 3 FACTORS AFFECTING ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON BACTERIA SURVIVING IN ULTRAPURE WATER SYSTEMS .....40 3.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................... 40 3.2 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 40 3.3 Materials and methods ........................................................................................ 46 3.4 Results and analysis ............................................................................................ 49 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS - continued 3.5 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 58 3.6 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 4 A STUDY OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION EFFECT ON BACTERIA SURVIVING IN ULTRAPURE WATER SYSTEMS .....59 4.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................... 59 4.2 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 59 4.3 Materials and methods ........................................................................................ 65 4.4 Results and analysis ............................................................................................ 69 4.5 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 82 4.6 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 5 FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY STUDY OF BACTERIA EXPOSED TO ULTRAVIOLET LIGHTS .......................................................................................................................84 5.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................... 84 5.2 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 84 5.3 Materials and methods ........................................................................................ 88 5.4 Results and analysis ............................................................................................ 91 5.5 Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 104 5.6 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................. 105 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................106 APPENDIX A ASSIGNMENT OF FTIR PEAKS TO WAVENUMBERS ......................................................................................110 APPENDIX B RESULTS FROM 16S RRNA SEQUENCE ......................115 1. Sequence result from the universal forward primer fD1. ...............................115 2. Sequence result from the universal reverse primer rP2. .................................118 3. Sequence result from the designed forward primer SXF .............................. 120
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