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Awaiting Middle Ground: Black Feminism, Disability, and Intersex in the American Biomedical and Literary Imagination by Kianna

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Awaiting Middle Ground: Black Feminism, Disability, and Intersex in the American Biomedical and Literary Imagination by Kianna Awaiting Middle Ground: Black Feminism, Disability, and Intersex in the American Biomedical and Literary Imagination By Kianna Marie Middleton A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in African American Studies and the Designated Emphasis in Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Ula Y. Taylor, Chair Professor Nikki Jones Professor Mel Chen Spring 2019 Ó 2019 Kianna Marie Middleton ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1 Abstract Awaiting Middle Ground: Black Feminism, Disability, and Intersex in the American Biomedical and Literary Imagination by Kianna Marie Middleton Doctor of Philosophy in African American Studies and the Designated Emphasis in Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies University of California, Berkeley Professor Ula Y. Taylor, Chair Awaiting Middle Ground contributes to Black feminist scholarship with respect to the medicalization of disability, gender, and sexuality in American biomedical and literary discourse. By shifting Disability Studies and African American Studies’ attention to sexology archives in the post-World War II era, this project provides a historiography of intersexuality as a racial project that resonates in the contemporary moment. Following the intersex protocols put into motion by sexologist Dr. John Money, I argue that Dr. Money championed patients’ narratives that disavowed embodied difference. Essentially, patients’ bodies and behaviors were medicalized and regulated toward whiteness, able-bodiedness and able-mindedness, and heterosexuality, and away from Black, disabled, and intersex difference. Simultaneously, I examine intersex representations and disability metaphors in fiction, including Jeffrey Eugenides’ Middlesex (2002) and Alexis De Veaux’s Yabo (2014). I contend that the novels are intersex counternarratives to those produced within American biomedicine in the post-WWII era. I utilize historian Miriam Reumann’s notion of “American sexual character” to argue that dimorphic genitals and gender normativity were aspects of an American reinvestment in sexual and racial morality and able-bodiedness and able-mindedness in the face of foreign and domestic adversaries. I attend to the interrelated archives, pathological representations, intersectionality, and alliances between Black, intersex, and disabled people and fictional characters, by joining in on the conversations in Critical Intersex Studies from scholars David A. Rubin, Morgan Holmes, and Hilary Malatino; in Disability and Crip Studies from Robert McRuer and Alison Kafer; and in Black feminist disability studies from Moya Bailey and Sami Schalk. 2 This interdisciplinary project draws from American medical archives, the history of science and medicine, queer theory, Black feminisms and Feminist Science Studies, and African American literary criticism to offer another interlaced genealogy of Blackness and disability. As an invitation to African American Studies, this dissertation presents a pedagogical and methodological account of other, peripheral, Black bodies and minds. i Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………iii Chapter One: “The History that Hurts”: American Sexual Character, Race, and Disability Pathology ……………………………………………………………….1 Chapter Two: “An Archeology of Living Memory”: Intersex Archives, the Erotic, and Crip-of-Color Methodologies ………………………………………………..45 Chapter Three: “The Artifacts of Stories”: Black Feminist Disability Studies and Intersex Temporality in Alexis De Veaux’s Yabo and Dr. John Money’s “Two Cases of Hyperadrenocortical Hermaphroditism” ………………………………68 Chapter Four: Blackened Vulnerabilities and Narrative Mobility in Jeffrey Eugenides’ Middlesex …………………………………………………………….96 Conclusion: Remembering Honest Bodyminds: Seeking a Black Feminist Disability Love-Politics …………………………………………………………129 Bibliography (Works Cited) …………………………………………………..136 ii Acknowledgements This dissertation would not be possible without the support of the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction at Indiana University and the John Money Fellowship for Scholars of Sexuality. I would like to thank the departMent of Ethnic Studies at Colorado State University and Drs. Maricela DeMirjyn, Karina Cespedes, and Irene Vernon who mentored and loved Me throughout My undergraduate and graduate studies there. They were the first to tell Me that My work mattered, that I mattered, and that I had a place in the academy. I aM endlessly grateful for the support of the departMent of African AMerican Studies at the University of California, Berkeley and my dissertation comMittee Drs. Ula Y. Taylor, Nikki Jones, and Mel Chen. The advising, care, and spiritual protection from Dr. Ula Y. Taylor has thoroughly changed my life. If my pedagogy, coMMitMent, beauty, and intellectual vigor are ever half of what she has Modeled for Me, I will be content. This dissertation and my graduate school journey would not have been possible or fun without the support and patience of my friends. I would like to thank My bright and incoMparable colleague Dr. AMani Morrison for her patience, laughter, and conversations over the years. And Kenly Brown for her tireless support, accountability, and friendship. My Mother, Dr. Valerie Middleton, inspired My work ethic and pedagogical coMMitment before I even knew I wanted to pursue a career in acadeMia. My therapist was a weekly reMinder of My resiliency and kindness. The affirMations froM My friends, faMily, and therapist have made all the difference. This project was written on occupied Ohlone, Arapahoe, and Cheyenne lands of California and Colorado. I would like to give thanks to the land. I learned how to run and how to love running on the Ohlone Greenway in the East Bay. My body and Mind will never forget the Miles I ran, the warm sun, the way My feet patted away on the paveMent, and the prayers I recited while there. This dissertation is for all of us. iii Introduction “I can’t help it. God Made Me like this, Doctor,” said this young Negro who had been reared as a girl until medically investigated at the age of fifteen. (Hermaphroditism 117) Intersex narratives froM the post-World War II era postulated intersexuality as a type of stucki position in need of medical intervention. As America underwent domestic racial and sexual renovations, advancements in surgical techniques made intersex people claiMable doMain for Moral, social, and racial resignification. However, not all patients’ bodies were malleableii and not all flesh could overturn God’s determination. Black patients, like the patient in the epigraph, were inconsequential and irredeeMable under norMative intersex protocols (“Spectacles and Scholarship” 773-778). Black patients’ anatoMies, mired in racist tropes that configured theM as enlarged, elongated, invasive, and dangerous, were unchangeable regardless of the amount of intersex management and recontouring.iii Beyond the generalized disability metaphors present in Medical articles such as “unsightly tissue” or “disfiguring and embarrassing” appendagesiv (or lack thereof), intersex patients with actual disabilities faced further stigMatization. Disabilities, including mental distress,v cognitive or intellectual iMpairMents, and physical disabilities lessened patients’ chances at social, Moral, and sexual redeMption. Black disabled patients, caught in the loop of unfitness, were narrativized by physicians as intrinsically less Moldable. Thus, in practice, the Black patient’s exclamation of “I can’t help it” received a resounding response of ‘we can’t (fully) help you.’ Intersex ManageMent was fixated on white Mobility and white recuperation that was made possible through a continued investMent in racial and sexual diMorphism and separation. This dissertation explores the Middle and the future of Blackness, disability, and intersex as patients’ bodies have been collected, forgotten, and even empowered within medical archives, literature, feMinist genealogies, and interdisciplinary forMations. Disorders of sex development (DSD), referred to in this dissertation as intersex, are the primary focus within Awaiting Middle Ground.vi I argue that intersexualization, or “the processes of pathologization that goes hand in hand with the construction of intersexuality” (Eckert qtd. in Wilkerson 188), had historically restored the capacity of whiteness to forMerly aMbiguous intersex patients in the United States. I also contend that the intersex body resided on the outskirts of (full)white identification. Thus, off-whiteness,vii which is defined as “ethnicity, poverty, and gendered conceptions of a lack of Moral character” (Stubblefield 162), is an attributable label to white intersex outsiderness and an interlocutor to iv Blackness and disability. Intersex and gender nonnorMative bodies presented a fundaMental affront to ideologies and MechanisMs of biopolitical control mastered by medical professionals in post-WWII AMerica. The ideologies and mechanisMs of control were meant to correct, realign, and make invisible and make passable the afflicted white intersex bodies. In contrast, Awaiting Middle Ground pauses uncomfortably and disruptively where Blackness, sex difference, and disability converged in medical archives and within literary fiction. I contend that it is only through a thorough exaMination of racialization and debilitation in intersex management that we will begin to understand the convergent metaphors and material vulnerabilities
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