Periodic Activity of Metals Periodic Trends and the Properties of the Elements SCIENTIFIC
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Comparison of Lead Calcium and Lead Selenium Alloys
A COMPARISON OF LEAD CALCIUM & LEAD SELENIUM ALLOYS Separating Fact From Fiction By: Carey O’Donnell & Chuck Finin Background Debate between lead antimony vs. lead calcium has been ongoing for almost 70 years Both are mature ‘technologies’, with major battery producers and users in both camps Batteries based on both alloy types have huge installed bases around the globe Time to take another look for US applications: • New market forces at work • Significant improvements in alloy compositions • Recognize that users are looking for viable options Objectives Provide a brief history of the development and use of both lead selenium (antimony) and lead calcium; objectively compare and contrast the performance and characteristics of each type To attempt to draw conclusions about the performance, reliability, and life expectancy of each alloy type; suitability of each for use in the US Then & Now: Primary Challenges in Battery Manufacturing The improvement of lead alloy compositions for increased tensile strength, improved casting, & conductive performance Developing better compositions & processes for the application and retention of active material on the grids Alloy Debate: Lead Calcium Vs. Lead Selenium Continues to dominate & define much of the technical and market debate in US Good reasons for this: • Impacts grid & product design, long-term product performance & reliability • Directly affects physical strength & hardness of grid; manufacturability • Influences grid corrosion & growth, retention of active material History of Antimony First -
Suppression Mechanisms of Alkali Metal Compounds
SUPPRESSION MECHANISMS OF ALKALI METAL COMPOUNDS Bradley A. Williams and James W. Fleming Chemistry Division, Code 61x5 US Naval Research Lnhoratory Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA INTRODUCTION Alkali metal compounds, particularly those of sodium and potassium, are widely used as fire suppressants. Of particular note is that small NuHCOi particles have been found to be 2-4 times more effective by mass than Halon 1301 in extinguishing both eountertlow flames [ I] and cup- burner flames [?]. Furthermore, studies in our laboratory have found that potassium bicarbonate is some 2.5 times more efficient by weight at suppression than sodium bicarhonatc. The primary limitation associated with the use of alkali metal compounds is dispersal. since all known compounds have very low volatility and must he delivered to the fire either as powders or in (usually aqueous) solution. Although powders based on alkali metals have been used for many years, their mode of effective- ness has not generally been agreed upon. Thermal effects [3],namely, the vaporization of the particles as well as radiative energy transfer out of the flame. and both homogeneous (gas phase) and heterogeneous (surface) chemistry have been postulated as mechanisms by which alkali metals suppress fires [4]. Complicating these issues is the fact that for powders, particle size and morphology have been found to affect the suppression properties significantly [I]. In addition to sodium and potassium, other alkali metals have been studied, albeit to a consider- ably lesser extent. The general finding is that the suppression effectiveness increases with atomic weight: potassium is more effective than sodium, which is in turn more effective than lithium [4]. -
Oregon Department of Human Services HEALTH EFFECTS INFORMATION
Oregon Department of Human Services Office of Environmental Public Health (503) 731-4030 Emergency 800 NE Oregon Street #604 (971) 673-0405 Portland, OR 97232-2162 (971) 673-0457 FAX (971) 673-0372 TTY-Nonvoice TECHNICAL BULLETIN HEALTH EFFECTS INFORMATION Prepared by: Department of Human Services ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY SECTION Office of Environmental Public Health OCTOBER, 1998 CALCIUM CARBONATE "lime, limewater” For More Information Contact: Environmental Toxicology Section (971) 673-0440 Drinking Water Section (971) 673-0405 Technical Bulletin - Health Effects Information CALCIUM CARBONATE, "lime, limewater@ Page 2 SYNONYMS: Lime, ground limestone, dolomite, sugar lime, oyster shell, coral shell, marble dust, calcite, whiting, marl dust, putty dust CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: - Molecular Formula: CaCO3 - White solid, crystals or powder, may draw moisture from the air and become damp on exposure - Odorless, chalky, flat, sweetish flavor (Do not confuse with "anhydrous lime" which is a special form of calcium hydroxide, an extremely caustic, dangerous product. Direct contact with it is immediately injurious to skin, eyes, intestinal tract and respiratory system.) WHERE DOES CALCIUM CARBONATE COME FROM? Calcium carbonate can be mined from the earth in solid form or it may be extracted from seawater or other brines by industrial processes. Natural shells, bones and chalk are composed predominantly of calcium carbonate. WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPLE USES OF CALCIUM CARBONATE? Calcium carbonate is an important ingredient of many household products. It is used as a whitening agent in paints, soaps, art products, paper, polishes, putty products and cement. It is used as a filler and whitener in many cosmetic products including mouth washes, creams, pastes, powders and lotions. -
Sodium Aluminium Silicate (Tentative)
SODIUM ALUMINIUM SILICATE (TENTATIVE) th Prepared at the 80 JECFA and published in FAO JECFA Monographs 17 (2015), superseding tentative specifications prepared at the 77th JECFA (2013) and published in FAO JECFA Monographs 14 (2013). An ADI 'not specified' for silicon dioxide and certain silicates was established at the 29th JECFA (1985). A PTWI of 2 mg/kg bw for total aluminium was established at the 74th JECFA (2011). The PTWI applies to all aluminium compounds in food, including food additives. Information required: Functional uses other than anticaking agent, if any, and information on the types of products in which it is used and the use levels in these products Data on solubility using the procedure documented in the “Compendium of Food Additives Specifications, Vol. 4, Analytical methods” Data on the impurities soluble in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid, from a minimum of five batches. If a different extraction and determination method is used, provide data along with details of method and QC data. Suitability of the analytical method for the determination of aluminium, silicon and sodium using the proposed “Method of assay” along with data, from a minimum of five batches, using the proposed method. If a different method is used, provide data along with details of the method and QC data. SYNONYMS Sodium silicoaluminate; sodium aluminosilicate; aluminium sodium silicate; silicic acid, aluminium sodium salt; INS No. 554 DEFINITION Sodium aluminium silicate is a series of amorphous hydrated sodium aluminium silicates with varying proportions of Na2O, Al2O3 and SiO2. It is manufactured by, precipitation process, reacting aluminium sulphate and sodium silicate. -
CHEM 1A03 UNIT 3: Periodic Trends Introduction
CHEM 1A03 UNIT 3: Periodic Trends Introduction Hey! Thanks for opening up this Chemistry Periodic Trends Review! The education team at WebStraw McMaster has put together a comprehensive breakdown for you that covers all the key concepts for Chemistry Periodic Trends Members of our team have taken the course in previous years, and we understand better than anyone else what specific ideas and concepts tend to trip students up throughout the semester. We are essentially offering you the key takeaways from the course, after having completed the course ourselves. Before you read further, also keep in mind that these review packages are not meant to be a tool for you to learn the course from scratch. The content presented below was designed with the assumption that you already have a preliminary understanding of Periodic Trends. Our goal is to help give you a more in-depth understanding of key outcomes, as well as to help you see how concepts relate/connect to one another within the scope of the course as a whole. We do our best to cover every topic within the unit; however, some testable outcomes may not be discussed. With that said, best of luck in your studying! Remember to make good use of your time, but to also take breaks as well. Yousef Abumustafa & Julia Ma The WebStraw McMaster Chemistry team WebStraw McMaster Periodic properties of elements The periodic table is divided into called columns called groups that group elements with similar chemical/physical properties together and rows called periods that group elements with the same -
Calcium Fluoride Scale Prevention
Tech Manual Excerpt Water Chemistry and Pretreatment Calcium Fluoride Scale Prevention Calcium Fluoride Fluoride levels in the feedwater of as low as 0.1 mg/L can create a scaling potential if Scale Prevention the calcium concentration is high. The calculation of the scaling potential is analogous to the procedure described in Calcium Sulfate Scale Prevention (Form No. 45-D01553-en) for CaSO4. Calculation 1. Calculate the ionic strength of the concentrate stream (Ic) following the procedure described in Scaling Calculations (Form No. 45-D01551-en): Eq. 1 2. Calculate the ion product (IPc) for CaF2 in the concentrate stream: Eq. 2 where: m 2+ 2+ ( Ca )f = M Ca in feed, mol/L m – – ( F )f = M F in feed, mol/L 3. Compare IPc for CaF2 with the solubility product (Ksp) of CaF2 at the ionic strength of the concentrate stream, Figure 2 /11/. If IPc ≥ Ksp, CaF2 scaling can occur, and adjustment is required. Adjustments for CaF2 Scale Control The adjustments discussed in Calcium Sulfate Scale Prevention (Form No. 45-D01553-en) for CaSO4 scale control apply as well for CaF2 scale control. Page 1 of 3 Form No. 45-D01556-en, Rev. 4 April 2020 Figure 1: Ksp for SrSO4 versus ionic strength /10/ Page 2 of 3 Form No. 45-D01556-en, Rev. 4 April 2020 Figure 2: Ksp for CaF2 versus ionic strength /11/ Excerpt from FilmTec™ Reverse Osmosis Membranes Technical Manual (Form No. 45-D01504-en), Chapter 2, "Water Chemistry and Pretreatment." Have a question? Contact us at: All information set forth herein is for informational purposes only. -
Periodic Trends and the S-Block Elements”, Chapter 21 from the Book Principles of General Chemistry (Index.Html) (V
This is “Periodic Trends and the s-Block Elements”, chapter 21 from the book Principles of General Chemistry (index.html) (v. 1.0M). This book is licensed under a Creative Commons by-nc-sa 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/ 3.0/) license. See the license for more details, but that basically means you can share this book as long as you credit the author (but see below), don't make money from it, and do make it available to everyone else under the same terms. This content was accessible as of December 29, 2012, and it was downloaded then by Andy Schmitz (http://lardbucket.org) in an effort to preserve the availability of this book. Normally, the author and publisher would be credited here. However, the publisher has asked for the customary Creative Commons attribution to the original publisher, authors, title, and book URI to be removed. Additionally, per the publisher's request, their name has been removed in some passages. More information is available on this project's attribution page (http://2012books.lardbucket.org/attribution.html?utm_source=header). For more information on the source of this book, or why it is available for free, please see the project's home page (http://2012books.lardbucket.org/). You can browse or download additional books there. i Chapter 21 Periodic Trends and the s-Block Elements In previous chapters, we used the principles of chemical bonding, thermodynamics, and kinetics to provide a conceptual framework for understanding the chemistry of the elements. Beginning in Chapter 21 "Periodic Trends and the ", we use the periodic table to guide our discussion of the properties and reactions of the elements and the synthesis and uses of some of their commercially important compounds. -
CHEMISTRY 130 Periodic Trends
CHEMISTRY 130 General Chemistry I Periodic Trends Elements within a period or group of the periodic table often show trends in physical and chemical properties. The variation in relative sizes of the halogens is shown above. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS 1 Periodic Trends Introduction In the modern periodic table (shown below in Figure 1), elements are arranged according to increasing atomic number in horizontal rows called “periods.” In Figure 1, atomic numbers, which represent the number of protons in an atom of a given element, are listed directly above the element symbols. Figure 1: The modern periodic table. Elements in boxes shaded blue, orange, and purple are characterized as metals, metalloids, and nonmetals, respectively. The structure of the periodic table is such that elements with similar properties are aligned vertically in columns called “groups” or “families.” As indicated in Figure 1, each group has a number (1-18) associated with it. Select groups have also been assigned special names. For instance, the elements in Group 1 (hydrogen excluded) are called the alkali metals. These metallic elements react with oxygen to form bases. They also form alkaline (basic) solutions when mixed with water. Elements in other columns of the periodic table have also been given special “family” names. For instance, the elements in Groups 2, 11 (Cu, Ag, and Au), 16, 17, and 18 are commonly referred to as the alkaline earth metals, the coinage metals, the chalcogens, the halogens, and the noble gases, respectively. Many of these names reflect, unsurprisingly, the reactivity (or the lack thereof) of the elements found within the given group. -
Mercury and Mercury Compounds
United States Office of Air Quality EPA-454/R-97-012 Environmental Protection Planning And Standards Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 December 1997 AIR EPA LOCATING AND ESTIMATING AIR EMISSIONS FROM SOURCES OF MERCURY AND MERCURY COMPOUNDS L & E EPA-454/R-97-012 Locating And Estimating Air Emissions From Sources of Mercury and Mercury Compounds Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Office of Air and Radiation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 December 1997 This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and has been approved for publication. Mention of trade names and commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. EPA-454/R-97-012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................ xi 1.0 PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT .............................................. 1-1 2.0 OVERVIEW OF DOCUMENT CONTENTS ................................. 2-1 3.0 BACKGROUND ........................................................ 3-1 3.1 NATURE OF THE POLLUTANT ..................................... 3-1 3.2 OVERVIEW OF PRODUCTION, USE, AND EMISSIONS ................. 3-1 3.2.1 Production .................................................. 3-1 3.2.2 End-Use .................................................... 3-3 3.2.3 Emissions ................................................... 3-6 4.0 EMISSIONS FROM MERCURY PRODUCTION ............................. 4-1 4.1 PRIMARY MERCURY -
Periodic Trends
Periodic Trends There are three main properties of atoms that we are concerned with. Ionization Energy- the amount of energy need to remove an electron from an atom. Atomic Radius- the estimate of atomic size based on covalent bonding. Electron Affinity- the amount of energy absorbed or released when an atom gains an electron. All three properties have regularly varying trends we can identify in the periodic table and all three properties can be explained using the same properties of electronic structure. Explaining Periodic Trends All of the atomic properties that we are interested in are caused by the attractive force between the positively charged nucleolus and the negatively charged electrons. We need to consider what would affect that relationship. The first thing to consider is the effective nuclear charge. We need to look at the number of protons. Secondly we will need to look at the nucleolus - electron distance and the electron shielding. Lastly we will need to consider electron - electron repulsion. Ionization Energy As we move across a period the general trend is an increase in IE. However when we jump to a new energy level the distance increases and the amount of e-- shielding increases dramatically. Reducing the effective nuclear charge. In addition to the over all trend we need to explain the discrepancies. The discrepancies can be explained by either electron shielding or by electron electron repulsion. 1 Atomic Radius The trend for atomic radius is to decrease across a period and to increase down a family. These trends can be explained with the same reasons as IE. -
Nature of Salt Nasa Summer of Innovation
National Aeronautics and Space Administration NATURE OF SALT NASA SUMMER OF INNOVATION LESSON DESCRIPTION UNIT Students examine the molecular Physical Science – States of Matter structure of salt and the elements that compose it. GRADE LEVELS 4th -6th OBJECTIVES Students will: CONNECTION TO CURRICULUM Explain the general relationship Science between an element's Periodic Table Group Number and its TEACHER PREPARATION TIME 10 minutes tendency to gain or lose electron(s). LESSON TIME NEEDED Explain the difference between 45 minute Complexity: Basic molecular compounds and ionic compounds. Use a model to demonstrate sodium chloride's cubic form which results from its microscopic crystal lattice. Describe the nature of the electrostatic attraction of the oppositely charged ions that holds the structure of salt together. NATIONAL STANDARDS National Science Education Standards (NSTA) Science as Inquiry Understanding of scientific concepts Skills necessary to become independent inquirers about the natural world Physical Science Properties of objects and materials MANAGEMENT It is suggested that the “Electrolysis of Water” activity listed in the additional resources section of this lesson be performed prior to introducing this lesson to students. It can be done as a demonstration or as a full engagement activity with students. CONTENT RESEARCH Chemically, table salt consists of two elements, sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl). Neither element occurs separately and free in nature, but are found bound together as the compound sodium chloride. It occurs naturally in many parts of the world as the mineral halite and as mixed evaporites in salt lakes. Seawater contains an average of 2.6% (by weight) sodium chloride, or 78 million metric tons per cubic kilometer, an inexhaustible supply. -
Periodic Trends Remember from the "Periodic Table" Notes
November 07, 2014 Periodic Trends Remember from the "Periodic Table" Notes... • The periodic table is a tabular display of the chemical elements, organized by their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring properties. • Periodic law: There is a periodic repetition of chemical and physical properties of the elements when they are arranged by increasing atomic number November 07, 2014 Atomic Radius Graph • What are some initial observations about the atomic radius data/graph? • What is atomic radius? November 07, 2014 Go finish the rest of the worksheet with your group! You have 20 minutes. November 07, 2014 Atomic Radius Trend Discussion • What happens to atomic radius as you go across the period? Why? • What happens to atomic radius as you go down the group? Why? November 07, 2014 Periodic Trends Notes Get your handout out! November 07, 2014 Why is it called a periodic table? • The properties of the elements in the table repeat in a "periodic" way (specific pattern). • Periodic law: There is a periodic repetition of chemical and physical properties of the elements when they are arranged by increasing atomic number • The modern periodic table is arranged by > atomic number = # of protons > properties > electron configuration November 07, 2014 Periodic Law • Now lets look at some properties of elements > We looked at some of these in "Meet My Family"! Alkali Metals Halogens November 07, 2014 Periodic Trends • Chemical properties of elements are determined by their electron configuration. • Properties are periodic because the number of valence electrons is periodic. November 07, 2014 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table • Remember electrons are found in atomic orbitals > Principle energy level (n, shells) tells us the relative size and energy of atomic orbitals.