2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 1

PROCEEDINGS

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE and the 4th REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Kota Kinabalu, , 23-27 April 2007 Recommended citation

ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity, BirdLife International, Haribon Foundation, and (2008). Proceedings of the 2nd ASEAN Heritage Parks Conference and 4th Regional Conference for Protected Areas, 23-27 April 2007, Sabah, Malaysia.

ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity (ACB) is a regional inter-governmental centre of excellence of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) for policy formulation and coordination, capacity development, awareness raising and linkage building with networks of institutions in Southeast Asia.

ISBN: 978-971-94164-0-1

Published by the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity, with funding from the European Union. Date of Printing: June 2009 In house printing by ACB

Developed and produced by the ACB Publications Team

Monina T. Uriarte, PhD Bridget P. Botengan Sahlee Bugna-Barrer Nanie S. Gonzales Rhia C. Galsim

ii PROCEEDINGS TABLE OF CONTENTS

The Organizers ...... ix ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity...... ix Birdlife International ...... ix IUCN-WCPA-SEA ...... x Sabah Parks ...... x

Executive Summary...... xi

Acronyms ...... xiii

Overview ...... 1 Background and Context ...... 1 Objectives of the Conference ...... 2 Methodology...... 3 Participants ...... 3

Synthesis of the Opening Programme Welcome Addresses ...... 4 Keynote Address ...... 6 Conference Overview ...... 6

Synthesis of Conference Papers 1. Report on the 1st ASEAN Heritage Parks Conference ...... 7 2. Programme of Work on Protected Areas: Progress and Prospects ...... 7 3. Country Reports ...... 8 4. Gap Analysis Workshop Results: National and Regional Action Points ...... 18 5. Report on Capacity Building Series 2: Management Effectiveness Assessment...... 20 6. The ASEAN Guidelines on Competence Standards for Protected Area Jobs: A Tool for Developing Capacity Building Programmes for ASEAN Heritage Parks Staff ...... 20

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA iii 7. ACB’s Biodiversity Information Management: Moving Information Forward in 2007 ...... 21 8. Sabah and Its Protected Areas and Introduction to the Field Trips ...... 21 9. Scaling Up: Protecting the Global Centre of Marine Biodiversity in the Coral Triangle ...... 22 10. Status of Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia...... 22 11. Integrating Fisheries and Habitat Management in the UNEP/GEF Habitat Demonstration Sites ...... 22 12. Sulu Sulawesi Seascape: Securing Globally Important Marine Ecosystems ...... 23

Synthesis of Parallel Sessions 1. Communication and Community Relations in Protected Area Management ...... 24 1.1 Communication and Community Relations in ’s Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve ...... 24 1.2 ASEAN Heritage Parks: The Best Practices and Lessons in Protected Area Management ...... 24 1.3 Communication and Community in Kaeng Krachan National Park ...... 25 2. Land Use and Confl ict Management in Protected Areas ...... 26 2.1 Land Use Confl ict Management in Samar Island Natural Park, ...... 26 2.2 Land Use and Natural Resources Confl ict: The Case of Suku Kulawi, Marena, Central Sulawesi Provinsi ...... 26 2.3 Traditional Land Use and Confl ict Management in Protected Areas in , Kok Lak Commune ...... 27 2.4 Land Use and Confl ict Management in Protected Areas in The Land of Papua: ...... 27 3. Information Sharing and Knowledge Management on Protected Areas ...... 30 3.1. World Database on Protected Areas ...... 30 3.2. Protected Area Learning Network ...... 30 4. Gap Analysis for Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia ...... 30 4.1 Marine Protected Areas: Inputs to the Gap Analyses for the Southeast Asian Region ...... 30 4.2 Status of Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia - What Next? ...... 31 5. Indigenous Peoples in Protected Area Management ...... 33 5.1 Engaging Indigenous People in Protected Area Development, Functioning and Management: Case Study – Hoang Lien Son Project ...... 33 5.2. From the Ground Up: Documenting Subsistence Pattern in Buayan-Kionop Community Use Zone, Park, Sabah ...... 33 6. Sustainable Financing for Protected Areas ...... 35 6.1 Sustainable Financing for Protected Areas ...... 35 6.2 Papua Civil Society Support Foundation ...... 35 7. Capacity Development for Better Protected Area Management ...... 37 7.1 Training Course on Biodiversity – BIOTROP Training and Information Centre Experience ...... 37 7.2 Master in Public Management, Major in Protected Area Management in the Philippines...... 37 8. Biodiversity Monitoring for Terrestrial PAs ...... 39 8.1 Monitoring Asia’s IBAs ...... 39 8.2 Biodiversity Monitoring System in Protected Areas in the Philippines ...... 39 8.3 Towards Site Level Monitoring in Lao PDR ...... 40 9. Managing World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia ...... 41 9.1 World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia: Strengthening Integrated Conservation and Development at the Regional Level ...... 41 9.2 Komodo National Park (A World Heritage Site), ...... 42 9.3 The Evolving Management of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras: Focus on the Ifugao Rice Terraces ...... 42

iv PROCEEDINGS 10. Management Effectiveness Assessment of Protected Areas in Southeast Asia ...... 44 10.1 Introduction to Management Effectiveness Evaluation ...... 44 10.2 Policy Challenges to the Management Effectiveness Assessment of Protected Areas ...... 44 10.3 MPA-Management Effectiveness: A Case Study from Viet Nam ...... 44 10.4 The Application of RAPPAM Tool in Assessing Management Effectiveness of Protected Areas ...... 45 11. Biodiversity Monitoring for Marine Protected Areas...... 47 11.1 Building Community-Based Marine Protected Area Monitoring...... 47 11.2 Monitoring Stakeholder Perceptions to Improve Effectiveness of MPA Management ...... 47 11.3 Biodiversity Monitoring of Marine Protected Areas ...... 48 12. Sustainable Livelihood and Equity in Relation to Protected Areas ...... 49 12.1 The Segama Conservation Area – A Case for Stewardship ...... 49 12.2 Sustainable Tourism and Protected Areas – ...... 49 12.3 Achieving Conservation Through Community Participation and Poverty Reduction: Nha Trang Bay Case Study ...... 50 12.4 Livelihood Inputs as a Tool to Deliver on Conservation Objectives at the ...... 50 13. Issues Relating to Application of IUCN Categories for Protected Areas...... 52 13.1 Application of IUCN Categories for Protected Areas in Sabah, Malaysia ...... 52 13.2 IUCN Protected Area Categories ...... 52 13.3 The National Integrated Protected Areas System in the Philippines and the IUCN Categorie ...... 52 13.4 Protected Area Categories in Thailand ...... 53

The Regional Action Plan for ASEAN Heritage Parks and Other Protected Areas ...... 54

Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 62

Acknowledgements ...... 63

Photo Documentation ...... 64

Directory of Participants, Guests and Resource Persons ...... 68

Figures 1. CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas ...... 7 2. Process for Developing Occupational Standards for Protected Areas in ASEAN ...... 20 3. Priority Marine Protected Areas of Outstanding Universal Values ...... 23

Tables 1. List of ASEAN Heritage Parks ...... 2 2. Distribution of Participants ...... 3 3. Summary of Country Reports ...... 9 4. Regional Action Points: Communication and Community Relations in Protected Area Management ...... 25 5. Regional Action Points: Land Use and Confl ict Management in Protected Areas ...... 27 6. Regional Action Points: Information Sharing and Knowledge Management on Protected Areas ...... 31 7. Regional Action Points: Gap Analysis for Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia ...... 32

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA v 8. Regional Action Points: Indigenous Peoples in Protected Area Management ...... 34 9. Regional Action Points: Sustainable Financing for Protected Areas ...... 35 10. Regional Action Points: Capacity Development for Better Protected Area Management ...... 37 11. Regional Action Points: Biodiversity Monitoring for Terrestrial Protected Areas ...... 40 12. Regional Action Points: Managing World Heritage Sites in Southern Asia ...... 43 13. Regional Action Points: Management Effectiveness Assessment of PAs in SEA ...... 45 14. Regional Action Points: Biodiversity Monitoring of MPAs ...... 48 15. Regional Action Points: Sustainable Livelihood and Equity in Relation to Protected Areas ...... 51 16. Regional Action Point: Issues Relating to Application of IUCN Categories for Protected Areas ...... 53 17. Regional Action Plan for ASEAN Heritage Parks and Protected Areas ...... 54

Contents of the CD (All paper/powerpoint presentations are contained in the CD that comes with this publication. The CD is inside the packet attached to the inside back cover.)

Annexes A. Conference Papers 1. Report on the 1st ASEAN Heritage Parks Conference 2. Programme of Work on Protected Areas: Progress and Prospects 3. Country Reports 4. Gap Analysis Workshop Results: National and Regional Action Points 5. Report on Capacity Building Series 2: Management Effectiveness Assessment 6. The ASEAN Guidelines on Competence Standards for Protected Area Jobs: A Tool for Developing Capacity Building Programmes for ASEAN Heritage Parks Staff 7. ACB’s Biodiversity Information Management: Moving Information Forward in 2007 8. Sabah and Its Protected Areas and Introduction to the Field Trips 9. Scaling Up: Protecting the Global Centre of Marine Biodiversity in the Coral Triangle 10. Status of Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia 11. Integrating Fisheries and Habitat Management in the UNEP/GEF Habitat Demonstration Sites 12. Sulu Sulawesi Seascape: Securing Globally Important Marine Ecosystems

B. Parallel Sessions Papers 1. Communication and Community Relations in Protected Area Management 1.1 Communication and Community Relations in Singapore’s Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve 1.2 ASEAN Heritage Parks: The Best Practices and Lessons in Protected Area Management 1.3 Communication and Community in Kaeng Krachan National Park 2. Land Use and Confl ict Management in Protected Areas 2.1 Land Use Confl ict Management in Samar Island Natural Park, Philippines 2.2 Land Use and Natural Resources Confl ict: The Case of Suku Kulawi, Marena, Central Sulawesi Provinsi 2.3 Traditional Land Use and Confl ict Management in Protected Areas in Virachey National Park, Kok Lak Commune 2.4 Land Use and Confl ict Management in Protected Areas in The Land of Papua: Lorentz National Park 3. Information Sharing and Knowledge Management on Protected Areas 3.1. World Database on Protected Areas 3.2. Protected Area Learning Network 4. Gap Analysis for Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia 4.1 Marine Protected Areas: Inputs to the Gap Analyses for the Southeast Asian Region 4.2 Status of Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia - What Next?

vi PROCEEDINGS 5. Indigenous Peoples in Protected Area Management 5.1 Engaging Indigenous People in Protected Area Development, Functioning and Management: Case Study – Hoang Lien Son Project 5.2. From the Ground Up: Documenting Subsistence Pattern in Buayan-Kionop Community Use Zone, Crocker Range Park, Sabah 6. Sustainable Financing for Protected Areas 6.1 Sustainable Financing for Protected Areas 6.2 Papua Civil Society Support Foundation 7. Capacity Development for Better Protected Area Management 7.1 Training Course on Biodiversity – BIOTROP Training and Information Centre Experience 7.2 Master in Public Management, Major in Protected Area Management in the Philippines 8. Biodiversity Monitoring for Terrestrial PAs 8.1 Monitoring Asia’s IBAs 8.2 Biodiversity Monitoring System in Protected Areas in the Philippiness 8.3 Towards Site Level Monitoring in Lao PDR 9. Managing World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia 9.1 World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia: Strengthening Integrated Conservation and Development at the Regional Level 9.2 Komodo National Park (A World Heritage Site), Indonesia 9.3 The Evolving Management of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras: Focus on the Ifugao Rice Terraces 10. Management Effectiveness Assessment of Protected Areas in Southeast Asia 10.1 Introduction to Management Effectiveness Evaluation 10.2 Policy Challenges to the Management Effectiveness Assessment of Protected Areas 10.3 MPA-Management Effectiveness: A Case Study from Viet Nam 10.4 The Application of RAPPAM Tool in Assessing Management Effectiveness of Protected Areas 11. Biodiversity Monitoring for Marine Protected Areas 11.1 Building Community-Based Marine Protected Area Monitoring 11.2 Monitoring Stakeholder Perceptions to Improve Effectiveness of MPA Management 11.3 Biodiversity Monitoring of Marine Protected Areas 12. Sustainable Livelihood and Equity in Relation to Protected Areas 12.1 The Segama Conservation Area – A Case for Stewardship 12.2 Sustainable Tourism and Protected Areas – Thailand 12.3 Achieving Conservation Through Community Participation and Poverty Reduction: Nha Trang Bay Case Study 12.4 Livelihood Inputs as a Tool to Deliver on Conservation Objectives at the Natmataung National Park 13. Issues Relating to Application of IUCN Categories for Protected Areas 13.1 Application of IUCN Categories for Protected Areas in Sabah, Malaysia 13.2 IUCN Protected Area Categories 13.2 The National Integrated Protected Area System in the Philippines and the IUCN Categories 13.4 Protected Area Categories in Thailand

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA vii

THE ORGANIZERS

ASEAN CENTRE FOR BIODIVERSITY The ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity (ACB) is an intergovernmental regional centre of excellence of the ASEAN for policy formulation, capacity development, awareness raising and linkage building with networks of institutions in the ASEAN. The Centre is a development and continuation of the ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation (ARCBC). The overall objective of the ACB is to enable the ASEAN to meet the call by the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) to achieve a signifi cant reduction in the rate of biodiversity loss by the year 2010.

ASEAN CENTRE for BIODIVERSITY 3/F ERDB Bldg., UPLB Forestry Campus College, Laguna 4031 Philippines Telefax : (6349) 536-2865 / (632) 584-4246 Email: [email protected] Website: www.aseanbiodiversity.org

BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL Birdlife International is a global partnership of conservation organizations that thrives to conserve birds, their habitats and global diversity, working with people towards sustainability in the use of natural resources. Birdlife partners operate in over one hundred countries and territories worldwide and collaborate on regional work programmes in every continent. It has been working in protected area management in collaboration with the ASEAN governments even before the Conventional on Biological Diversity (CBD). Birdlife has identifi ed the Important Bird Areas (IBA) for all of Asia following a globally accepted set of criteria. Recently, it has embarked to complement this effort by identifying an additional set of sites called Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) that represent other signifi cant faunal groups in most countries in the ASEAN region.

BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL 2/F, Santos and Sons Building 973 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City 1109 Philippines Email: [email protected] [email protected] Website: www.birdlife.org/worldwide/national/philippines/index.html

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA ix IUCN-WCPA in the SEA The World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) is one of six Commissions of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The mission of the IUCN’s WCPA is “to promote an effectively managed, representative system of marine and terrestrial protected areas as an integral part of IUCN mission.” WCPA and its partners strive to provide leadership on protected areas issues to governments, NGOs, communities, and other key stakeholders. Emphasizing its power to convene a diversity of actors, WCPA works by bringing science, knowledge and experience to bear on decision-making to address the existing challenges and on future issues and opportunities in order to realize a common vision “that society fully recognizes and supports the importance of protected areas in the 21st Century by securing key places for biological and cultural diversity, promoting equity and justice, maintaining the quality of the environment, and ensuring the sustainable use of the natural resources for poverty reduction, food and water security, and the prevention of confl icts.”

IUCN Headquarters Rue Mauverney 28, Gland 1196, Switzerland Email: [email protected] [email protected] Website: www.iucn.org www.iucn.org/themes/wcpa

SABAH PARKS Sabah Parks is a government institution of the State of Sabah, Malaysia. Sabah Parks has jurisdiction and supervision over national parks including the management, development and protection of the proclaimed national parks of the State. Sabah State Parks are reserves that have been set aside in their natural condition for unimpaired maintenance. These include , Turtle Islands Park, Tunku Abdul Rahman Park, Pulau Tiga Park, Hills Park, and Crocker Range Park. Almost every major habitat in Sabah is represented in the six State parks. These support a vast array of plant and animal species that are unique, rare and of great signifi cance, including many species found nowhere else in the world.

SABAH PARKS P.O. Box 10626, 88806 , Sabah, Malaysia Tel: +6088-212719 +6088-221001

x PROCEEDINGS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

he 2nd ASEAN Heritage Parks (AHP) Conference was conducted back-to back with Tthe 4th Regional Conference for Protected Areas in Southeast Asia on 23-27 April 2007 in Sabah, Malaysia. The Conference reviewed the AHP Programme, in particular its components, namely: 1) Capacity development; 2) Information sharing network; 3) Technical staff exchange program; 4) Promotion of tourism; 5) Participation in joint research programme; 6) Bi-annual conference of managers; and 7) Management improvement programme. The Conference also reviewed the actions taken in relation to the strategic directions set out at the 2003 World Parks Congress V held in Durban, South Africa and the Programme of Work (PoW) on Protected Areas (PAs) approved at the 7th Conference of Parties (CoP) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The Conference brought together 223 participants composed of the heads and staff of PA and AHP management authorities; offi cials and representatives of international and local non-government organizations, and other PA practitioners. The Conference identifi ed regional actions for protected areas in relation to meeting the Durban Accord and the commitments in the PoW on PAs and the AHP Programme; and strengthened the management of the network on protected areas in the Region with special focus on AHPs. Specifi cally, the Conference reviewed the status of protected area management in the SEA region, shared experiences, imparted best practices, identifi ed problems and issues and formulated a common regional strategic direction to respond to the challenges in the sustainable use of biodiversity, access and sharing equitably the benefi ts from biodiversity and conservation of biodiversity. Various issues and concerns with regard to PA management came up. Among these were: the recognition of the role of indigenous and local communities in PA management and the provision of technical and fi nancial support for them to conduct cultural environmental

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA xi impact assessment/monitoring; management of wastes generated from ecotourism activities in PAs; marketing and promotion of AHPs; need for regional cooperation/mechanisms; strengthening of the capacity building program for PA management; and regional certifi cation for logging, wildlife trade and destructive fi shing methods as necessary tools for better management of PAs. The parallel sessions came up with issues, lessons learned and recommendations on how to move the work forward in relation to the PoW for PAs. The 13 parallel sessions were: 1. Communication and Community Relations in Protected Area Management 2. Land Use and Conflict Management in Protected Areas 3. Information Sharing and Knowledge Management on Protected Areas 4. Gap Analysis for Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia 5. Indigenous Peoples in Protected Area Management 6. Sustainable Financing for Protected Areas 7. Capacity Development for Better PA Management 8. Biodiversity Monitoring for Terrestrial PAs 9. Managing World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia 10. Management Effectiveness Assessment of Protected Areas in Southeast Asia 11. Biodiversity Monitoring for Marine Protected Areas 12. Sustainable Livelihood and Equity in Relation to Protected Areas 13. Issues Relating to Application of IUCN Categories for Protected Areas The Conference drafted the Regional Action Plan for AHPs and PAs of SEA that would complement and support national conservation initiatives toward the conservation and management of protected areas. The proceedings of the conference will serve as reference in defi ning and selecting priority activities in the AHPs and PAs. The following are the key areas for action proposed for the ASEAN region: • Establishment and strengthening of national and regional systems of PA management integrated into a global network as a contribution to globally agreed goals; • Establishment and strengthening of regional networks, thereby promoting equity and benefi t sharing and integrating PAs in broader land and seascapes; • Promotion of improved site-based PA planning and management and capacity building of PA staff through appropriate technology transfer; • Assessment, monitoring and evaluation of effectiveness of PA management and development and adoption of minimum standards and best practices for national and regional PAs, and ensuring that scientifi c knowledge contributes to the effectiveness of PA systems; • Enhancement and securing involvement of indigenous and local communities in PAs and strengthening communication, education and public awareness; and ensuring fi nancial stability.

xii PROCEEDINGS ACRONYMS

ACB ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity ADB Asian Development Bank AHP ASEAN Heritage Park AIPP Asia Indigenous People’s Pact AMS ASEAN Member States ARCBC ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASOEN ASEAN Senior Ministers for the Environment AWGNCB ASEAN Working Group on Nature and Conservation of Biodiversity BBEC Bornean Biodiversity and Ecosystem Conservation BMS Biodiversity Monitoring System BPAMB Biodiversity Protected Area Management Project CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CB-MPA Community-based Marine Protected Area CCA Community Conserved Area CEPA Communication, Education and Public Awareness CHM Clearing House Mechanism CI Conservation International CITES Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna COBSEA RCU Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia Regional Coordinating Unit CoP Conference of Parties CPA Community Protected Area CTC Coral Triangle Center CUZ Community-Use Zone DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources EC European Commission EIA Environment Impact Assessment EMS Environment Management Systems EPP Ecosystems PAs and People Project EU European Union GEF Global Environment Facility GMI Global Marine Initiative HLSP Hoang Lien Son Project IBA Important Bird Areas ICM Integrated Coastal Management ICRAN International Coral Reef Action Network IEC Information, Education and Communication IP Indigenous Peoples IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature KBA Key Biodiversity Area MBCC Marine Biodiversity Conservation Corridor MEA Management Effectiveness Assessment MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements MEE Management Effectiveness Evaluation

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA xiii MPA Marine Protected Area NCSA National Capacity Self-Assessment NGO Non-Governmental Organization NIPAS National Integrated Protected Areas System NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NP National Park PA Protected Area PALNet Protected Area Learning Network PAMANA Ka Sa Pilipinas Pambansang Alyansa ng Maliliit na Mangingisda ka sa Pilipinas PAMB Protected Area Management Board PAWB Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau PCSSF Papua Civil Society Support Foundation PoW Programme of Work RECOFTC Regional Community Forestry Training Center for Asia and the Pacifi c RAPPAM Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Areas Management RNHP Regional Natural Heritage Programme RWG-F Regional Working Group on Fisheries SBSTTA Subsidiary Body on Scientifi c, Technical and Technological Advice SBWR Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve SEACMPA Southeast Asia Center for Marine Protected Areas SEAFDEC Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center SEA Southeast Asia SHCA Species/Habitat Conservation Area SINP Samar Island Natural Park SSS Sulu-Sulawesi Seascape TNC The Nature Conservancy TNLL Lore Lindu National Park (Indonesia) UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientifi c and Cultural Organization USAID United States Agency for International Development WB World Bank WCPA World Commission on Protected Areas WDPA World Database on Protected Areas WCMC World Conservation Monitoring Centre WHS World Heritage Sites WWF World Wide Fund for Nature / World Wildlife Fund for Nature WPC World Parks Congress

xiv PROCEEDINGS OVERVIEW

Background and Context resulted in the increase in the number of AHPs from The ASEAN Heritage Parks (AHP) embody the 11 to 27. Table 1 shows the list of AHPs. aspirations of the peoples of Darussalam, The 1st ASEAN Heritage Parks Conference was , Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, , held in , Thailand in April the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and 2004, where it was recommended that the AHP to conserve their natural heritage that represent Conference be conducted every two years. the bounty and diversity of living organisms of their The 2nd AHP Conference was held back to back nations. The abundance of these diverse biological with the 4th Regional Conference on Protected resources also ensures the continuous fl ow of goods Areas in Southeast Asia from 23 to 27 April 2007 in and ecosystems services for the benefi t of the present Sabah, Malaysia. The PA heads and staff reassessed and future generations. Thus, the ASEAN Ministers of their programmes of activities based on the global the Environment all signed the ASEAN Declaration on programmes and directions adopted during the 5th Heritage Parks on 18 December 2003, wherein the World Parks Congress in Durban, South Africa in ASEAN Member States (AMS) agreed that “common September 2003 and also in compliance with the cooperation is necessary to conserve and manage Programme of Work (PoW) on Protected Areas the ASEAN Heritage Parks for the development (PAs) of the 7th Conference of Parties (CoP) of and implementation of regional conservation the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). and management action plans as well as regional They also gained knowledge from the experiences mechanisms complementary to national efforts to of other conservation experts and practitioners implement conservation measures”. They likewise from other parts of the ASEAN and international defi ned the criteria for the selection of AHPs that organizations.

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 1 Table 1. List of ASEAN Heritage Parks

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM • Khakaborazi National Park • National Park • Lampi Marine National Park • Meinmahla Kyun Wildlife Sanctuary CAMBODIA • Preah Monivong (Bokor) National Park PHILIPPINES • Virachey National Park • Mt. Apo National Park • Mts. Iglit-Baco National Park INDONESIA • Leuser National Park SINGAPORE • Kerinci Seblat National Park • Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve • Lorentz National Park THAILAND LAO PDR • Ao-Phangnga – Mu Koh Surin – • Nam Ha Protected Area Mu Koh Similan Marine National Parks • Kaeng Krachan Complex MALAYSIA • Khao Yai National Park • Kinabalu National Park • • Mulu National Park • National Park VIET NAM • Ba Be National Park MYANMAR • Chu Mom Ray National Park • Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park • Hoang Lien Sa Pa National Park • Inlay Lake Wildlife Sanctuary • Kon Ka Kinh National Park • Indawgyi Lake Wildlife Sanctuary

Durban Action Plan: During the World Parks in the Durban Accord were used as reference by the Congress V in Durban, South Africa in September CBD and brought about the PoW on PAs. The PoW 2003, the participants crafted the Durban Action Plan moves the global agenda farther and sets ambitious as a priority response to the global environmental targets for the Parties to the Convention towards better social and economic challenges of the modern world PA management. to PA management. Priority targets under the Durban Both the Durban Action Plan and the PoW on PAs Action Plan included a strengthened role for PAs of the CBD were vital to the formulation of the Regional in implementing the CBD through a participatory Action Plan for ASEAN Heritage Parks and Other mechanism and in full compliance of the rights Protected Areas during the 2nd AHP Conference. of indigenous peoples and youth population. The management of all PAs would also be reviewed to Objectives of the Conference determine if links exist with all the world’s ecosystems. The overall objectives were to: The World Heritage List would be drawn up in all 1) identify regional actions for the PAs in ASEAN sites whose biodiversity values are outstanding and Member States in meeting the targets in universal. Support would be generated for effective the Durban Accord and the commitments systems of management and communication and to the PoW on PAs of the CBD and the AHP education strategies. Programme; and Convention on Biological Diversity: The 2) strengthen the management of the network of CBD was adopted by 189 countries and the European PAs with special focus on the AHPs. Community in 1992. It is the most important legal instrument addressing PAs through national and The specifi c objectives were to: multinational PoW on PAs. The Conference of Parties 1) assess the status of PA management in (CoP) of the CBD was held in , Malaysia the ASEAN region; in 2004, a few months after the World Parks Congress. 2) share and document best practices and lessons The priorities in the Durban Action Plan and the targets in PA management;

2 PROCEEDINGS 3) present the outcome and progress report of to move forward in relation to the PoW on PAs the 1st AHP Meeting held in 2004; and timeline. Highlights of each group discussion were 4) formulate specific regional actions for the presented during the plenary sessions. conservation and management of the AHP. These reports were used as discussion papers during the plenary sessions. The outputs of these Methodology sessions then formed the basis for the formulation The Conference was officially opened by key of the Regional Action Plan for ASEAN Heritage officials from the ASEAN and the EU. Keynote Parks and Other Protected Areas in the ASEAN. address was given by Datuk Lamri Ali, Director of Sabah Parks. Participants Representatives from Brunei Darussalam, The workshop-conference had a total of 223 Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, participants composed of Protected Area Managers of Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and the AHPs and other parks in the ASEAN, conservation Vietnam presented their country reports that specialists in marine and terrestrial PAs, and heads highlighted the unique biodiversity reources, and staff of PA agencies of the ASEAN. Malaysia sent status of implementation of the CBD PoW on 79 participants; the Philippines – 44; Indonesia -29; PA and the current issues and challenges on PA Thailand -22; Vietnam -14; Cambodia -11; Myanmar management. -9; Singapore -7; Brunei Darussalam-2 and Lao PDR Conference papers on terrestrial and marine -1. There were also participants from Japan, Europe, PAs specifically on gap analysis, management North America, Australia and USA. effectiveness, capacity development, data sharing Of the total, 58 percent represented government and monitoring, and initiaives of NGOs, TNC and institutions working in the PA sector; 30 percent, UNEP were also reported. An open forum and NGOs; 8 percent, international organizations and critiquing followed every presentation. 4 percent from the academic institutions. The Participants and other experts were grouped for distribution of participants is presented in Table 2. the parallel sessions to discuss situations/issues, The directory of participants and resource persons lessons learned and recommendations on how and guest is shown on page 68.

Table 2. Distribution of Participants

International Country Government NGO Organization Academe TOTAL Brunei Darussalam 2 - - - 2 Cambodia 7 4 - - 11 Indonesia 15 10 4 - 29 Malaysia 57 19 - 3 79 Myanmar 7 2 - - 9 Lao PDR 1 0 - - 1 Philippines 11 20 10 3 44 Singapore 4 2 - 1 7 Thailand 14 4 3 1 22 Vietnam 11 3 - - 14 Australia - - - 1 1 Japan - 1 - - 1 Switzerland - - 1 - 1 United Kingdom - - 1 - 1 United States - 1 - - 1 129 66 19 9 223

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 3 SYNTHESIS OF THE OPENING PROGRAMME

ffi cials from the State Government of Sabah, Convention on Biological Diversity Programme Othe European Delegation to the Philippines; of Work in order that “implementation of the the Australian Embassy in Malaysia; the IUCN Convention is further advanced”. - the World Conservation Union, and the Birdlife The Birdlife partnership in Asia has identifi ed International formally opened the Conference with over 2000 globally Important Biodiversity Areas messages. (IBA) in the region, out of which 43 percent still lack “any formal PA status”. These information are Welcome Addresses contained in the country IBA books that describe the identifi ed sites containing remarkable biological Paulus Basintal diversity using birds as indicator of overall diversity. Assistant Director, Sabah Parks A recent addition to this collection is the IBA book Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia for Malaysia prepared by the Malaysia Nature Society, which identifi ed 55 sites covering 4.4 hectares as key Mr. Basintal welcomed the participants and sites for conservation. The documentation of key expressed deep appreciation for being given the conservation sites in the country through the IBA opportunity to host the back-to-back conference. programme allows for the identifi cation of gaps in He also gave a brief background on the protected PA coverage and strengthening of existing efforts for areas in Sabah, Malaysia. Mt. Kinabalu Park started protected area management. as a protected area and the fi rst park ever gazetted The IBA approach has helped pioneer the Key in Sabah back in 1964. After 43 years, there are now Biodiversity Area approach, which has been developed seven national parks - three terrestrial and four together with other conservation organizations marine parks - covering 3.6 percent of the total land around the world. This approach is also used for gap area of Sabah. analysis for protected areas and is currently being Each park is considered to hold “Sabah’s natural fi eld-tested around the world. heritage” since these have been selected for their Birdlife works with the IBA local conservation “unique scenic and geographical or geological groups in implementing activities at the site to features through outstanding examples of fl ora and ensure that the IBAs are “maintained as community fauna”. conservation areas”. This approach “seeks to He concluded his report by mentioning the foster genuine partnership with local communities diffi cult task of protecting or managing these areas to achieve conservation in important sites for but also stressed the importance of owning this task biodiversity”. for the benefi t of future generations. Kari Markku Lahti Mike Rands Programme Offi cer, IUCN Programme on CEO of BirdLife International Protected Areas (Message was read by Dr. Calvin Loh, Gland, Switzerland Executive Director, Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) Mr. Lahti, in his opening statement on behalf of the recently appointed Director General of IUCN-World BirdLife International is a partnership of over Conservation Union, Julia Marton-Lefevre, expressed 100 national conservation NGOs that are cooperating his hope for a focused and successful conference. He to “save species, protect sites, conserve habitats also extended the apologies both of of the chair of the and empower people for the purpose of conserving World Commission of Protected Areas (WCPA) Nikita biodiversity”. To this end, BirdLife International Lopoukhine, and the Head of the Programme, David has been active in various efforts supporting the Sheppard, who could not make it to the Conference

4 PROCEEDINGS due to overlapping commitments. has released over $9million to support 51 projects in He expressed his pleasure in seeing the 2nd ASEAN Southeast Asia and the Pacifi c. The RNHP aims to Heritage Parks and 4th Protected Areas Conference “maximize the impact of the biodiversity conservation develop into a very signifi cant conservation event work by focusing its efforts and resources in areas within the region. with high concentrations of endemic species and high Mr. Lahti introduced IUCN and the areas of rates of habitat destruction”. relevance for IUCN and, in particular WCPA, in Southeast Asia and how it draws its membership from Juan Echanove governments and non-government organizations Environmental Adviser and Project Offi cer for the which enables it to act as a “neutral forum” to discuss ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity, key conservation issues. The IUCN, with its networks EC Delegation to the Philippines of volunteers organised into six Commissions, gets its sources of technical expertise and advice from more Mr. Echanove enumerated the reasons for the than 10,000 Commission members from around the “immense importance” attributed to Southeast world. Most ASEAN nations are state members or Asia with respect to biodiversity and the increasing members of IUCN, and have been associated in one global concern for its current state. Thus, in support way or another with most of the regional conferences of the ASEAN governments’ thrust to address on nature conservation and protected areas. issues on biodiversity loss at the regional level, the The IUCN takes the lead in striking a balance European Union funded the ASEAN Regional Center between the conservation of nature and sustainable for Biodiversity Conservation (ARCBC) Project in development, using scientific evidence for their the mid-1990s to promote knowledge sharing and actions to infl uence decisions and policy actions. best practices and common efforts on biodiversity. The regional meetings and workshops are of great One major output of the Project is the Guidelines importance in the implementation of the thematic and Criteria for the Establishment of the ASEAN areas of WCPA especially the CBD PoW for PAs since Heritage Parks, which was eventually approved there have been too little efforts on the local side when by the ASEAN Ministries of Environment. The compared to the global approach. Project has also been involved in the process for He expressed IUCN’s wish to see that the the Standardization of Habitat Classification for Conference will provide guidance and will be a ASEAN and the preparatory process of the ASEAN facilitator for future cooperative actions that will Framework Agreement on Access to Biological and bring together the most active range of players in PAs. Genetic Resources. The outcome of the Conference will lead to actions Upon completion of the Project, the stakeholders that will be mainstreamed into the broader agendas felt the need to create a permanent institution to of the ASEAN nations. “strengthen the capacity of the ASEAN Member States in the formulation and coordination of Penny Williams biodiversity-related policy, strategy and action, Australian High Commission in Malaysia fulfi ll relevant treaty obligations and promote and (The message was read by Ms. Anabelle advance common positions on matters related Plantilla, Executive Director, Haribon to biodiversity conservation, management and Foundation, Philippines) sustainable use of natural resources.” Thus, in 2005, the EC provided fi nancial assistance to the ASEAN The Australian Government’s commitment Secretariat for the creation of the ASEAN Centre for to support biodiversity conservation through the Biodiversity. Regional Natural Heritage Program (RNHP) is Mr. Echanove shared that the “EC support to ”designed to support projects that help conserve ACB refl ects our strong commitment to biodiversity biodiversity hotspots in Southeast Asia and the conservation” and in strengthening the partnership Pacifi c”. Under the RNHP, the Australian Government with ASEAN.

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 5 Keynote Address Conference Overview

Datuk Lamri Ali Cristi Nozawa Director, Sabah Parks Vice-Chair of the IUCN-WCPA–SEA and Sabah, Malaysia Partner Development Offi cer of BirdLife International in Asia Mr. Datuk Lamri Ali expressed his gratitude to the organisers for choosing Sabah to host the event. Ms. Nozawa discussed the importance of working He welcomed all the delegates to the auspicious together and having a back-to-back conference of gathering of conservation experts from Southeast the AHP and regional PAs. She emphasised the Asia and other parts of the globe and briefed them importance of the rich biodiversity of the Southeast on the Sabah concept of a PA. The concept of Asian (SEA) region, which hosts 20% of the world’s protected areas is not alien to Sabah as the local biodiversity, and the signifi cance of the region’s rich people of Sabah protect their water catchment and and diverse cultures. spring areas and also prohibit fishing in certain Out of the region’s 1,000 protected areas, there areas in a practice called ‘bombon’ or ‘tagal’. are only 27 AHPs, a fi gure that falls way below the The local people also keep the forest areas and Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Program of its adjacent areas intact as these are considered Work target. The 27 AHPs are starting points for more sacred. Thus, during the time of gazetting of forest heritage parks that would represent the biodiversity of reserves and state parks, the process was “readily the region. Thus, the PoW for PAs challenges all state embraced by the people”. The local people’s regard parties to the CBD to go beyond the AHPs. for conservation contributed to the highly successful At the World Parks Congress held in 2003 at efforts on Nature Conservation and Protected Areas Durban and attended by over 3000 people, SEA in the State. was under represented in sharing lessons and best Sabah has one of the best systems and networks practices in PA management. This is a poor showing of PAs in the region as reflected in the JICA- of the region compared to the 400+ participants from funded paper prepared by WWF-Malaysia entitled, South America. “Masterlist of Sabah Protected Areas, Recommended The ASEAN initiative and the World Parks Congress List with Background Discussion and Justification,” have both a commitment to share lessons across the released in December 2006. The report shows that region and “if there is a chance to share among the 27 the 93 PAs identified in the study cover over 1.1 AHPs then there should be a chance to share beyond it.” million hectares, which is equivalent to 15.95% There is room for “better coordination, learning from of Sabah’s total land area. In Sabah, “not only each other and joint actions under the ASEAN”. is the percentage of coverage extensive but the Ms. Nozawa explained the fl ow of the Conference habitats and species covered and the management and cited the CBD PoW and timelines as the bases effectiveness are impressive as well.” for the session topics.

6 PROCEEDINGS SYNTHESIS OF CONFERENCE PAPERS

Report on the 1st ASEAN Heritage Parks and outputs were discussed. Conference The full report is in Annex A1.

Roland Yap Programme of Work on Protected Areas: Acting Executive Director (2006-May 2007) Progress and Prospects ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity Peter Shadie Philippines Coordinator, Regional Protected Areas Programme The results of the 1st AHP Conference held in Khao Yai, Thailand as well as the overall strategies and the IUCN Asia Offi ce AHP programme components were discussed. Bangkok, Thailand ASEAN Heritage Parks are “protected areas of high conservation importance preserving in total a The context for the Programme of Work (PoW) on complete spectrum of representative ecosystems at Protected Areas (PAs) of the Convention on Biological the ASEAN level”. In December 2003, the ASEAN Diversity (CBD), the Articles in the CBD containing signed the Declaration of Heritage Parks where 27 the PA provisions, and the 2010 targets adopted in parks across the region were declared as ASEAN 2006 were discussed. Heritage Parks. Figure 1 shows the PoW on PAs Timeline. The fi rst AHP Conference was held in September The PoW on PAs provides a comprehensive 2004 where it sought to determine common framework for PA action. Current initiatives across the cooperation to conserve and manage AHPs and globe as well as future prospects geared towards the develop and implement regional action plans implementation of the PoW were also discussed. complementary to and supportive of national For Southeast Asia, the issues and challenges initiatives. In the conference, the major strategies are the following: exceptionally rich biodiversity

Figure 1. CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 7 – nature’s infrastructure; competition for access Management Authority. Their reports described to finite land and resources in the face of rapid their respective countries, highlighting the unique socioeconomic growth; degradation and over biodiversity in their areas, status of implementation exploitation of natural resources through a range of the CBD’s PoW on PAs and the current issues of change factors and threats; signifi cant gaps in and challenges being confronted by each country. protection of key ecosystems, habitats and species Among the issues and concerns dicussed during the specially in marine environment; increasing pressure open forum are the following: from tourism; trade in wildlife; lack of human and • Recognition of the role of indigenous peoples financial capacity to effectively manage existing (IPs) in PA management PAs; inadequate considerations to livelihood issues • Provision of technical and financia support resulting in variable and, at times, antagonistic for IPs to conduct cultural and environmental relations between local communities and PAs; poor impact assessment monitoring; awareness and appreciation of the values and benefi ts • Management of wastes generated from of PAs; and increasing international attention and tourism activities in the PAs; transboundary efforts. • Marketing and promotion of AHPs; The focus areas suggested include: optimizing • Use of ACB (ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity) regional approaches to build an ASEAN Heritage indicators by countries for PA management Site concept – scaling up and out; moving away from effectiveness; ‘business as usual’ to region-wide commitment to • Need for regional cooperation/mechanisms; accelerate actions under PoW; making the region a • Strengthening of the capacity building global showcase for marine PA establishment and program for PA management; conservation; creating the conditions that enable • Holding at least three regional activities a variety of PA governance mechanisms to support annually that address regional concerns in participatory management; and implementing an terms of PA management; and evaluative matrix to set baselines and measure toward • Adopting the regional certification on the targets under the PoW. logging, wildlife trade and destructive fishing The full report is in Annex A2. methods as necessary tools for PA better management. Country Reports The summary of the reports is presented in The country reports were presented by country Table 3. representatives, mostly Heads of the Protected Areas The full report is in Annex A3.

8 PROCEEDINGS Threats and Challenges Threats and Persistent gathering of agar of agar gathering Persistent wood/ gaharu (Aqualariabeccariana); Wild plants and other wildlife are illegally collected; Police Rangers Virtually no Park with deal to are deployed persistent violators. Management Participation in PA is limited; law policy and Inadequate protected certain in enforcement areas; less and number Inadequate qualified staff; of program to or lack Inadequate integrate to the policy implement the PA management people into system. x x x x x x x Strengths black gold still flowing; still “ black gold Management and conservation and Management programs in place; activities for Adequate funding as No firearms since 1962; No firearms considered are Many animals eat; to unhealthy kill certain wild Taboo to are either animals as these bring could or sacred and misfortune; within the Strictly no logging protected area Management and conservation and Management place; in programs are are areas Protected established; international Presence of organizations providing financial technical and support; and Abundant biological resources x x x x x x x x x x

– Management Authority Ministry of Primary Primary Ministry of Industries Brunei Museums Brunei Museums Department, Ministry of and Sports Culture, Youth Department of Forestry Department of Forestry, Agriculture Ministry of Protected of Department of Ministry Areas, Environment x x x x , the , the - one species species one (Euphaea Burretiodendron Burretiodendron Tetracanthagyna plagiata Tetracanthagyna (Aqualaria beccariana) (Aqualaria

(Nepenthes ampullaria, N. (Nepenthes Nannophya pygmaea Nannophya evergreen and semi-evergreen forest forest and semi-evergreen evergreen Biodiversity Resources Biodiversity Resources and the biggest - biggest - the and (dragonflies and damselflies (54) such as such (54) damselflies and (dragonflies freshwater fish (50), mammals (68), birds mammals (68), birds (50), freshwater fish (conservation status) status) (conservation 800 plant species recorded such as four as recorded such species plant 800 (conservation status) ex. status) (conservation Tasek Merimbun Tasek Merimbun Heritage Park CITES by species protected endangered Rare and 8 hornbills; Protection Act: and National Wildlife Hylobates malayanus; Helarctus Neofelis nebulosa; bancanus;coucang; mullerii; Tarsius Nycticebus Heliaeetus leucogaster; Argusianus argus; Nepenthes etc.; spp. Trogonoptera; Troides mirabilis, N. gracilis, ampullaria; N. bicalcarata, maingayi. Gonystylus Aqualaria beccariana, of species of the number shows Current inventory the following: Fauna: (181), Lepidoptera (54), (148), herpetofauna Odonata damselfly of species one endemic dragonfly species. Flora: species pitcher plant Ramin of species one and species; threatened most (Gonystylus maingayi). ameeka) - the smallest - and N. gracilis), and mirabilis, N. bicalcarata Gaharu or of Agar wood Park Virachey National status) Flora (conservation status) Fauna (conservation Park National (Bokor) Preah Monivong Habitat Types: and mixed deciduous of with smaller areas grass, shrubs, forest; deciduous dipterocarp bamboo Flora: hsienmu Fauna: Ad hoc wildlife monitoring in Wildlife Census: NGOs conjunction with Country , Brunei Darussalam Bin Samhan By: Mr. Nyawa Tasek of Park Manager Park / National Merimbun History, Curator of Natural Brunei Museums Department, Ministry of and Sports Culture, Youth Cambodia Hong Daravuth By: Mr. of Phnom Kulen Director Director and National Park Protected of Cluster Areas, Environment Ministry of Table 3. Summary of Country Reports

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 9 Threats and Challenges Threats and Complexity of PA in terms of of PA in terms Complexity of setting and number scale, and cultures (diversity of ecosystems); and Limited staff (number capacity); Limited access to information technology; Limited effectiveness in communication and coordination. the Park Strategic problems in can classified into be two. First, Tenggara has logging in Aceh Second, the Park. into encroached for encroachment and land claims small-scale and big-scale oil palm area, Besitang plantation in Langkat District. estimated is area Total degraded hectares. at 22,000 x x x x x x Strengths Combating illegal logging; rehabilitation and forest of conservation resources; the strengthening economy and local empowering of community; management of effectiveness protected areas, and Participants to international networks conservation ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Management and in are programs conservation place. management Funding for implementation regularly central from comes since 2006, government, and has been additional funding World the provided by Heritage Center and the Spanish Government (through UNESCO). Government policies are in policies Government place as the following: regards x x x Management Authority Directorate of Forest Forest of Directorate Protection and Nature Conservation, Ministry of Forestry Forest General Directorate Protection and Nature Conservation, Ministry of Forestry x x “ Sundaland ” - and carnivorous carnivorous and - Myrmecodia and and Myrmecodia s 172 mammals are known or are known mammals ’ s 172 Nephentes spp, Casuarina, Nephentes spp, Casuarina, Biodiversity Resources Biodiversity Resources 350 bird species; 36 of 50 50 species; 36 of 350 bird received recognition from UNESCO in 2004 as a UNESCO in 2004 from received recognition Sumatra. Heritage of Tropical Established as a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO by Biosphere Reserve a as Established in 1981 status Given AHP Bukit Barisan, Along with Kerinci Seblat and TN. Lorentz National Park plants - Flora: Ant house - pitcher plants Eugenia, Podocarpus, Tristania, Dacrydium, Eugenia, Podocarpus, Tristania, Dacrydiu, spp, Freycinetia Syzygium; Styphelia Pandanus; suaveolens, Papuzilla laeteviridis, Cystopteris sp, crispulum, Tetramolopium klosii, Rhacomitrium capillaceum, Distichum Bryum cf. rugicollum and Vaccinium cf. coelorum. and Styphelia suaveolens : status) Fauna (conservation About 123 of Papua 643 of 411 reserve; the within to occur expected are (Petocz, endemic forms with many birds species of 1989). two endemic Lorentz Bird National Park covers bird range 45 restricted of total a Areas (EBA) with the to confined species bird endemic and 9 species lowlands South-Papuan and the Sudirman range EBA. but of amphibians diversity about the Little is known 150 about to house the Park estimate experts (Momberg, reptiles. and amphibians species of 1998). Noord; van Mambai, National Park Gunung Leuser x x x Fauna: of species of 129 65% almost endemic bird species; Sumatra is small, in big or either mammals, in Leuser. recorded Lecanopteris mirabilis (fern) Country Indonesia By: Hidayat Noor Mr. of Areas Director Conservation, General of Directorate and Forest Protection Conservation, Nature Forestry Ministry of

10 PROCEEDINGS Threats and Challenges Threats and Other issues include the lack of lack include the issues Other and technical capability limited operation infrastructure, as lack of as well funding support, strong monitoring and evaluation of Park performance. awareness conservation lack of among the local people, the local the national also and government, government. political crises and economic the has also aggravated the situation exploit people to by encouraging a and creating park resources lawlessness. situation of have not local governments in enforcement law strengthened the Park because they lack long-term of the awareness of forest economic costs destruction. Park the to the six major threats illegal logging, are: encroachment; to deal hard especially which is a lack is often with because there of political will to enforce the law; x by KSNP Problems faced often interrelated are management combinations of to and occur due the following: as such many factors, x x x x World – World Strengths ’ s, and local communities Support to law enforcement Support to law the by given has been Forestry, Police Ministry of as well as Office, Headquarter province and the the Police at districts. Funding for management management Funding for implementation of KSNP from the regularly comes with government, central (from 1996 additional funding from GEF to 2002) ICDP the Bank through program. local Strong support from the government, local police, NGO park. in protecting the x x x Management Authority Directorate General Forest Forest General Directorate Protection and Nature Conservation, Ministry of Forestry x ) as well as (Panthera (Panthera Tiger (Pongo abelii (Pongo (Dicerorhinus (Dicerorhinus and thomasi) and (Presbytis , Kedih More than 4,000 species of 4,000 than More Rhinceros Biodiversity Resources Biodiversity Resources and Orangutan and located in Sumatera Island, Indonesia and Indonesia in located Sumatera Island, ha. 1,389,509 covers Mountain of Bukit Barisan The Park is part Range. represented: ecosystem of types 4 at least forest mountain lowland forest, hill and wetland. More than 4.000 flora species, including 3 of species, including 3 of flora 4.000 More than (Hylobates lar) (Hylobates x x x Flora and Fauna: species of 376 of mammals, species flora, 80 of species 56 of primates, species birds, 9 have been reptiles 50 species of amphibians, and species include Endangered Park. the identified in Rhino. Sumatran and Tiger the Sumatran Owa Key fauna species include Sumatran Elephant Elephant species include Sumatran Key fauna sumatranus), maximus (Elephas tigris sumatrae), sumtrensis) others. Flora: in flower tallest the and Rafflesia, plants, 15 parasite of a habitat titanium; the world Amorphophalus plants. many medicinal (KSNP) Kerinci Seblat National Park Country Indonesia

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 11 Threats and Challenges Threats and Habitat degradation due to due to Habitat degradation agriculture practices grazing especially Livestock during the dry season rampant Illegal trade of wildlife; and fishing commercial hunting result a as and species, for rare and rhino as such species some almost have turtles some PDR; Lao from disappeared of harvesting Commercial-scale forest products non-timber and Illegal logging; - Projects Development be can generation Hydropower to a benefit and threat both a flooding of large biodiversity. The dam following land tracts of habitats destroys construction and plant populations displaces wildlife. poaching; theft of non-timber non-timber poaching; theft of as such (NTFP) forest product species, swiftlet of nests rattan, scale small gaharu; honey, and gold; and road illegal mining of a very (poses construction park integrity serious threat to for access can improve it because such as illegal illegal activities and logging, poaching, encroachment. x x x x x x x management; Strengths Participatory PA of PAs; Co-management and land Land use planning NPAs; allocation inside and conservation Integrated and development; Ecotourism. and cooperation International the Swedish with partnership Development International Cooperation Agency, Danish Development International Agency, Canadian Development International International the Agency, the Conservation of Union for Nature, TRAFFIC, World Nature, Wildlife Fund for Wildlife Conservation Society, others World Bank, and with Strong cooperation neigbouring and at countries to prevent border checkpoints wildlife trade. NPA management strategies: NPA management x x x x x x x Management Authority Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Department and Forestry of Forestry x

species of 8,100 flowering Biodiversity Resources Biodiversity Resources and Foothills; plain; 1)Luang the Sai Phou Forest of Evergreen 2) Karst; Limestone Central Indochina 3) Mekong in the Dipterocarp Dry 4) Plateau; Boliven 5) Highlands; Northern 6) River, and Mekong 7) and streams rivers Other Seven (7) habitats that are of high international are of that habitats Seven (7) significance: conservation Species diversity: amphibians; 430 and reptiles species of plants; 166 100 90 species of bats; over birds; species of fish. of families and 87 mammals large of species 20 National Protected Areas (NPA) covering 3.4 3.4 covering Areas (NPA) 20 National Protected the total % of land area of Lao PDR. million ha or 14 Country Indonesia Lao PDR By: Savanh Chanthakoummane PA Unit Naitonal of Head Agriculture and Ministry of of Forestry Department Forestry

12 PROCEEDINGS Threats and Challenges Threats and Demarcation of boundaries of PAs Demarcation of boundaries on the ground; various of PAs into Integration plans; physical activities within for Mandatory EIA PAs; to and adjacent for Capacity development and planning, establishment management ofPAs; multidisciplinary of Development management; in PA approach into of conservation Integration Communication, Education and (CEPA) of the Public Awareness country; and PA of effectiveness of Evaluation management. x x x x x x x Strengths Collaboration in PA Collaboration in national across management boundary; and Development of PA Master implementation Plan; biomes; Identification of Establishment of new PAs; National Development of the mandating Physical Plan - areas protected integration of and seascapes into landscapes and sectoral interest. x x x x x x Ministry of Natural Natural Ministry of Resources Management Authority x and and and and and , rambai rambai and and and (Garcinia (Garcinia terap terap (Ficus spp.), (Ficus (Fagaceae spp.) (Fagaceae ara ara the tallest tree in in tree tallest the The lowland The (Athyrium Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Memecylon spp., Memecylon spp., (Asplenium nidus) and Keruing and (Lancium spp.), (Lancium oaks mangosteen mangosteen (Parkia spp), ( and Vaccinium and Vaccinium (Rhododendron are common and frequently and frequently are common petai langsat langsat the shrub layer: rattan and dwarf dwarf and rattan shrub layer: the s nest fern fern s nest ’ rambutan (Nephelium spp.), spp.), (Nephelium rambutan (Shorea spp) (Shorea (Dipterocarpus oblingifolius) (Dipterocarpus (Dacrydium spp; Podocarpus spp., spp., Podocarpus spp; (Dacrydium . being typical genera. typical genera. . being Biodiversity Resources Biodiversity Resources (Platycerium coronarium). (Platycerium coronarium). (Arega spp. and Licuala spp.). spp. and (Arega (Lithocarpus wallinchianus), (Castanopsis spp.). (Castanopsis spp.). (Koompassia excelsa), (Koompassia (Mangifera spp.), (Durio spp), (Eugenia spp.). (Eugenia ,putat (Baccaurea grifithi), ,putat Riparian species the summit. at predominate Taman Negara National Park. Taman Negara the % of 57.6 about constitutes forest dipterocarp plants. Meranti (Dipterocarpus spp) buttressed with the tall, association occur in Tualang SouthEast Asia. Cultivated fruit trees include wild durian mempening mempening berangan (Baccaurea spp.), (Baccaurea macang spp.) with Annonaceae, Rubiaceae, spp., Eugenia spp.,Helicia Garcinia spp., Gironniera spp paku pucuk Epiphytes include bird esculentum); some conifers and Agathis spp.); palm species species Ericaceous spp.) include neram (Artocarpus spp.), jambu shrub: and trees Understorey fern staghorn species: Higher elevation Country Malaysia (Peninsular) Malaysia (Peninsular) Zainuddin AB By: Mr. Shukor Area Protected Director, Division Wildlife Department

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 13 Protection - lack of public lack Protection - PAs; of areas large and awareness in PA staff of expertise of Lack management; the Conflict of interest in PAs; and of development management of Financing activities heavily depends Rural population products; forest on forests and areas; remote in PA are located staff; of qualified shortage collaboration for Mechanism agencies enforcement among law and Department; Forestry and the conflict in the absence Land use policy. use of clear land Threats and Challenges Threats and x x x x x x x x PA policies and programs in PA policies and programs place; Participation to international PA network; Collaboration with PA across state /national border; in are Policies and programs place; and Participation to international protected area network. x x x x x Forestry Department, Forestry Department, State of Forestry Department Management Authority Strengths x x

– 3 million colony – Star Tortoise; Leaf Deer; White- Deer; Leaf Tortoise; Star Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park; National Park; Alaungdaw Kathapa 79 Frog species species 79 Frog 2 Caecilians 1 Salamander One of the richest sites in the world for palms for palms world in the sites richest the One of 111 species 1700 species of liverworts/mosses plants 442 species of spore producing 4000 species of fungi Fauna 76 birds, 83 reptiles, 81 mammals, 270 amphibians, 50 fish, estimated 20,000 invertebrates 28 species of bats 200 cave fauna / 41 endangered 41 endangered / 200 cave fauna 40 snakes 27 lizards Biodiversity Resources Biodiversity Resources Gunung Mulu National Park: Park: National Gunung Mulu Site) (World Heritage Flora x x x x x x x Six AHPs: Marine National Park; Lampi National Khakaborazi Park; Indawgyi Wildlife Sanctuary; Inle Wildlife Wildlife Sanctuary Kyun Meinmahla and Sanctuary; Wildlife: of vascular plants Species of 11,800 and Angiosperms; Gymnosperms species Mammal 251 Bird species 1,027 Reptiles species Snake 153 species 87 Lizard and Tortoise species 36 Turtle species 2 Crocodile Amphibians species fish water 310 Fresh species fish 465 Marine water plant species 841 Medicinal species Bamboo 90 Endemic species: Deer Golden browed Nuthatch; x x x Country Malaysia (Sabah) By: Paul Basintal Mr. Director, Assistant Sabah Parks Myanmar Oo By: U Htun Paw Director Nature & Wildlife Conservation Division, Forest Department, Forestry Ministry of

14 PROCEEDINGS Conflicting land uses – mining Conflicting land over production and timber areas; conservation biodiversity and Sustainable financing; and growth population Human opportunities limited economic its on pressure outside PA bear resources. Limited site and habitat (only and mangrove ); Proximity to farms. People living inside national parks; of tourist influx; Effective control community Inadequate parks in participation management; leads to PA boundaries Unclear conflicts with local communities; Threats and Challenges Threats and x x x x x x x x x Policy and laws on PA Policy and laws conservation and management place; are in constantly Species records used as basis in and updated program formulation; Participation of international institutions in conservation developing and implementing programs; conservation Participation of stake holders in PA management through Areas the Protected Management Board (PAMB); activities PA Financing for through the assured Protected Area Integrated Fund (IPAF), albeit limited. Policies, programs in place; Collaboration with corporate funding sources; and Well-trained and dedicated staff. for Policies and programs management and conservation place; are in areas of protected Integration and landscapes into broader seascapes sectors soto as structures maintain ecological and functions; x x x x x x x x x x Department of of Department Natural Environment and Resources Board National Parks Wildlife National Parks, and Plant Conservation Department, Ministry of Forestry Management Authority Strengths x x x Mangroves and mudflats; Mangroves and Migratory Shorebirds; Resident Mangroves Mangroves Habitat types are lowland forests: grasslands, grasslands, are lowland forests: Habitat types lakes; and forests, mossy flora; of spcies 126 recorded Mt. to are endemic 272 spp. of birds, 40% Apo; mammals; 53 spp of and amphibians; 17 spp of reptiles; 36 spp of & grassland Habitat types: forest evergreen fauna is the tamaraw important The most (Bubalous mindorensis) x x x x x x x x x Fauna: Biodiversity Resources Biodiversity Resources Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve Sungei Buloh Wetland types: Key Habitat Ponds and Freshwater Water Brackish Important Flora: Important Fauna: Fish Reptiles, Birds; Mammals, Park Khao Yai National -Thailand ’ s oldest national park as a World Site -Nominated Heritage - mammals of 71 species species 38 reptile species 23 amphibian species >318 bird species insect >215 Mt. Park Apo Natural Note: Rated as for Extremely High Urgent biodiversity conservation National Park Iglit-Baco Mts. Singapore Ng Sock Ling By: Ms. Director Assistant Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve Thailand Songtam By: Dr. Sukwasang of National Parks Director Division, Research National of Department Wildlife and Plant Park, Conservation Country Philippines M. Norma By: Ms. Molinyawe Supervising Ecosystems Specialist/ Management Areas Chief, Protected Division, Management and Areas Protected Wildlife Bureau- of Department Natural Environment and Resources

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 15 Inadequate staff; staff; Inadequate staff of PA Weak public relations local of awareness of and lack people; and uses operpay. Conflicts of land Threats and Challenges Threats and x x x Establishment and Establishment and transboundary maintenance protected areas and collaboration with neighboring protected areas across national boundaries; Providing international to neighboring assistance countries in capacity and development; of source Tourism receipts as funds. x x x Management Authority Strengths ), ), s ’ s ’ ), Hopea Pterocarpus ), takhian ( Dipterocarpus ). ), pradu ( ), pradu Afzelia ), yang ( ), yang Aquilaria (Tarena Lagerstroemia >100 Bird species; langur, macaque; species; langur, >100 Bird muntjac. , white-handed gibbon, Malayan tapir, white-handed muntjac. wild dog, langurs, Asian banded dusky and birds recorded the Among and wild boar. otter, of hornbills, red six species in the park are grey and Kalij pheasant junglefowl, both and stork, woolly-necked peacock-pheasant, seen first treepie, ratchet-tailed The eagle. black Bird Club (Bird Bangkok of the members here by in 1991, has Conservation Society of Thailand) Thailand. else in anywhere not been recorded boundaries. Larger mammals include elephant, elephant, include mammals boundaries. Larger bear, and serow, deer, banteng, sambar , and Fea Indo-Chinese tiger, common both Established in 1981 as the 28th National Park in National Park 28th as the in 1981 Established Thailand. with in Thailand, national park The largest in the forest of kilometers square 2,914.70 Pranburi and Phetchaburi of the watersheds rivers. Krachan Kaeng of trees valuable the Some of include makhamong ( chanthana chanthana ( and kritsana taback ( Like the plant community, the animals of Kaeng Kaeng animals of the community, plant Like the Asiatic and Malaysian both Krachan represent 57 mammal and bird species 400 species. Over within the Park to occur are known species x x x x Biodiversity Resources Biodiversity Resources Tarutao National Park Tarutao National Fauna: turtle; sea fish wild pig; Mousedeer; coral Forest Complex Kaeng Krachan Country Thailand

16 PROCEEDINGS Ecological systems are seriously Ecological systems in degradation with affected resources; and genetic species Planning and management in wetland areas lacking; seriously Marine biodiversity threatened; and plants wild animals Trade in widespread; rise; the are on species Invasive and to sharing and benefit Access local genetic resources and receive due yet to knowledge have attention. Threats and Challenges Threats and x x x x x x Policies and programs for the for Policies and programs conservation and management place; in of PAs are funding International assistance institutions provide and conservation in the management ofPAs; and Committees People Provincial have direct responsibilities in line coordinating with national the integration of agencies in and biodiversity programs the local at activities level. community x x x Forest Planning Department, Ministry of Rural Agriculture and Development Management Authority Strengths

x domestication domestication – 21.017 species, 21.017 Fauna: 30 types – 30 20 typical models models typical 20 – 14 mammal species; 120 bird species; 120 mammal 14 23 mammal species; 94 bird species; bird species; 94 species; mammal 23 bird species; 66 species; mammal 27 Marine Forest - 37% Forest - Wetlands 11.458 species, species, 11.458 x x x Biodiversity Resources Biodiversity Resources Diversity of native species native of Diversity Flora: Mu Ko Surin National Park: Mu Ko Surin Fauna: Bird 5 Marine fauna; 126 species; 9 Reptile are species Reptile and 2 species endangered National Park: Mu Ko Similan Fauna: and 110 marine species Ao Phang Nga National Park: Thailand forest in - the largest mangrove - Fauna: amphibian 4 species; species; 18 reptile species marine 70 species; and Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park Kon Ka Kinh National Park Sa Pa National Park Hoang Lien Park Ba Be National significance: Biodiversity the world 16/25 in Vietnam is ranked species). micro-organism: 3.000 diversification Genetic resource (one of 12 origin places of plant seeds and an an seeds and plant of places (one of 12 origin world) the in animal domestication centre Country Viet Nam By: Cuong Ngoc Tran Dr. of Nature Director Deputy Conservation Division of VEPA, Environment Viet Nam (VEPA Protection Agency

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 17 Gap Analysis Workshop Results: • Promote cooperation and collaboration among National and Regional Action Points AMS in PA management

Ma. Consuelo Garcia National Action Points Director, Biodiversity Information Management of the ASEAN Member States ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity Laguna, Philippines 1. Brunei Darussalam With regard to representation and ecological The Workshop was organized in collaboration gaps, the Forestry Department feels that there is no with the National Parks Board of Singapore, UNEP- urgent need to conduct a gap analysis. In terms of WCMC and Birdlife International, and held in management gaps however, the Forestry Department Singapore from 11 to 13 April 2006. UNEP-WCMC needs to: provided the maps and documents that were used • Be assisted in capacity building, basically on in the workshop. how to conduct gap analysis for PAs. The Workshop reviewed and analyzed the existing • Strengthen government to government information on ecosystems, habitat and species in the cooperation for information sharing and region; coverage of protected areas; and conservation identify whether there are any new gaps that priorities, and identifi ed representation gaps of the require urgent establishment of new PAs. Region with limited consideration to two other gaps: • Establish cooperation and collaboration ecological gaps and management gaps. with local research agencies in the country, The fi rst part of the presentation dealt on the CBD in particular University Brunei Darussalam Programme of Work (PoW) on PA timeline followed by to gather information relevant to PA the guiding principles for gap analysis and the key steps. management. The three types of gaps discussed were: representation; • Strengthen human resource capacity in the ecological; and management. The recommended areas of research, and GIS. action points made at the national level highlighted • Explore the possibility of transboundary the presentation. Gaps in terms of resources that were conservation cooperation in line with the given to each AHP were raised during the discussion. It “Heart of – three countries-one was suggested that ACB should rank how much funds conservation vision” initiative. are allocated by governments for the management of AHPs and that the key biodiversity areas in the gap 2. Cambodia analysis should be integrated. Action points (support needed are in brackets) The regional and national action points presented that need to be addressed from 2007-2010 by the during the workshop are shown below. Department of Nature Conservation and Protection and the Ministry of Environment are: Proposed Regional Action Points • Build capacity on PA management and • Promote economic and social benefits of PAs monitoring (national and international to wider communities in the ASEAN region. experts, financial support). • Share PA data at the regional level and • Enhance public awareness on the importance optimize benefits to data sources (and build of the PA system (national and international their capacities). experts, financial support). • Ensure adequate representation of all major • Establish multi-sectoral mechanism for ecological units in the PA system by conducting PA management (government’s will and regular regional gap analysis. commitment, finance). • Escalate the value of AHPs and promote the • Promote stakeholder participation in PA importance of PAs for ecotourism. management through livelihood improvement • Build capacity for PA management through programs (national experts, educational continued adoption of the ASEAN Competence materials, finance). Standards, technical exchanges and other • Establish a financial mechanism (human mechanisms. resources and external support). • Establish sustainable financial mechanisms to • Conduct research and identify new sites for support PA management in ASEAN Member PAs (sufficient data/information, human States (AMS). resources, finance).

18 PROCEEDINGS 3. Indonesia within PAs. • Improve the management skills and capacity • Update/manage biodiversity information of PA personnel. within PAs. • Establish communication, networking and • Strengthen the Philippine Clearing House collaborationamong different agencies and Mechanism. other stakeholders in PA management. • Conduct assessments/scientific studies to • Fill the representation gaps in the eastern determine populations of threatened wildlife part of Indonesia, particularly Sulawesi and species, status of habitats, and socio-economic Maluku. data. • Identify Key Biodiversity Areas in other islands • Develop indicators for monitoring biodiversity of Indonesia (besides Sumatra). to address the 2010 targets. • Develop national park models to find best • Enhance existing Biodiversity Monitoring practices for the effective management of System to respond to the ground condition PAs. especially in monitoring habitat changes. 4. Lao Peoples Democratic Republic • Update existing management plans and • Promote economic and social benefits of PAs preparation of plans for other Key Biodiversity to wider communities; review of PAs Areas (KBAs). • Improve institutional arrangements. • Provide legal status for the identified • Draft PA management master plan. KBAs to determine the extent of their • Enhance PA management skills of PA staff. boundaries and corresponding management • Strengthen transboundary PA management. strategies. • Promote/implement co-management scheme 5. Malaysia to protect and manage identified KBAs, e.g. • Evaluate and revisit (in Sabah and Sarawak) partnership with Local Government Units representation and ecological gaps in (LGUs), private sectors, NGOs. Malaysia’s PAs (incorporating existing and • Strong advocacy to both Congress and Senate new information, e.g. KBAs, IBAs etc.). to promote PA management and biodiversity • Evaluate and revisit management gaps of conservation. existing PA in Sabah and Sarawak. • Update existing information and assign current 7. Singapore status on the IUCN PA management categories • Upgrade database management system. (Sarawak and Peninsular Malaysia). • Direct more applied research at management • Promote and/or enhance efforts on trans- questions. boundary PAs. • Conduct analysis of PA area information. • One country > three systems (need for better • Enhance monitoring programmes communication – initiate a regular platform, e.g. forum/national workshop, PA authorities 8. Thailand in Malaysia to meet, discuss and share • Set specified objectives for PAs, i.e. percentage information/knowledge and experiences to of each ecosystem to be protected (terrestrial improve our PA work. and marine ecosystems) according to the Trisurat (2007) gap analysis. 6. Philippines • Revise PA system. • Enhance the capability of PA staff, PA • Set PA policy at national and departmental Management Board (PAMB) and major levels. stakeholders in biodiversity conservation and • Include governance and people participation PA management. in relevant PA legislation. • Introduce an innovative sustainable financing • Enhance capability of regional offices in PA mechanism to manage PAs; management. • Streamline the processes/procedure for easy • Address gap analysis in all levels of management access to the Integrated Protected Areas (site, regional, departmental, national). Fund. • Set up mechanism for 30 per cent PA coverage • Conduct valuation studies on the resource uses with relevant agencies.

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 19 9. Vietnam The ASEAN Guidelines on Competence • Build capacity in biodiversity conservation, Standards for PA Jobs: A Tool for research, management and development. Developing Capacity Building Programmes • Regularly monitor and evaluate the status and for AHP Staff activities in PAs. • Promote better living conditions and awareness Monina T. Uriarte of local people within and outside PAs. Capacity Development Specialist • Solve the conflict in different management levels ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity among central and local authorities and PAs. Laguna, Philippines • Improve the links among PAs by sharing knowledge, information, experience and even The ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity human resources. Conservation (ARCBC), the predecessor of the ASEAN The full report is in Annex A4. Centre for Biodiversity (ACB), developed the ASEAN Guidelines on Competence Standards for Protected Report on the Capacity Building Series 2: Area (PA) Jobs. Figure 2 describes the step-by-step Management Effectiveness Assessment development of the PA Job Standards.

Paul Basintal Assistant Director, Sabah Parks Sabah, Malaysia

The report on Management Effectiveness Assessment (MEA) included a brief introduction on the rationale and objectives of the workshop conducted and a discussion on the concept and basic principles and operations of MEA. The MEA aims to help the managers to effectivelt manage and allocate resources better by promoting accountability and transparency. The involvement of the local community was also seen as a very important factor to help build consituency and promote PA values. Management Effectiveness Evaluation as defi ned in the WCPA Guidelines (2006) is “....the assessment of how well a protected area is being managed – primarily the extent to which it is protecting values and achieving goals and objectives.” The evaluation considers design issues; the adequacy and appropriateness of management systems and processes; and the delivery of PA objectives including conservation of values. The Workshop on Management Effectiveness Assessment (MEA) of Protected Areas was held from 21 to 23 March 2007 at Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. A total of 46 participants from nine ASEAN member countries and from Australia attended the workshop that was jointly organised by the ACB, the Birdlife International, the IUCN-WCPA-SEA and WWF International. Figure 2. Process for Developing Occupational The full report is in Annex A5. Standards for Protected Areas in the ASEAN

20 PROCEEDINGS The ASEAN Guidelines are recommendations Sabah and Its Protected Areas for the skills and knowledge ideally required for 24 and Introduction to the Field Trips key PA jobs, divided into 17 technical categories and fi ve levels. The standards is a non-prescriptive tool Jamili Nais to assist PA management authorities, training and Assistant Director, Sabah Parks educational organizations and conservation projects Sabah, Malaysia to improve human resources development staff performance and training. The participants were briefed and informed about Among the issues and concerns raised after several aspects of Sabah and its protected areas. the presentation were the capacity building for the The five major issues faced by Sabah Parks are: different levels to include indigenous peoples and establishment; governance, participation; equity and other stakeholders in the programme and the need for benefi t sharing; and sustainability. translation to local languages. The participants also Kinabalu National Park is one of the four protected agreed that there is a need to determine the actual areas under the jurisdiction of Sabah Parks. The other use and impact of the competency standards in the national parks are Crocker Range, Tungku Abdul fi eld. There was also a suggestion to identify AHPs Rahman and Tawau Hills. that will serve as models or learning laboratories for Kinabalu National Park, which is considered the other AHPs or PAs. beacon of biodiversity in Malaysia, is located about 92 The full report is in Annex A6. km from Kota Kinabalu, and lies at the northern end of Crocker Range. The National Park has an area of ACB’s Biodiversity Information 753.7 sq km, and its main feature is , Management: Moving Information the highest peak in Malaysia at 4,085 meters high. Forward in 2007 In 1964, Kinabalu was established as a National Park in recognition of its grandeur, geographical Ma. Consuelo D. Garcia and geological signifi cance, and wealth of fl ora and Director, Biodiversity Information Management fauna. Today, management and research is directed ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity at conserving this magnificent mountain and its Laguna, Philippines remarkable biodiversity. Crocker Range was established as a National The current databases of ACB and the proposed Park in 1984. It is Malaysia’s largest park, covering design of databases /information management 1,399 sq km of forest-covered mountain range that and data sharing were discussed. The results stretches in a south westerly direction from Gunung of the Needs Assessment Survey conducted by Kinabalu towards the Sabah-Sarawk border. It ACB for data management for ASEAN were also separates the coastal plains from the remainder of discussed. the state. Frequently shrouded in rain clouds, the After the report, the participants felt the need to peak rises to between 1200 to 1800 meters above include information on indigenous peoples, policies, sea level. programmes and the CBD in the ACB dataset. There Tunku Abdul Rahman Park, popularly known for was also a concern to incorporate competence its historic islands, is a state park located in Gaya standards in the information set of ACB and the Bay, three kilometers offshore from Kota Kinabalu. threats to biodiversity such as encroachment and Named after Malaysia’s fi rst Prime Minister, Tunku land use confl icts. Abdul Rahman was gazetted in 1974 as Sabah’s second It was suggested that ACB should make available National Park. The Park covers an area of about 50 satellite maps in the dataset and include NGOs amd sq km that includes fi ve islands. Geologically, the other stakeholders in ACB’s training programme for islands are part of the Crocker Range but became database management. isolated from the mass, when sea levels rose after The full report is in Annex A7. the last ice age.

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 21 The names of the islands are symbolic of their history number of MPAs in the region, only 10% of all MPAs and early discoverers: Pulau Gaya (big), Manukan (fi sh), are effectively managed; 88% coral reefs are under Mamutic (for shell collection), Sapi (the sound of a threat, 8% of the coral reefs are within MPAs and only mowing buffalo), and Sulug (commemorating the ancestry 1% within MPAs are effectively managed. of the Sulu peoples of Sabah). The MPAs that are of special signifi cance are: (a) The full report is in Annex A8. World Heritage Sites (WHS) (4 MPAs); (b) ASEAN Heritage Sites (6 MPAs); and (c) Biosphere Reserves Scaling up: Protecting the Global Centre of (6 MPAs). The priority areas of Outstanding Universal Marine Biodiversity in the Coral Triangle Value and for WHS consideration are as follows: (1) the Spratly Islands; (2) Cagayan Ridge; (3) North Safi ra Warili Djohani Borneo/Balabal/Turtle Islands; (4) Samporna/Tawi Country Director, The Nature Conservancy tawi; (5) Berau Islands; (6 ) Rajah Ampat; (7) Banda Bali, Indonesia and Lucipara. Figure 3 shows the priority MPAs of outstanding universal value. Coral reefs cover a mere 0.2% of the ocean fl oor, yet The identifi ed gaps are as follows: management support an estimated 25% of all marine life. The global effectiveness (and transboundary management; asset value of coral reefs has been estimated at nearly representation (effective connectivity network); US$800 billion over a 50-year timeframe. More than prioritization and identifi cation of sites of global/ 500 million people depend on reef resources, and one regional signifi cance (to preserve biodiversity); and billion people worldwide are direct benefi ciaries of coral coordination (share information, combine resources reef goods and services. and capacity building). The Coral Triangle is the global centre of marine A synergy between ongoing and past initiatives biodiversity and one of the world’s top priorities for to optimize resources should be developed thru the marine conservation. Spanning eastern Indonesia, following process: formulate policy and regional parts of Malaysia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, guidelines to draw from larger platform activities; Timor Leste and the Solomon Islands, the Coral identify gaps for future focus; enhance capacity for Triangle covers an area of 2.3 million square miles management; and rationalize MPA protection to (5.7 million km2), the equivalent to half of the entire facilitate poverty alleviation. United States. It is home to over 600 reef-building The full report is in Annex A10. coral species, or 75% of all species known to science, and more than 3,000 species of reef fi shes. Integrating Fisheries and Habitat Over 150 million people live within the Coral Management in the UNEP/GEF Habitat Triangle, of which an estimated 2.25 million fi shers are Demonstration Sites dependent on marine resources for their livelihoods. The Nature Conservancy is working with a range of Vo Si Tuan partners to protect the coastal and marine ecosystems Senior Expert, UNEP/GEF South China Sea Project of this vast area by addressing key threats, such as over- Coordinating Unit fi shing, destructive fi shing, and mass coral bleaching. Bangkok, Thailand The Nature Conservancy’s Coral Triangle Center in Bali, Indonesia works in the following sites: Komodo, Dr. Vo Si Tuan reported that the South China Raja Ampat, Wakatobi, and Derawan. Sea Project was participated in by 14 government The full report is in Annex A9. agencies, 16 universities and research institutes and one NGO as Executing Agency, from 7 countries: Status of Marine Protected Areas Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, in Southeast Asia Thailand and Viet Nam. The demonstration sites were in four major Loke Ming Chou ecosystems/habitat types: (a) mangrove sites; (b) Professor, Department of Biological Sciences coral reef sites; (c) sea grass sites; and (d) wetland National University of Singapore areas sites. These sites act as: (1) implementers and Singapore experimenters of new management models and methods; (2) producers of knowledge, experiences The status of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) in and good practices; and (3) node of regional learning Southeast Asia (SEA) was discussed. Out of the total network for South China Sea.

22 PROCEEDINGS Figure 3. Priority Marine Protected Areas of Outstanding Values

One of the common strategies devised so far is the the Sulu Sulawesi Seascape (SSS). The components Fisheries Refugia Approach. Under this approach, of the SSS Program are the Marine Conservation fisheries and habitat management are integrated Corridors (Verde Passage; Cagayan Ridge), and the into a spatially and geographically defi ned coastal or Balabac Strait Tri-National Marine Turtle Project. marine area in which specifi c management measures The program uses the following strategies: are applied to sustain important species (fi sheries 1) Gather biophysical, socio-economic and resources) during the critical stages of their life cycle institutional information that will serve as for their sustainable use. foundation for rectifying existing MPA, and The full report is in Annex A11. establishing new MPA and networks in the corridor; Sulu-Sulawesi Seascape: Securing 2) Improve management effectiveness in existing Globally Important Marine Ecosystems MPAs; 3) Determine necessary levels to support Sheila G. Vergara enforcement: fisheries, oil and gas and Senior Marine Biodiversity Specialist ecotourism laws and regulations; Conservation International 4) Develop sustainable support mechanisms for Quezon City, Philippines MPA; and 5) Improve stakeholders’ awareness of the As reported by Dr. Vergara, the Sulu-Sulawesi economic and ecological importance of MPA Program is one of three programmess in the Region: and MPA networks Asia: Eastern Tropical Pacifi c, Papuan Birds Head and The full report is in Annex A12.

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 23 SYNTHESIS OF PARALLEL SESSIONS

resentations in the parallel sessions provided The SBWR has projects for all kinds of stakeholders Pa venue for the discussion of various concerns who share the same interest in educating the youth relevant to the AHP Program, Durban Accord and to help in the development of a sustainable natural the CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas. environment. Individual volunteers can contribute These enabled the participants to actively discuss and by lending their skills and time in activities such as interact on various topics that are of common interest, bird census, fi eld surveys, photography, guiding, resulting in regional action points. and painting. Projects with schools include mural The regional action points became the basis for the paintings, student guide-led tours, fundraising and formulation of the Regional Action Plan for ASEAN clean-up projects. Government agencies provide Heritage Parks and Other Protected Areas that was assistance by participating in World Environment subsequently adopted by the Conference. Day celebrations. Funding and other activities have also been undertaken with corporate partners such 1. Communication and Community as the HSBC and Toyota, as well as NGOs such as Relations in Protected Area Management the Nature Society of Singapore.

Chair: Chumpon Sukaseam 1.2 ASEAN Heritage Parks: The Best Director, National Parks Offi ce Practices and Lessons in Protected Area Department of National Parks, Management Wildlife and Plants Bangkok, Thailand Ratana Lukanawarakul Senior Offi cer, National Parks Wildlife and Co-Chair: Anabelle E. Plantilla Plant Conservation Department Executive Director, Haribon Foundation Thailand Quezon City, Philippines Communication and community relations 1.1 Communication and Community strategies in Thailand focus on enforcement, Relations in Singapore’s Sungei Buloh strengthening community relations and services. In Wetland Reserve the ASEAN region, law enforcement is particularly signifi cant since encroachment on PAs and wildlife James Gan poaching are major concerns. To combat these Senior Conservation Offi cer, concerns, PA boundaries have been clearly demarcated Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve and task forces have been properly trained and National Parks Board equipped to patrol these areas. Special use zones have Cresent, Singapore been identifi ed for the use of the local communities. Some of the activities that have been undertaken to Mangroves, freshwater marsh and grassland, strengthen community relations in Thailand include and lowland forest characterize the Sungei Buloh outreach programs, discussions between local people, Wetland Reserve (SBWR). The reserve engages the non-government agency and PA staff, and workshops community in nature conservation by providing on nature conservation and art training for the youth information, encouraging action, supporting and children and on PA management. Surveys community participation, and strengthening conducted in local communities show that poverty environmental stewardship. Programmes include and lack of livelihoods are major concerns among guided walks, bird watching, mangrove planting residents, who are traditionally engaged in poultry activities, prawn harvesting demonstrations, arts farming, mushroom culture, fi sh and crab culture and crafts, as well as an Adopt-A-Park Program. and vegetable gardening.

24 PROCEEDINGS 1.3 Communication and Community Conservation of Kaeng Krachan National Park 2005- in Kaeng Krachan National Park 2008. This strategy aimed to establish data for key wildlife species, reduce key threats and develop an Kritsana Kaewplang effective management plan for the Park. Director, Bird Conservation A survey was conducted among villagers of Society of Thailand communities adjacent to the Kaeng Krachan NP Thailand to address issues on PA management. Some of the issues identifi ed include the lack of communication Kaeng Krachan is Thailand’s largest national park, between the local community and park staff, encompassing 2,900 sq. km. The Park is patrolled by lack of community participation in management, 400 rangers who also man 33 ranger stations. Aside unclear park boundaries, and limited manpower. from being an Important Bird Area, it is also a Tiger Recommendations to address these and other Conservation Landscape. The Park is home to many concerns include strengthening capabilities of globally threatened species such as the gaur, stump- park staff, involving the local community in park tailed macaque, , banteng, Asian wild management, establishing an awareness and dog, Malayan tapir, Asiatic black bear and serow. education program and facilitating a sustainable Threats to the Park and the wildlife such as poaching, livelihood management project. land encroachment and human-elephant confl ict are Table 4 shows the Regional Action Points for the addressed through a Wildlife-based Strategy for the session.

Table 4. Regional Action Points: Communication and Community Relations in PA Management

Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations I. Land use confl ict • Encourage co- • Goal: Strengthen • Provide diagnosis and assessment management (micro communication, of situation. and macro) of PAs. education and public • Identify benchmarks of a model PA. • Develop care and awareness. • Identify change interventions interest volunteers. • Target: Public awareness, for awareness, appreciation • Maintain focus on understanding and and motivation for sustainable communication communications and community objectives. appreciation of the importance and benefi ts relations for one model PA for each • Reach out to country (including the development communities of protected areas are of a communication plan that using appropriate signifi cantly increased. refl ects the perception of target communication channels. sectors such as IPs, youth, within • Integrate livelihood the short term). development to relieve • Adopt the Singaporean CEPA model pressures on the PA. (Sungei Buloh). • Create community • Formulate measures to facilitate fund to support the formulation of consistent conservation-related thrusts between national and local activities of local governments. communities. • Sabah Environmental Education • Recognize traditional Network. practices and culture. • Conduct Teachers’ training. • Promote • Environmental Action Committee environmental values – NGOs are members; supported by formation at a young the Ministry. age. • Environmental School competitions – started since 2003 in Sabah, Sarawak last year; West Malaysia to do it soon. • Cleanest district competition (federal and state levels). • Sarawak: press releases of interventions and activities. • Singapore: Sungei Buloh awareness campaign activities for the youth. • Volunteer program.

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 25 2. Land Use and Confl ict Management in Samar people have a tragic history of environmental Protected Areas disasters, including a massive flood in 1989 that caused the deaths of thousands and destroyed crops Chair: Victor Ramos and properties. People now also have to contend with Former Secretary, Department of massive degradation brought about by the abandoned Environment and Natural Resources, mine site in Bagacay. As a result, residents have shown Philippines a strong opposition to mining and logging activities. The Government has then made pronouncements Co-Chair: Puspa Dewi Liman for a temporary suspension of logging operations Indonesia and ordinances have been passed to ban mining and logging activities in Samar Island. The Protected 2.1 Land Use Confl ict Management in Samar Area Management Board of SINP also adopted the Island Natural Park, Philippines Management Plan for SINP upholding protection of the existing biodiversity and forest resources of Clarissa C. Arida the Island. Continued dialogue both at the national Programme Manager-Environment and local levels must be pursued immediately to United Nations Development Programme- engage all sectors, government, civil society, private Philippines sector, legislators and the communities to ensure a sustainable development path for Samar Island and The Samar Island Natural Park (SINP), which was its people. declared a protected area in August 2003 through Executive Proclamation 442, covers 360,000 hectares 2.2 Land Use and Natural Resources of natural forest including 120,000 hectares of old- Confl ict: The Case of Suku Kulawi, growth forest. This old-growth forest represents Marena, Central Sulawesi Provinsi 25% of the national total of remaining old-growth forest and is the largest contiguous lowland tropical NxenLumba rainforest in the Philippines. Samar Island is one AMAN of the 200 ecoregions of the world characterized JI. Rawa Banbu/13/4 by high biodiversity and high rate of endemism. It Jakarta, Indonesia has one of the biggest limestone formations in the country and has vast networks of caves which include Suku Kulawi is located in three regencies the Sohoton and Calbiga caves. Other outstanding and its culture is defined by relationships with biophysical features include lush mangrove forests people, nature and their God. The prevailing and 25 river systems. Samar Island is one of the ownership system recognizes both individual 18 Centers of Plant Diversity in the country, with a and communal ownership. Tensions arose when total of 974 species of fl owering plants (18% of the community rights to access and manage natural Philippine total) including 12 trees listed in the World resources were restricted in 1982. Almost half of List of Threatened Trees. It is one of nine Endemic the Adat Kulawi, Marena territory became part Bird Areas and is included in the mammals priority of the Lore Lindu National Park (TNLL) in 1993. conservation sites in the Philippines. Community members also cited the repressive Samar Island also has the largest bauxite approach by TNLL officials, lack of information and (alumina) mineral deposit in the region. There are communication, and illegal logging and harvesting presently 40 bauxite mining applications in Samar of non-timber forest products by other villages. Island. A large number of mining applications fall These have resulted in a loss of livelihood for the within the core zones or the forest section of the SINP. local community, loss of control over Adat territory, In December 2002, the Department of Environment as well as forest destruction and poverty. Attempts and Natural Resources (DENR) approved two Mineral to address these issues have been undertaken and Processing and Sharing Agreements falling within measures include the strengthening of the Adat the old growth forest and buffer zone. Until 1989, institution, participatory mapping of Adat territory, there were 15 logging concessions operating across enforcement of Adat law and court, as well as draft the three provinces of the Island. Two of the logging consensus on natural resource management and concessions had permits until 2007. utilization in Adat territory.

26 PROCEEDINGS 2.3 Traditional Land Use and Confl ict and rangers in conjunction with local communities Management in Protected Areas in in several areas such as: local cultures, potential Virachey National Park, linkages between biodiversity conservation and Kok Lak Commune indigenous resource management systems, forest collection activities for local livelihoods; and other Phouy Bun Nyok communication skills. Indigenous peoples’ rights to Indigenous Internship, NTFP use and protect forest products that have been closely P.O. Box 2509 associated to their culture for centuries should also Phnom Penh, Cambodia be recognized.

The Virachey National Park in Cambodia was 2.4 Land Use and Confl ict Management in designated a PA in 1993 and covers 337,723 ha. Protected Areas in The Land of Papua: Ethnic groups who live adjacent to the Park include a Lorentz National Park high percentage of Kreung, Kavet, Brao, Loa and Lun, and a small percentage of Tampuen, Kachok, ethnic Sangthong Southammakoth Chinese, Khmer and Vietnamese groups. Land in the Department of Forestry Park is generally used for village settlements, swidden Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry agriculture, forest gathering and hunting, wet-fi eld Indonesia rice agriculture and conservation. Traditionally, land is passed on to generations and families often work Lorentz National Park, the largest protected area in on four to fi ve plots for shifting cultivation and one to Southeast Asia, is home to 1,200 of 20,000 species of two hectares for rice. The nearby Kok Lak Commune, plants, 118 species of mammals, 403 species of birds, which consists of around 2,000 people in four villages, and 48 species of reptiles and amphibians. More than has been encouraged by the government over the past six tribes live within the vicinity of the Park. Confl icts several years to move down to lowland areas. Their between community members and Park management food security situation has been precarious, and many stem from mining activities; illegal hunting, fi shing families have returned to upland swidden farming. and logging; tourism activities; road construction; This has resulted in tension between the Park and harvesting of non-timber forest products; and land the local Kavet communities over the use of the Park’s rights/tenure. Confl ict resolution can be facilitated local resources. To resolve these issues, discussions by strengthening local institutions, supporting formal are now ongoing between the communities, Park policies, identifying needs of stakeholders, developing staff and the Ministry of Environment to establish a mediator or conflict resolution team, initiating fi ve Community Protected Areas (CPAs) within VNP reconciliation in the level of customary people around with support from the Biodiversity Protected Area Lorentz National Park, developing a management Management Project/World Bank. Some tourism plan using the multi-stakeholder approach, and benefi t sharing activities have also begun. There are increasing management effectiveness. also recommendations to provide comprehensive Table 5 shows the Regional Action Points for this training for national and provincial PA system staff session.

Table 5. Regional Action Points: Land Use and Confl ict Management in Protected Areas

Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations I. Some protected .• State policies • Effective mechanisms • Arrange cross-visits for start-up areas were declared are generators of for identifying and/or PAs to more mature parks. Such without much regard confl icts. Being mitigating the negative visits will open the eyes of PA for the communities sectoral, most laws impacts of key threats; management to more options in living in those are often in confl ict • Participation of solving the usual land use confl icts. areas, causing land with each other. Local indigenous and local • Provide a facility or “clearing house” use confl icts. institutions are needed on the Internet for the free exchange to synchronize these communities; • Appropriate policies of information on cases of land use confl icting laws on the confl icts. ground. • Provision of supportive enabling environment; • Provide training on basic skills in confl ict resolution to PA managers and members of the management board.

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 27 Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations • Public awareness, • Advocate for the recognition of understanding and customary rights and practices. appreciation; and • Provide funds for the inventory • Development and of biodiversity in every PA; Make adoption of standards, sure that the information is used to criteria and best attract public support and develop practices. sustainable funding. Also, these are useful tools to counter proposals for mining, logging and other negative impacts inside the parks. • Develop a system of career service for park managers in countries where their roles are not yet appreciated; provide scholarships for further studies, e.g. a masters program on biodiversity management, to develop a corps of qualifi ed managers in the region. • Encourage transboundary cooperation and joint action programs through regular contacts among PA managers in the ASEAN.

II. Some protected • Confl icts among • Frameworks for areas are so stakeholders monitoring, evaluating unwieldy in size could have been and reporting; and and beset not avoided if the CBD’s • Review and revision of only with land recommendation policies. use confl icts but on the “ecosystem also insurgency approach” was used in issues – problems establishing protected beyond the areas. capacities of PA managers to solve; limited resources alloAcated for them

III. Land use confl icts • Recognition of • Review and revision of are prevalent customary laws policies. among protected and land rights, areas. Problems poverty reduction, range from simple empowerment of encroachments communities and to more complex their involvement in confl icts of park management are interests between necessary requisites the economic to solving confl icts elite and the local people.

IV. If not addressed • A management plan • Review and revision of sooner, the covering multiple uses policies. confl icts may in protected areas is cause unnecessary needed to prevent and preventable confl icts of interests damage to among stakeholders. biodiversity and lost opportunities to get the support and participation of local communities.

28 PROCEEDINGS Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations V. PA managers • Land use confl icts • Review and revision of admit their have better chances policies. limitations in of being resolved resolving land if locally specifi c use confl icts, solutions are actively requiring explored and done more support on the grassroots from a level rather than from management above. board. Ensure that all stakeholders are included in the board.

VI. State policies • Ecotourism, while are slow in encouraged, must recognizing be kept within the the customary carrying capacity of land rights of park facilities. indigenous people living inside the parks, thus losing not only their support but also their endemic knowledge on biodiversity conservation

VII. Problems • Research on of pollution biodiversity and and poaching their dollar valuation were observed are potent tools in in popular convincing authorities ecotourism spots. to give priority to conservation instead of utilizing forest and mineral resources inside the parks.

VIII. No mechanisms • PA managers need for confl ict to develop support resolution are in from NGOs and other place in some credible facilitators protected areas, in mediating land use allowing problems confl icts. to fester.

IX. In some cases, protected areas have to report to more than one agency. Lack of cooperation and collaboration among such agencies add to the problems.

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 29 3. Information Sharing and Knowledge The PALNet is an interactive, web-based knowledge Management on Protected Areas management tool for park managers and other stakeholders. It is a premier learning site for protected Chair: Ma. Consuelo D. Garcia areas (PAs) and provides the right knowledge to the Director, Biodiversity Information right people at the right time. This is a user-driven tool Management for the exchange of information and of experience that ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity serves as a professional networking tool supporting Laguna, Philippines a community of practice, and functions as a gateway to the wealth of other sources of information and Co-Chair: Peter Shadie knowledge on PAs. The PALNet was developed through Coordinator, Regional Protected the Ecosystems PAs and People (EPP) Project and Areas Programme, Asia, was launched in 2003. It is integrated with the IUCN IUCN-Thailand Knowledge Management Strategy and has links to the Bangkok, Thailand Species Information System, Ecolex (environmental law) and the World Database on PAs. PALNet 3.1. World Database on Protected Areas features include existing databases on ‘Documents’, ‘Experts’ and ‘Projects’; search by keyword; browse Calvin Loh by region, theme, biome; and knowledge extraction. WDPA / Malaysian Nature Society Users can also upload information once registered Kuala Limpur, Malaysia with a login. The system is undergoing improvements to allow posting of broader content, tighten user The WDPA was established in 1981 in partnership controls, extract background on login users, enhance with the IUCN. It is the only comprehensive inventory personalized pages, provide wider administrative of the globe’s protected areas. Since 2002, it provided access, and enable interface with the WDPA. regular statistical and analytical information for Table 6 shows the Regional Action Points for the the Millennium Development Goal, Millennium session. Ecosystems Assessment and the CBD processes. The data comes through the following: UN List processes; 4. Gap Analysis for Marine Protected Areas targeted requests for country data; convention in Southeast Asia secretariat and advisory bodies for international PAs, including World Heritage Sites and Man and the Chair: Rili Djohani Biosphere (MAB). It now contains 117,000 records Country Director, The Nature and is the foundational dataset for conservation Conservancy decision-making. Bali, Indonesia Updating of data comes from three levels: national – UNEP-WCMC and national government Co-Chair: Kenneth Kassen agencies; regional – European Environment Agency; Marine Coordinator and international – consortium of cooperative WWF-Malaysia stakeholders. Most recent use of WDPA dataset is in Sabah, Malaysia the gap analysis process of the CBD. Future site information of WDPA would include 4.1 Marine Protected Areas: Inputs to the Gap attributes specifi c to marine PAs, tracking of changes Analyses for the Southeast Asian Region on features and attributes, recording of multiple management zones, and specialized information Porfi rio M. Aliño modules such as management effectiveness, which Professor / CRM Sector Leader are linked to the site levels. Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 3.2. Protected Area Learning Network Philippines

Peter Shadie Mangroves, seagrass beds and coral reefs protect Coordinator, Regional Protected Areas the coasts from erosion and strong waves and provide Programme, Asia, IUCN-Thailand economic benefi ts for fi sheries, fi shers and tourism. Bangkok,Thailand In the Philippines, marine biogeographic areas

30 PROCEEDINGS Table 6. Regional Action Points: Information Sharing and Knowledge Management on Protected Areas

Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations I. Land-based • Agree on standard indicators • Development Short Term database and standards for data sharing and adoption of • Conduct a Workshop for ASEAN information. between countries. standards for data countries to agree on data standards • Identify the lead national agency sharing; and including indicators and data to coordinate data collection. • Framework for sharing protocols. Identify focal • Agree on data sharing protocols. monitoring, point agencies; identify mechanisms • Provide a process to collect evaluating and to source data from a wider range of data from various sources reporting. stakeholders; and identify selected – government, NGOs, academia, countries as pilot sites for the ACB indigenous peoples (IPs), local database. communities, and the private • Develop an MoU between ACB, sector. WCMC and WCPA to formalize • Invest in the capacity of IPs, collaboration on standard data local communities and park indicators, data collection processes managers to input data. and validation. • Ensure that ACB acts as a CHM for ASEAN countries and Long Term supports MEAs and partners • Complete a comprehensive resource (WDPA, WCPA). assessment for both terrestrial and • Ensure that the ACB database is marine systems and a gap analysis consistent with the WDPA. for terrestrial PAs across all ASEAN countries. • Establish a fully functioning ASEAN data sharing platform.

II. Marine • Recognize that there are specifi c Long term database marine indicators and standards • Complete a gap analysis for marine information. for data sharing between PAs across all ASEAN countries. ountries. • Preferable to have one database for marine and terrestrial PAs given land-sea links but noting the need for different data fi elds.

include the South China Sea, Sulu Sea, Visayas region, ecoregions that ensure connectivity and resilience of Northeastern Pacifi c Seaboard, Southeastern Pacifi c biophysical and social resources; and increased efforts Seaboard and the Celebes Sea. It would take nearly in coastal and marine governance. 100 years to be able to fully protect the country’s marine protected areas (MPAs) unless effectiveness is 4.2 Status of Marine Protected Areas in improved, larger areas are protected and conservation Southeast Asia - What Next? mechanisms are enhanced. There is a need to link initiatives in governance, ecoregions and marine Loke Ming Chou corridors and operational functionality, and address Professor, Department of Biological Sciences data gaps in MPAs particularly in those shared by two National University of Singapore or more countries. Some of the measures to address Singapore such gaps include the development of a Monitoring, Evaluation, Response and Feedback System through The network of MPAs should effectively manage adaptive management; inter-disciplinary Marine and conserve marine biodiversity, habitat health and Biodiversity Conservation Programs; investigations fi sheries. There are varying reports as to the number and networking to produce synergistic and accelerated of existing MPAs, but experts agree that only 10 impacts; and coordinated actions facilitated by percent of all MPAs are effectively managed. Cheung national and regional laws, and initiatives. Measures et al 2002, reported that the “present MPA system that have been undertaken to support MPAs include is extremely ineffective for marine biodiversity integrated MPA programs; incentives for good conservation and an increase in physical coverage performance; development of marine corridors and of the MPA system alone will not improve marine

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 31 conservation”. In Southeast Asia, although 88 percent in the MPAs network revolve around management of coral reefs are under threat, only 8 percent of these effectiveness (particularly in transboundary MPAs), reefs lie within MPAs, and only 1 percent of MPAs in representation (to ensure effective MPA connectivity), SEA are effectively managed. Some of the initiatives prioritization and identifi cation of sites of global/ done to protect MPAs include the review of MPAs in regional significance (to preserve biodiversity), the region undertaken by the ASEAN Regional Centre and coordination (to enhance information sharing, on Biodiversity Conservation; development of the combination of resources, and capacity building). ASEAN Declaration on Heritage Parks; identifi cation These gaps can be addressed by developing a of coral reefs worthy of WHS status by the National synergy between ongoing and past initiatives (to Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; study in optimize resources), drawing up policies and regional genetic connectivity in the South China Sea by the guidelines; enhancing capacity for management; and WorldFish Center; review of coastal/marine living increasing marine biodiversity protection to facilitate resources, national legislation, and management poverty alleviation. by the UNEP/GEF South China Sea Project; and Table 7 shows the Regional Action Points for the the Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion Project. Gaps session.

Table 7. Regional Action Points: Gap Analysis for Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia

Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations I. Very few of • The economic benefi t from • Improvement of • Replicate the areas of excellence on SEA’s reefs lie the value of coral reefs in the effectiveness of PA protection such as Turtle Islands within MPAs Philippines was quantifi ed at $4 management between the Philippines and and reefs of million. It will take 100 years to Malaysia. the region fully protect the needed 10% of are under- coral reef areas. managed.

II. Depletion is • The presence or absence of • Provision • Work toward improving refl ected by the sharks and other large predators of enabling effectiveness of MPAs, fact that only can be used as quick indicators policy, and declaring larger areas, and seven have to quantify fi sh resources in socioeconomic using a combination of feasible high priority marine areas. environment for management efforts such as values. PAs mixing ecosystems and species conservation strategies.

III. In certain areas • Gains have been achieved To remedy the lack of basic like Sarawak, through the marine support information, the following were no protection network in terms of MPA suggested: has been management, enforcement • Monitoring, Evaluation, Response established. strategies and cooperation and Feedback system through with fi sher groups and local adaptive management; government units. • Inter-disciplinary marine biodiversity conservation programs; • Investigations and networking to produce synergies and accelerated impacts; and • Meeting the challenges via convergent and coordinated action.

IV. SEA is also • The FISH-BE model has been • In prime sites suffering from lagging considered as a useful tool depleted resources, suggested behind on for MPA management in measures include restocking and certain global determining incentives and stock enhancement. agreements equitable allocation of benefi ts. on marine biodiversity.

32 PROCEEDINGS 5. Indigenous Peoples in Protected Area By involving indigenous peoples in managing PAs, Management this Project is piloting a model to achieve a ‘win-win’ scenario for both local livelihood improvement and Chair: Jannie Lasimbang biodiversity conservation. Conserving natural forests Secretary-General and habitats will achieve much more success with the Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP) involvement of IPs in management. Chiang Mai, Thailand 5.2. From the Ground Up: Documenting Co-chair: Angie Cunanan Subsistence Pattern in Buayan-Kionop National Coordinator Community Use Zone, UNDP-GEF Small Grants Crocker Range Park, Sabah Programme, Philippines Makati, Philippines Yassin Miki, Assistant Field Coordinator and 5.1. Engaging Indigenous People in Agnes Lee Agama, Regional Coordinator Protected Area Development, SEA Global Diversity Foundation Functioning and Management: Sabah, Malaysia Case Study – Hoang Lien Son Project Crocker Range, a long mountainous range, Lam Hoang stretching from north to south of Sabah and one of the Hoang Lien Son Project Coordinator most biologically important conservation and water Flora and Fauna International-Vietnam catchment areas in the state, was declared a protected Programme area in 1984. Subsistence activities are allowed in the Hanoi, Vietnam Community Use Zones (CUZs) established inside the Park for the use of the local community. A CUZ may The Case Study represents the efforts of the not provide ownership of lands inside the Park, but it Community-Based Conservation of Hoang Lien recognizes local communities as the rightful stewards Mountain Ecosystem Project (Hoang Lien Son of the area. The Buayan-Kionop area, located in a Project – HLSP) in engaging indigenous peoples remote part of the Crocker Range, is the largest CUZ (IPs) in protected area (PA) development, operations where community members carry out subsistence and management to determine the feasibility of agriculture (hill and wet rice), gather forest products, the co-management approach in the Hoang Lien hunt and fi sh. They have an intricate knowledge of Mountains. This project supported local stakeholders their surrounding natural landscapes, which is crucial – the Lao Cai, Yen Bai, and Son La Forest Protection for building an understanding about the entire area Departments – in setting up community-based used and accessed by the community. monitoring groups that would include IPs, to help The Global Diversity Foundation and other local governments and PA authorities monitor, patrol, environmental organizations worked with the and conserve PAs, and communicate messages of Buayan-Kionop community to document key biodiversity value to the local community. ethnobiological resources used by the community; Although IPs are involved in the PA development study agricultural practices of the community; and process, they are not included in management examine subsistence hunting and fi shing practices. decision-making. For it to become a new model Community members will be trained in qualitative of co-management for Viet Nam where IPs can be and quantitative ethnobiological methods and drive involved in PA management, and which in the future the process of documenting subsistence patterns in can be applied to other PAs, the Project supported the Buayan-Kionop. Results will be used to formulate Mu Cang Chai Species/Habitat Conservation Area the Buayan-Kionop CUZ collaborative management (SHCA) in establishing an advisory body – the Forest strategies. Protection Council. The Council is composed of local Table 8 shows the Regional Action Points for the representatives from communes around the PA. session.

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 33 Table 8. Regional Action Points: Indigenous Peoples in Protected Area Management

Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations I. Ensuring • Make IPs subject of PA • Participation in PA • Recognize and affi rm indigenous participation management, not objects. planning, peoples’ rights. of IPs in PA • Involve IPs in the whole process establishment, • Harmonize confl icting laws and management of decision-making, from governance and provisions, and amend PA laws becomes planning to implementation and management. to allow effective participation part of policy evaluation. of indigenous peoples in PA framework. • Use customary laws to management. strengthen conservation. • Involve IPs in PA decision-making • Recognize customary laws, process, not merely in PA work, e.g. which are changing and patrolling, biodiversity monitoring. changeable and may negatively • Provide capacity building for IPs impact protected areas. and PA managers. • Draw on other laws and the • Use customary laws and traditional Constitution that recognize IPs knowledge to strengthen to strengthen claims for pro-IP onservation. policies. • Allow PA managers to voice • Although policy for participation oncerns with appropriate exists, the interests of the State government agencies to achieve can still hamper implementation policy change. e.g. Mining Act vs. Indigenous People’s Rights Act (IPRA) in the Philippines.

II. Including • Many communities living • Recognition • IUCN to include CCAs as a new PA Community within and around PAs have of Community category (areas and sacred sites Conserved been protecting and managing Conserved Areas. governed and managed by IPs). Areas in the pockets of areas. • Fallback is to adopt governance national PA • CCAs signifi cantly sustain the types that allow communities to system. livelihoods of IPs. continue to manage areas found within existing PAs. • Map CCAs and include in the total size of PAs in any particular country.

III. Funding for • UNDP SGP-GEF proposals • Incentives that • Use fi nes/penalties to fund IPs in PA can be prepared in the form support PA and community use zones/PA management. of videos for projects on involvement of IPs. management activities. biodiversity conservation and • Direct funding to IPs in PA capacity building of IPs. management. • Ensure accountability and transparency of projects by establishing clear criteria and guidelines for funding. • IPs can develop networks with other NGOs. • Regional initiatives such as the CMLV SEA show that sites can maximize learning and fundraising efforts.

34 PROCEEDINGS 6. Sustainable Financing for Protected management capacity; encouraging stakeholder Areas participation in PA management; formulating good management plans; campaigning with the private Chair: Avi Mahaningtyas sector; promoting transparency in the accounting National Coordinator, GEF-SGP of expenses; strengthening management of fi nancial Indonesia and physical assets, as well as exercising better fi scal and budget control. Co-Chair: Joseph D’ Cruz Regional Technical Advisor, 6.2 Papua Civil Society Support Foundation UNDP-GEF, Bangkok, Thailand Maria Latumahina 6.1 Sustainable Financing for Protected Executive Director, PCSSF Areas Gedung Kadin Papua, Lantai Satu Jayapura-Papua, Indonesia Narong Manhannop Protected Area Manager, Khao Yai National The Papua Civil Society Support Foundation Park, Department of National Parks, (PCSSF) is a grant facility to support civil society Wildlife and Plant Conservation development initiatives. It supports civil society Nakannratchasrima, Thailand and community-based organizations through small grants, and by facilitating and sharing lessons The presentation revolved around the defi nitions, learned, which help shape local policy and decision- objectives and sources of financial support for making. The vision of the PCSSF is to enhance protected areas. Some of the fi nancial problems Papuans’ livelihood and basic rights by supporting in PA management include a lack of capacity for local community organizations. Main programs management effectiveness, inappropriate fi nancial include economy and governance, empowerment support, lack of continuous financial support, of women and community in natural resource inappropriate activities, as well as ineffective management, improving access to information, payment schemes. Some of the measures suggested policy and legal advocacy for Adat Rights Protection to generate funding include conducting a forum to and biodiversity conservation. obtain cooperation from various sectors; mobilizing Table 9 shows the Regional Action Points for the funding through fees and trust funds; optimizing session.

Table 9. Regional Action Points: Sustainable Financing for Protected Areas

Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations I. Need for • Sabah put together a proposal • Ensure fi nancial • Start a discussion on the possibility proper legal with a good justifi cation for the sustainability of of a revolving fund between infrastructure National government to allocate PAs and national neighboring countries to tackle cash to guarantee a budget to cover some aspects and regional fl ow and costs of PA management accountability of PA management. systems of PAs (Thailand, Cambodia and Myanmar). and mecha- • Sabah has its own statutory involvement of nisms for status for the park authorities as IPs. sustainable public servants. They stay within funding. the institutions. Sabah Park has a master plan for the whole system that is still actively developed and adjusted to allow corrective actions to be made.

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 35 Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations

II. Need for better • Sabah suggests putting together • Public awareness, • Roundtable dialogues among related awareness a proposal that justifi es the understanding and highlevel government agencies in for people to inclusion of PA management in appreciation ASEAN countries to educate and pin understand the national budget. down commitments to include the the costs of PA costs of PA and HP maintenance in maintenance the national budget (e.g. Ministry of and willingness Finance, National Planning Agencies, to share the Ministry of Marine, Forestry and osts. What is Environment, etc.). the meaning of costs?

III. Mechanisms • Sabah National Park provides • Mechanism for the • More debates and discussions to determine clean water supply for equitable sharing among related stakeholders in the “entry fees” indigenous and local peoples for of costs and country and the region to discuss and other fees daily use. Private sector pays benefi ts the fi nancial sustainability and to ensure the 900 RM/year for water use and commitments to maintain PAs and state of good community is FOC. HPs. social, cultural • Generating a trust fund for • An agreement should be made with and ecological PAs and HPs is not necessarily the private sector to respect the services of PAs easy and sustainable as the efforts of park authorities to sell the and HPs. amount of endowments will education and tourism components have to be signifi cant and needs of PAs and HPs. an agreeable decision making • Investment in pursuing the fi nancial mechanism on the use of the sustainability of PA management revenues derived from the trust will need capacity building for fund. human resources and local • The UNDP/GEF has the institutions, baseline data, planning experience of piloting a trust and actual management and will fund but this did not materialize take a long period to reach break in Mongolia. even point. • In Myanmar, there is an issue • Establish a proposed benchmark about collecting money for and guidelines for fee equation and PAs because the local culture policy for charging visitors among dictates that donations and gifts ASEAN countries. To be deliberated should be given to the shrine in the 2008 CBD-COP9 in Spain. and temples as part of homage. • Organize workshops and training on The costs for conservation from fundraising and fund management the revenue of donation cannot as well as park management skills cover the needs for maintenance among ASEAN PA managers (Senior of services. Managers).

IV. Need higher leverage and position for Park Authority to enforce the protection function of this body in facing threats that extract resources in PAs and HPs.

V. Need to defi ne mechanisms for “carbon trading” and include the costs of managing PAs as part of carbon sink/ supply that shall be paid by polluters.

36 PROCEEDINGS 7. Capacity Development for Better 7.2 Master in Public Management, Protected Area Management Major in Biodiversity Management in the Philippines Chair: Noor Hidayat Director, Areas Conservation Josefa R. Bautista Directorate General of Forest Protection Faculty/Program Coordinator, and Nature Conservation, Ministry Masters in Public Management, of Forestry Development Academy of the Philippines, Jakarta, Indonesia Pasig City, Philippines

Co-Chair: Ng Sock Ling The Philippines is home to some of the world’s Assistant Director, most notable biological resources, which are Sungei Buloh constantly threatened by habitat destruction, over- Wetland Reserve, exploitation, chemical or environmental pollution National Parks Board and biological pollution. To counter these threats, the Singapore country developed the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) through Republic Act No. 7586 7.1 Training Course on Biodiversity – passed in June 1992. The law required the creation BIOTROP Training and Information of protected area (PA) management boards and Centre Experience management offi ces for national parks. However, there has been a lack of systematic preparation to Syah Indrawati Azron handle the huge challenges of managing PA sites or General Manager, developing PA programs. SEAMEO-BIOTROP Thus the Philippines’ Department of Environment Training and Information Center and Natural Resources and the Development Academy Jawa Barat, Indonesia of the Philippines launched the Master in Public Management major in Biodiversity Conservation and The BIOTROP Training and Information Centre Management (MPM-BCM) Program on 15 July 2004. in Bogor, Indonesia offers a course on Biodiversity This program aims to provide foresters, biodiversity Information Systems, which aims to enhance human experts, and marine scientists with the necessary resources and develop information facilities to training to synergize their technical know-how with support the establishment of a database networking the daily requirements of planning, interfacing with system. communities, local government officials, donors, Specifi cally, the course aims to provide insight preparing and defending budgets, keeping staff and technical ability to manage, analyze and produce productive motivated and all the other strategic as electronic information, as well as enhance the well as day to day management tasks. capability of each node on the effort of technology Table 10 shows the Regional Action Points for the transfer and human resource development. session.

Table 10. Regional Action Points: Capacity Development for Better Protected Area Management

Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations I. ACB’s • Good information needs • Helped build • ACB can spearhead the translation Competence targeted delivery to maximize its capacity for of the Competence Standards Standards use. the planning, Manual into national languages of Manual is not • Besides serving as a guide establishment and the ASEAN, and in a manner that is widely used to AHP managers on management of practical and easy to understand. due to issues job requirements, these PAs. • ACB to identify specifi c levels with language, Competence Standards can • Comprehensive of authority and/ or ongoing distribution also serve as a framework capacity building programs to target marketing of and diffi culty for training institutions to programmes the Competence Standards. ACB level. Needs to design their capacity building and initiatives to identify lead partners in each be translated programs, to better support implemented country – a country agency that can in other capacity-building needs in PAs. lead the work in that country.

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 37 Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations languages, • Organize orientations/ short made more trainings for park managers/ easier to relevant institutions on how to use understand, the Competence Standard guidelines and more (especially for Myanmar). widely distributed.

II. There are • There are a number of training • Establishment and • Link ACB website to training inadequate institutions that already offer strengthening of providers, e.g. Biotrop, DAP, links between a number of courses relevant regional network RECOFTC, etc. Networking among AHP managers to PA managers, e.g. Biotrop training providers, with ACB website requiring (Indonesia), DAP (Philippines), as central focus. training and RECOFTC (Thailand). However, • ACB has a training arm, which can training because PA managers are host workshops that bring together resources unaware of these training trainers to share training programs (training providers, some training and identify competency gaps. institutions, institutions are unable to • Get buy-in from big players (e.g. internet get adequate trainees, and IUCN, WWF, etc) that have already resources etc). managers do not tap these developed toolkits and other institutions for their training materials and engage them in a needs. virtual learning centre. • Do a gap analysis to see which competences training are available and which are lacking. • Form a group of experienced trainers to share their existing programs and provide available training materials.

III: Lack of formal • Many fi eld practitioners • Helped build • Institutions should accredit relevant qualifi cations in ASEAN still lack formal capacity for the work in assessing qualifi cations of fi eld qualifi cations but their natural management of for higher training, to allow staff staff to embark capabilities and local knowledge PAs without formal qualifi cations to have on further should not be discounted. opportunities to progress. capacity • Conduct short training courses development, to accredit staffs who lack formal e.g. Cambodia. training (validation).

IV. Financing • Cost of training is an issue that • Ensure fi nancial • Hold more in-country training. It of trainees slows down the progress of sustainability of is more cost effective to bring the is an issue. capacity development in ASEAN PAs, and national trainer to the country needing the Countries with countries. When training is done and regional training (incountry training) than to unfavorable overseas, the cost of sending systems of PAs. fl y numerous participants overseas currency staff to attend these trainings for training. exchange can be prohibitive. It may not rates tend to necessarily be the most effi cient send fewer use of resources either. participants to attend overseas workshops or conferences.

V. Capacity • As we seek to engage the local • Enhance • Provide training for local development community/ indigenous people and secure communities. Broaden experiences of indigenous in protecting our biodiversity, involvement of of local communities to see positive / local people they too, should receive capacity indigenous and examples of other indigenous is lacking. This development training to better local communities, communities (‘centres of could lead to equip them as partners in and relevant excellence’). loss of local conservation. stakeholders. • Staff exchange between parks/ knowledge • On the other hand, the local institutions. that could add community/ indigenous people • Document fi eld-based practices that to the body of have rich local knowledge of the are not yet well-documented to add information on land and traditional practices, to the body of biodiversity/cultural biodiversity which could add to existing knowledge. and culture, as knowledge, but is as yet not undocumented documented. local practices die out.

38 PROCEEDINGS Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations VI. Lack • As AHP managers link up and • Develop, apply and • Make an initiative to identify and information hope to learn best practices ransfer appropriate make known “centres of excellence” on from one another, they are technologies for that are willing to share knowledge “centres of hampered by the lack of PAs. for purpose of staff exchange/ excellence” information on “centres of capacity building. that are excellence” for the various • Organize study tours to observe willing aspects of AHP management. ‘centres of excellence’ for capacity to share building. knowledge.

VII. Decision- • Decision-makers often do not • Strengthen • Improve awareness for decision- makers understand the issues behind communication, makers, e.g. through forum for (e.g. local biodiversity conservation. education and decision makers where peers governments) This limitation impacts on public awareness. and trusted informants share lack the chances of making good experience/developmen ts on topics awareness of decisions based on informed of interest. These should be very biodiversity choices. structured, conducted by eminent issues. facilitators (e.g. RECOFTC, DAP programmes) and may be facilitated through ACB’s awareness program for leaders.

VIII: Inconsistent • When impacts/outcomes of • Build capacity • ACB to spearhead initiative to monitoring training are not consistently for the planning, identify key indicators to monitor of impacts/ monitored and documented, it establishment and impacts of training, e.g. through outcomes is impossible to determine if the management of periodic surveys. training has been effective. This PAs. impedes the ability to take stock

8. Biodiversity Monitoring for Terrestrial PAs In Africa, the Birdlife Africa Partnership adopted the IBA framework in 2002, and IBA monitoring is now Chair: Steven Ryan Swan underway in more than 10 countries. Project Team Leader The key problem is sustainability and as such FFI - Vietnam Programme monitoring schemes should be institutionalized, Hanoi, Vietnam simple, robust and inexpensive. Based on lessons from the African experience, the key principles of an 8.1 Monitoring Asia’s IBAs Asian IBA monitoring framework require that it be simple, compatible with other monitoring initiatives, Belinda Dela Paz fl exible, relevant and sustainable. Advocacy Offi cer A national IBA status and trends report should Haribon Foundation highlight any signifi cant positive or negative changes Quezon City, Philippines at particular sites, give a detailed health check for any sites assessed as needing urgent conservation Important Bird Areas (IBAs) are sites that provide action, and include a clear list of management habitats for species that are globally threatened, have recommendations based on monitoring outcomes. restricted range, are members of congregations that represent 1% of a biogeographic population and are 8.2 Biodiversity Monitoring System in biome-restricted. These IBAs should be monitored to Protected Areas in the Philippines measure progress towards international and national conservation targets, guide conservation actions as Angelita P. Meniado well as provide scientifi c information for advocacy, Supv., Ecosystems Mgt. Specialist fundraising and policy review purposes. Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau, Three types of indicators are studied in basic IBA Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources monitoring: pressure (threats to IBAs), state (status North Ave., Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines of biodiversity) and response (actions). Detailed IBA monitoring contributes to national, regional and Biodiversity monitoring is important to assess global indices as well as guide adaptive management. the status of biodiversity, determine and address

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 39 threats, establish impacts of current management as 8.3 Towards Site Level Monitoring well as check if local communities benefit from the in Lao PDR conservation of protected areas. The Philippines’ Biodiversity Monitoring System (BMS) in Protected Savannh Chanthakoummane Areas is a standardized monitoring system that aims Head, National PA Unit to improve the information available for decision- Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry makers in PAs through the regular collection of Department of ForestryLao data on natural resources and their utilization. PDR Results will be used to improve the participation of the PA community and other stakeholders in Site-level monitoring refers to the systematic, PA management. The BMS is largely cost-effective field-focused or office-based acquisition of and simple; requires minimum training and information for use in management planning and operational resources; includes local communities effectiveness assessment. Management programs as active participants and resource managers; and that would benefit from field observations or keeps decision-makers focused on conservation monitoring include law enforcement, boundary and sustainable use. BMS methods include the demarcation, resource inventory and research, use of a field diary, photo documentation, focus resource management, education and awareness, group discussion and the transect method. The and determining the role of indigenous peoples. BMS is now being used in 36 PAs in the country. Site-level monitoring has been conducted at the Its implementation has resulted in the formulation Dong Hua Sao National Protected Area in Lao by the Protected Area Management Board (PAMB) PDR, which covers 1,100 square kilometers. The of management resolutions, local ordinances Park is characterized by numerous wetlands and and other initiatives; improved participatory PA upland evergreen forests, and provides habitats management; enhanced technical capabilities of for 62 mammal and 291 bird species. The Park is staff in PA monitoring and community relations; protected by a patrolling unit and four to eight staff increased communication on PA management members are assigned to monitor Park activities. between stakeholders; and developed awareness Some of the recommendations that are results of and appreciation of communities on PA management regular monitoring include the creation of a standard and biodiversity conservation. but flexible and adaptable approach to site-level

Table 11. Regional Action Points: Biodiversity Monitoring for Terrestrial Protected Areas

Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations I. Community • All PAs have effective • Enhanced • Encourage effective participation involvement in management using participatory and secured of local communities where monitoring. and science-based site planning involvement of appropriate and provide incentives. processes that incorporate clear indigenous and • Ensure regional coordination biodiversity objectives, targets, local communities in biodiversity data collection management strategies and • Establishment and and management particularly monitoring programs, drawing strengthening of transboundary PAs. upon existing methodologies regional networks and a long-term management plan with active stakeholder involvement.

II. Insuffi cient • All PAs have effective • Framework for • Increase capacity of biodiversity capacity/ management using participatory monitoring and monitors such as government limited and science-based site planning reporting rangers, park staff, community skilled human processes that incorporate clear • Ensure fi nancial rangers, NGOs, and academic resources biodiversity objectives, targets, sustainability institutions. to conduct management strategies and monitoring monitoring programs, drawing upon existing methodologies and a long-term management plan with active stakeholder involvement.

40 PROCEEDINGS Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations III. Need for a • All PAs have effective • Develop and test a “tool box” of “tool box” management using participatory standardized methods to monitor of methods and science-based site planning status of species and ecosystems to monitor processes that incorporate clear and sustainable use. specifi c biodiversity objectives, targets, species. management strategies and monitoring programs, drawing upon existing methodologies and a long-term management plan with active stakeholder involvement.

IV. Monitoring • All PAs have effective • Promote the use of monitoring data outputs for PA management using participatory to inform decision/policymakers. management, and science-based site planning policy and processes that incorporate clear advocacy. biodiversity objectives, targets, management strategies and monitoring programs, drawing upon existing methodologies and a long-term management plan with active stakeholder involvement.

V. Insuffi cient • All PAs have effective • Increase fi nancing for monitoring in fi nancial management using participatory PAs. resources and science-based site planning allocated for processes that incorporate clear monitoring. biodiversity objectives, targets, management strategies and monitoring programs, drawing upon existing methodologies and a long-term management plan with active stakeholder involvement.

monitoring for testing in a variety of PAs in the Koen J.M. Meyers region; development of capacity and expertise within Technical Adviser for Environmental Sciences the region; and the production of materials and UNESCO World Heritage Sites analytical tools necessary for implementation. Jakarta, Indonesia Table 11 shows the Regional Action Points for the session. World Heritage Sites (WHS) are areas with outstanding universal cultural and natural values, 9. Managing World Heritage Sites with exceptional characteristics that transcend in Southeast Asia national boundaries and are decreed to be of common importance for present and future generations of Chair: Jamili Nais all humanity. Inscription on the World Heritage Assistant Director, Sabah Parks List is a catalyst to raising awareness about heritage Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia preservation on the part of governments and citizens alike. Heightened awareness, in turn, leads to greater Co-Chair: Kari Lahti consideration and a general rise in the level of Programme Offi cer protection and conservation afforded to heritage sites. IUCN Programme on PAs, There are currently 644 WHS in 138 countries all Gland, Switzerland over the world. The World Heritage Convention and its Operational Guidelines for the Implementation 9.1 World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia: of the World Heritage Convention provides the Strengthening Integrated Conservation standards to ensure the protection of WHS, including and Development at the Regional Level the establishment of management systems, as well

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 41 as periodic reporting and monitoring processes. management, conservation management, promotion In the case of serial or transboundary properties, a of ecotourism and stimulation of the local community management system or mechanism for ensuring the and economy. Park management aims to strengthen coordinated management of separate components law enforcement and stakeholder participation to is essential. Regional cooperation is particularly achieve its goal in making Komodo a world class important to ensure support for WHS. Site support National Park. and improvement can be achieved through joint research, technical training, site visits, sharing 9.3 The Evolving Management of the Rice of expertise and capacity building projects at the Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras: regional level. Partnerships with WHS and ASEAN Focus on the Ifugao Rice Terraces Heritage Parks need to develop and embrace broader partnerships with member states, multilateral and Melissa Malingan-Sapdoy bilateral institutions, NGOs, local communities and Manager, Environmental Management private sectors. Division John Hay Management Corporation 9.2 Komodo National Park (A World Baguio City, Philippines Heritage Site), Indonesia The Ifugao Rice Terraces was declared a national Tamen Sitorus landmark through Presidential Decree No. 260 in Head, Komodo National Park Authority, 1973 and was declared a World Heritage Site in 1995. Directorate General of Forest Protection and The Ifugao Rice Terraces has five clusters in four Nature Conservation municipalities, all of which have an average slope of Indonesia 700-800 meters above sea level and slopes that are more than 50 percent. In 1999, the terraces become The Komodo National Park is an exceptional one of the 100 most endangered World Monuments. storehouse of both terrestrial and marine biodiversity The Rice Terraces Ecosystem is characterized by with global signifi cance. The terrestrial area covers communal forests, privately-owned forests, swidden 407 square kilometers while the marine component farms, communal grassland, cane grassland, rice covers 1,325 square kilometers. The Park is ponds/terraces, settlement areas and rivers. The characterized by mountainous islands with massive rice production cycle has two phases, four seasons, volcanic rocks such as sandstone, limestone, sandy 15 periods, 22 events, as well as 23 rituals and sub- shale and clay. Savanna, monsoon and quasi-cloud rituals. Challenges to the sustainability of the rice forests provide habitats for around 250 plant species, terraces include dispersed locations, ancestral claims, 32 mammals, 128 birds and 37 reptiles, including leadership concerns and development challenges such the Komodo Dragon, which is the world’s largest as loss of interest in culture, diminishing biodiversity, reptile. Coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass beds land use conversion, erosion and siltation, and a provide habitats for 1,000+ fish species and 385 decreasing farm labor force. Local communities coral species. and government have worked together to protect Established as a National Park in 1980, Komodo this cultural heritage by repairing eroded terrace is managed by the Balai Taman Nasional Komodo walls, providing technical assistance for traditional (Komodo National Park Authority). Major threats to rice production, continuing marketing support for the Park include poaching of deer, invasive species, “heritage rice”, conducting an inventory of fl ora and human encroachment, and use of unsustainable fauna, and continuing documentation of traditional fi shing methods. Long-term effective management and indigenous knowledge systems. of the Park is detailed in the Komodo Collaborative Table 12 shows the Regional Action Points for Management Initiative, which emphasizes collaborative the session.

42 PROCEEDINGS Table 12. Regional Action Points: Managing World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia

Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations I. The nomination • Inscription in the WHS list is not • Standards, criteria, • Review the criteria for AHP and process is not just a badge of honor; it is also a and best practices compare with WHS criteria. fully understood bundle of responsibility. for planning, • Coordinated network regarding at the regional • The WHS can eventually be selecting, reporting (due 2008). level. There elfsustaining, with appropriate establishing, • Start inter-site linkages (including should be better strategies and programs, managing and staff exchange). understanding of ecotourism, appropriate governance of • Develop guidelines in identifying the identifi cation legislation and initial support national and and sharing benefi ts. of sites, technical from government, civil society, regional systems • Create guidelines for the help in the of PAs are nomination of clustering nomination developed and transboundary PAs. process, adopted. • Prepare cluster marine nomination emphasis (prepare nomination for on cluster Indonesia, prepare platform for nomination, and the region). transboundary parks nomination.

II. Benefi t sharing • Equitable sharing sites and of both costs and communities benefi ts. do not have • Participation of direct benefi ts indigenous and from revenues local communities. generated from tourism and other activities in the sites.

III. After inscription, • After inscription, there is support the role of from UNESCO, IUCN, ASEAN UNESCO is through increased presence and unclear. visibility, regular and systematic fora or platforms and promotion of regional tourism. The WHC also produces a video on WH sites like the one produced for the AHP – The ASEAN Dream. • An ASEAN member country should have a seat in the World Heritage Committee.

IV. Communications • Establishment and • Establish and strengthen and networking strengthening of transboundary PAs and other - urgent need regional networks, forms of collaboration between for regional collaboration neighboring PAs across national networking and other boundaries and regional networks, (intercountries, transboundary to enhance the conservation and intracountry, PAs sustainable use of biological inter-sites). • Framework for diversity, implement the monitoring and ecosystem approach, and improve reporting PA international cooperation. management • Create a common platform for all effectiveness heritage sites: Website, egroups, working groups, other clear channels of communication.

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 43 Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations V. The need for • Public awareness, • Building capacity • Capacity building with technical capacity building understanding and appreciation for the planning, assistance/ guidance from WCPA, for national of the importance and benefi ts establishment and UNESCO and other groups to leaders, park of PAs have signifi cantly management of park managers on monitoring, managers increased. PAs. reporting. and other • Training on various aspects of PA stakeholders management. regarding the • Awareness programs on the values and values and importance of the importance of the heritage sites for leaders and heritage sites. policy makers.

10. Management Effectiveness Assessment 10.2 Policy Challenges to the Management of Protected Areas in Southeast Asia Effectiveness Assessment of Protected Areas Chair: Marc Hockings Senior Lecturer and Vice-Chair, Ben S. Malayang III IUCN-WCPA, Australia President, Silliman University School of Natural and Rural Systems Philippines Management, University of Queensland, Catton Campus, Management Effectiveness Assessments (MEAs) Queensland, Australia are important to ensure the good delivery of services; achieve complementation and harmony in the Co-Chair: Paulus Basintal management of PAs; and meet the cascade of global Assistant Director, Sabah Parks to local expectations on PAs. Three preconditions to Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia good MEAs include the high public values of PAs, high public values of MEAs, and wide and robust technical 10.1 Introduction to Management base of MEAs. MEAs are management techniques Effectiveness Evaluation and tools. Their use and adherence to doing them will likely depend upon how much PAs are valued Marc Hockings by their constituency and by society in general. PAs IUCN-WCPA, Australia and MEAs should acquire high political value to ensure high policy investments. MEAs are crucial The 2006 WCPA Guidelines defi nes management to improving PAs, so these should be mainstreamed effectiveness evaluation as “the assessment of how among layers of PA stakeholders and management well a protected area is being managed – primarily organizations. the extent to which it is protecting values and achieving goals and objectives”. Management 10.3 MPA-Management Effectiveness: effectiveness is a major issue since management A Case Study from Viet Nam defi ciencies are major threats to PAs. Management effectiveness evaluations must be strengthened to Tham Thi Ngoc Diep improve PA management, ensure effective resource Senior Marine Programme Offi cer allocation, promote accountability and transparency, WWF Greater Mekong Program as well as involve the community, build constituency Hanoi, Viet Nam and promote PA values. Currently, an ongoing effort aims to produce a global review of management A Guidebook on Marine Protected Areas is effectiveness evaluations of PAs. Over 4,000 currently being used in several sites in Vietnam management effectiveness studies in 80 countries to determine effective MPA management. One of have been entered in a database to learn about the the sites is the Nui Chua National Park, which was range of methodologies used for different situations designated a National Park in 2003 and covers and PA systems. Results can be compared across 7,000 marine hectares. Issues faced by the MPA systems to determine global trends in effective PA include coral reef degradation, diminishing fi shery management. yields, threats to marine turtles, lack of economic

44 PROCEEDINGS resilience, management capacity and tourism. MPA effective tool since it is comprehensive and outcome- management aims to effectively manage and conserve focused; relatively quick, cheap and efficient to the nationally-unique and globally-signifi cant marine undertake; provides clear and repeatable criteria and biodiversity at the park, improve the livelihoods of indicators of good protected area management; links local communities, and help increase opportunities country level PA assessment with the WCPA/IUCN for sustainable income-generation. Some of the framework, thereby allowing comparisons of results lessons that have been learned in the course of PA across countries; and encourages cooperation and management include the need to simplify abstract partnerships between government, NGOs and other indicators, as well as add new goals and objectives stakeholders. for effective management. In Malaysia, RAPPAM was used to assess 18 out of 24 existing terrestrial National and State Parks and 10.4 The Application of RAPPAM Tool in involved fi ve different management agencies. The Assessing Management Effectiveness objectives of the assessment were to update existing of Protected Areas data on national and state parks in Malaysia; review strength and weaknesses; identify and analyse the Rahimatsah Amat main pressures and threats to national and state WWF-Malaysia, Borneo Programme parks; and formulate appropriate recommendations and to further improve management effectiveness. Surin Suksuwan Results of the study showed that management WWF-International effectiveness was quite strong overall but there are Gland, Switzerland some weaknesses. Major concerns include land-use disputes, lack of landscape linkages between PAs, The Rapid Assessment and Prioritisation of and inadequate boundary demarcation; lack of up- Protected Areas Management (RAPPAM) Tool was to-date management plans; need for more research developed by WWF International and is questionnaire- on key ecological and sociological issues; and low based. Its main assessment elements are Context, PA park user fees. Design and Planning, Inputs, Management Processes, Table 13 shows the Regional Action Points for Management Outputs and Outcomes. RAPPAM is an the session.

Table 13. Regional Action Points: Management Effectiveness Assessment of Protected Areas in SEA

Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations I. Relatively little • There has been some work done • Provision of • Translate key MEE documents work done on primarily by international NGOs enabling policy, into SEA languages (IUCN-WCPA Management and international organizations institutional and Guidelines, RAPPAM, WWF/World Effectiveness (FAO, UNDP, etc.). socio-economic Bank Tracking Tool [revised Evaluation (MEE) • Need to engage governments, environment for version of METT and Marine in SEA. management authorities, PAs Tracking Tool], Enhancing our communities, institutions and Heritage workbook). Translation others in this work. can be undertaken by ACB and the • Need to develop understanding IUCN. Cost should be shouldered of PA agencies and staff by each AMC. concerning MEE as an issue and • Prepare proposal (from IUCN/ MEE tools. ACB) to UNESCO World Heritage Centre and ACB/ADB/EC for the establishment of an indepth MEE for all SEA natural World Heritage sites and all ASEAN Heritage sites (35 sites) between now and 2010. This should be undertaken by IUCN and ACB. Costs may amount to $900,000. • Seek action of ASEAN countries to implement CBD target of conducting MEE in 30% of PAs. This should be the responsibility of relevant ASEAN Ministers and organizations.

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 45 Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations

• Implement National Capacity Self Assessment (NCSA) recommendations (responsibility and cost already designated in NCSA recommendations).

II. Lack of regional • There is a need to develop • Building and • Use WCPA network to compile capacity to capacity of PA staff, indigenous strengthening information on existing site undertake MEE local communities and other capacity for level monitoring and evaluation and site-level stakeholders to undertake the planning, as a fi rst step in promoting monitoring. monitoring and assessments. establishment and more effective monitoring • Most ASEAN states share management of and evaluation within ASEAN similar problems in relation PAs countries. to capacity so there is an • Encourage countries to develop opportunity for cooperative work plans for management action. effectiveness monitoring and • NGOs have experience and evaluation (and the training interest in this work and could needed to implement these work partner with government plans). agencies to assist agencies in • Promote degree programs for capacity development. biodiversity conservation and management and promote inclusion of information on monitoring and evaluation within these programs. • Establish a regional mentor network to assist countries in implementing MEE (responsibility – regional training institutions such as RECOFTC and ACB).

II. Need to improve • Framework for • Make results of MEE activities effectiveness of identifying, available to staff, other agencies, communication monitoring, and stakeholders and the public. among staff, with reporting. • Develop reporting systems to the public and communicate results of site level stakeholders in monitoring and MEE through relation to PA an appropriate regional clearing management and house mechanism. MEE.

IV. Need to use • In the absence of agency/ • Development, • Commitment at highest information government commitment, application level would be key and arising from there can be problems in and transfer recommendations from this MEE to improve implementing changes to of appropriate meeting would go to the ASEAN management of management resulting from technologies ministers for discussion. PAs. MEE fi ndings. • Ensure senior management/ governmen t support and commitment to MEE programs.

V. Need to develop • Science for doing good MEE • Development, • Identify the policies needed to policies that is one thing but the policies review, and/or support MEE (responsibility promote and to mainstream MEE in PA revision of – ACB). institutionalize the management is another. policies. • Strengthen policies and their conduct of good • Policies have the potential to enforcement and public sector MEE. enable the development of the investments on the policies. science to undertake MEE. • Include requirement on comprehensive management plan and MEE work plan for approval of new PAs.

VI: Need to • Effective • Strengthen laws and legislation. mmediately mechanism • Increase enforcement address key for identifying, mechanisms including threats shared preventing and/or transboundary cooperation. across the region. itigating the negative

46 PROCEEDINGS 11. Biodiversity Monitoring for Marine sustainability was to have a standardized monitoring Protected Areas system. During the implementation of the PAMANA project, the project decided to gather community Chair: Shiela G. Vergara developed monitoring experiences to develop a Senior Marine Biodiversity Specialist standard monitoring protocol on all PAMANA Conservation International - Philippines member sites. Lessons learned from the four sites Quezon City, Philippines sampled during the gathering were the following: successful monitoring protocols were those initiated Co-Chair: Calvin Loh by peoples organizations and supported by local Executive Director government; methods must be simple, scientifi cally Malaysian Nature Society, sound, and community accepted; monitoring should be Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia participatory in nature to attain sustainability. Emerging issues include the following: a large number of CB-MPAs 11.1 Building Community-Based Marine in the Philippines still have no monitoring, sustainability Protected Area Monitoring of monitoring initiatives, and the need to develop a standard monitoring protocol. Future directions include: Tiburcio Fernando, National President, development of a support group for monitoring, building/ strengthening of bay-wide alliance to maximize and share Benjamin Dellosa skills, and logistical needs. PAMANA KA sa Pilipinas, San Salvador, Masinloc, Zambales, Philippines 11.2 Monitoring Stakeholder Perceptions to Improve Effectiveness of MPA Gregorio de la Rosa Jr Management Research Assistant Abdul Halim Jose Ma. Antonio Bringas Policy and Finance Manager Haribon Foundation The Nature Conservancy-Coral 2nd Flr. Santos & Santos Bldg., Triangle Center 973 Aurora Blvd. JI. Pengembak No. 2 Sanur-Denpasar Quezon City 1109, Philippines Bali, Indonesia

Amidst serious small fisherfolks’ misery and The Coral Triangle in Indonesia is among the most coastal marine ecosystem degradation, support to diverse coral reef systems on earth. Monitoring on the establishment and management, particularly Coral Triangle Center (CTC) sites focuses on coral enforcement of a significant number of marine health, fi sh spawning, and resource use. Community protected areas (MPAs) in the coastal municipalities perceptions are also monitored to measure community in the country is imperative. Philippine reefs are needs and attitudes about marine conservation and highly threatened due to siltation from deforestation, sustainable resource uses; improve adaptive marine coastal land development, industrial pollutants, protected area (MPA) management by reflecting use of destructive fi shing methods, and overfi shing. stakeholder needs; and improve outreach programs Moreover, studies by Licuanan (2002) indicate that to support MPA management. Some research 70 percent of coral reefs in the Philippines are in and monitoring results in the CTC sites show that poor condition, and only 5 percent are in excellent communities are very supportive of the idea of condition. To this end, PAMANA Ka Sa Pilipinas was developing MPAs and compliance and awareness on formally organized by Haribon Foundation in 1999, regulations are positively correlated. Major threats with the aim of protecting, managing and enriching to conservation include blast and cyanide fishing. marine sanctuaries and coastal resources to respond Recommendations to reduce threats and strengthen to the needs of the future generations. With an initial support include conducting awareness campaigns membership of 33, PAMANA Ka Sa Pilipinas to date among the local community, developing outreach has a total membership of 122. According to Alcala materials rooted in the local context and presented in (2001), one of the components to attain CB-MPA the local language.

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 47 11.3 Biodiversity Monitoring of Marine inappropriate monitoring, varying methods used, as Protected Areas well as insuffi cient monitoring. Some organizations, such as Reef Check and the ASEAN-Australia Living Annadel Salvio Cabanban Coastal Resources, have developed substantial Sulu-Sulawesi Marine assessment and monitoring tools that can be adopted Ecoregion Manager by others. WWF-Malaysia The Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion Programme has sought to address gaps through the Sulu- Marine protected areas should be monitored Suluawesi Marine Ecoregion Conservation Plan, to honor the implicit agreements with primary which was validated in June 2003 and ratifi ed by stakeholders; demonstrate benefi ts of protection; participating countries in 2005. Programs of work convince policy-makers for sustainable development; on tri-national sea turtle conservation, tri-national and evaluate interventions. According to the Status fisheries management, and network of MPAs of Coral Reefs by the Global Coral Reef Monitoring have already been developed to ensure effective Network, general gaps in MPAs include a lack of management of the area. clear management goals and capacity, as well as Table 14 shows the Regional Action Points for the high management costs. Specifi cally, gaps focus on session.

Table 14. Regional Action Points: Biodiversity Monitoring of Marine Protected Areas

Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations

I. Coastal land • Needs support from local • Strengthening of • Conduct mandatory EIA development; government. communication, (both during and post project growing education and monitoring) for siltation and population, over public awareness. impact. fi shing/illegal • Develop, apply • Introduce alternative livelihood fi shing practices/ and transfer programs (e.g. micro-credit) encroachment by appropriate to reduce demands on natural illegal fi shermen. technologies resources. • Implement Family Planning Program and monitor population growth; propose “Population, Health and Environment” program. • Increase enforcement and monitor and map incidences of violations. • Monitor impact of overfi shing/ illegal fi shing practices. • Implement the “notake” zone policy.

II. Lack of support for • Lack of organized communities. • Involvement of • Organize communities with CBMPAs. indigenous people, representatives from major local communities, stakeholder groups. and other stakeholders.

III. Inform/educate • Use monitoring to demonstrate policy makers/ benefi ts of protection; convince implementers. policy makers and implementers. • Train, empower and fund local community to be enforcers and strengthen monitoring. • Encourage tourists to contribute to funds for enforcing and monitoring e.g. visitors pay conservation fees. • Provide incentives to participants in conservation.

48 PROCEEDINGS Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations

IV. Lack of clear • Framework for • Use IUCN “Ecosystem Approach” management monitoring and to assess PA management goals, effective reporting PA effectiveness and promote implementation management adaptive management. and stakeholder effectiveness. • Link monitoring indicators/ involvement. subjects to MPA objectives. Sometimes • Adopt a common, consistent and monitoring participatory monitoring system methodology is for biophysical and socioeconomic not appropriate, monitoring. inconsistently • Analyze monitoring data then implemented or present to PA managers, policy insuffi cient. makers, researchers, stakeholders and local communities. • Develop system of peer delivery of information among local community stakeholders.

12. Sustainable Livelihood and Equity management options; integrated approach to habitat in Relation to Protected Areas management for important species; model to change behaviors of target groups towards biodiversity Chair: Veronica Villavicencio conservation; and a more permanent framework as a Executive Director, Peace and Equity basis for comprehensive conservation that is modeled Foundation from BBEC. Quezon City, Philippines The principal strategy of the program is that local people are the best guardians of their environment. Co-Chair: Anthony de Silva When people realize the benefi ts of conservation, Thailand Program Coordinator they tend to support and participate in conservation The World Conservation Union activities. As such, management programs need to Bangkok, Thailand incorporate activities of people. Integrating society in conservation is one of the solutions for a workable 12.1 The Segama Conservation Area – conservation initiative. A Case for Stewardship 12.2 Sustainable Tourism and Protected Laurentius Ambu Areas – Thailand Deputy Director, Sabah Wildlife Department Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia Ramesh Boonratana Mahidol University The state of Sabah covers 73,700 square kilometers Thailand and is characterized by a tropical rainforest climate. Its immense biodiversity has been protected by a number Sustainable tourism development meets the needs of projects, including the Bornean Biodiversity and of present tourists and host regions while protecting Ecosystem Conservation (BBEC) Programme that and enhancing opportunities for the future. It is aims to establish a comprehensive and sustainable envisaged as leading to management of all resources approach for biodiversity conservation and jointly in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic implemented by the Sabah State Government, needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural academic institutions and NGOs. Its four components integrity, essential ecological processes, biological are Research and Education, Park Management, diversity and life-support systems. Habitat Management, and Public Awareness. Ecotourism embraces the principles of sustainable Program outputs include an enhanced monitoring tourism, but distinguishes itself by actively system that integrates program components for contributing to the conservation of natural and comprehensive conservation; an appropriate research cultural heritages. Ecotourism includes local and and education model for conservation; effective indigenous communities in its planning, development,

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 49 and operation, and contribute to their well-being; rare or endangered species, and their habitats. MPAs interprets the natural and cultural heritage of the also aim to improve community wealth, increase local destination to visitors; and lends itself better to environmental awareness and strengthen capacity independent travelers, as well as to organized tours for local communities to participate in marine for small groups. management. Ecotourism is about connecting conservation, In Viet Nam, MPAs face a range of issues involving communities, and sustainable travel. It is the economic benefits, management structures and preferred type of tourism in protected areas (PAs) capabilities, community participation and support, and is an acceptable alternative way of income monitoring and evaluation, and law enforcement. generation. However, tourism development The Nha Trang Bay MPA in Viet Nam covers 16,000 can impact on local environments and cultures hectares and provides habitats for 350 species of coral, through infrastructure construction and tourism 22 species of fi sh, and 112 species of crustaceans. The activities. Hence, whether tourism development MPA also aims to enable local island communities harms or complements the PA will depend on the to improve their livelihoods and serve as a model for commitment to the principles both of sustainable collaborative MPA management. Alternative income- tourism and, of ecotourism. generating activities include environment friendly activities such as handicrafts production, ecotourism, 12.3 Achieving Conservation Through livestock-raising and aquaculture. Community Participation and Poverty Reduction: Nha Trang Bay Case Study 12.4 Livelihood Inputs as a Tool to Deliver on Conservation Objectives at the Bui Thi Thu Hien Natmataung National Park Marine and Coastal Program Manager IUCN-The World Conservation Union- Khin Ma Ma Thwin Vietnam General Secretary, Biodiversity and Nature Hanoi, Vietnam Conservation Association (BANCA) Yangon, Myanmar Marine protected areas (MPAs) are established to ensure the long-term health of marine habitats and The Natmataung National Park is situated in the species diversity, and protect depleted, threatened, Eastern Himalayan Range Endemic Bird Area (EBA)

50 PROCEEDINGS in Myanmar. It is the home of the White-browed workshops have also been conducted for children and Nuthatch (Sitta victoriae), an endemic bird and villagers. The successful implementation of the project several restricted range bird species. The area plays a has resulted in requests for project replication in critical role in the water supply and agriculture of the other villages, increased awareness of environmental country and provides habitats for globally important issues as well as the development of trust between fl ora and fauna. Threats to the Park include forest villagers and Park staff. Still, many challenges have clearing for shifting cultivation, wildlife poaching, to be faced, such as funding, climate, accessibility to and collection of wild orchids. project site and others, but the success of the project The Biodiversity and Nature Conservation shows the signifi cance of integrating livelihood inputs Association (BANCA) and Birdlife Indochina started a in conservation programs to generate the support of conservation program that included livelihood inputs the local community. and basic support such as food, water storage tanks, Table 15 shows the Regional Action Points for the and school equipment. Environmental awareness session.

Table 15. Regional Action Points: Sustainable Livelihood Livelihood and Equity in Relation to PAs

Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations

I. Communities in • Stakeholder community • Synthesis and Sharing of Lessons PAs suffer from involvement: information, and Best Practices of Zoning poverty (lack of education; valuing, pride, Management and Livelihoods, basic needs) and appreciation of biodiversity/ among practitioners, supported by unsustainable resources. networks. agriculture, • Provide basic needs and • Use training programs, harvesting, and infrastructure (water, roads, organizations for capacity building resource use energy, shelter). of all stakeholders (based on practices. There needs assessments). is a need to • Encourage more focused increase income discussions on issues of and improve Sustainable Livelihoods and livelihoods. linkages with other sectors/ thematic discussion of PA management. • Ensure that marketing, the language of business, is well understood. • Involve the local, smallscale businesses in conservation and livelihood programs.

II. Balance • Alternative income generating/ • Ensure that marketing, the conservation livelihood activities. language of business. Is objectives and • Appropriate technology. understood. community needs • Credit systems. • Involve the local, smallscale (PA Management). • Monitoring livelihood and businesses in conservation and There is a need resource impact. livelihood programs. to resolve land • Involvement of community in • Identify funds for PA zoning tenure issues, decision-making (e.g. zoning, and management considering lack of funds for planning, resource use rules). livelihood activities. zone planning • Equity in Benefi ts and shared • Identify other sources – in and management, sustainability. business, check corporate social livelihood • Tourism as alternative livelihood responsibility (CSR) programs. opportunities, can be double-edged – benefi t • CDM (carbon mechanism). effectiveness or threat. • Review current PA fees/revenues of sharing and their use in supporting PA revenues, community and sustainable and fees for livelihood activities – to encourage community needs. community support for PA conservation.

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 51 13. Issues Relating to Application of IUCN management objective. The original aims of the Categories for Protected Areas categories were to help reduce confusion about names, to encourage international standards for Chair: Nigel Dudley management and to provide a framework for handling IUCN-WCPA data. The categories are a key tool that encapsulate Categories Task Force the IUCN philosophy of protected areas. A task United Kingdom force has now been established to update and revise the categories in light of 10 years’ experience with Co-Chair: Latsamay Sylavong their application and changing approaches to the IUCN, Lao PDR way in which categories are used. The task force is working closely with IUCN’s Commission on 13.1 Application of IUCN Categories for Environmental, Economic and Social Policy to look Protected Areas in Sabah, Malaysia at both categories and governance models. It is also running regional meetings to ensure that the Junaidi Payne diverse cultures and geographies represented by Senior Adviser, WWF-Malaysia IUCN have a chance to contribute to the revision Borneo Programme of the categories.

Jamili Nais 13.3 The National Integrated Protected Assistant Director (Research and Areas System in the Philippines and Education), Sabah Parks the IUCN Categories

Laurentius Ambu Annabel Plantilla Deputy Director, Haribon Foundation Sabah Wildlife Department Cubao, Quezon City Philippines Protected area laws in Sabah cover land use, forests, wildlife and national parks. Some of the The National Integrated Protected Areas projects on protected area management include the System (NIPAS) Act defines the classification and Bornean Biodiversity and Ecosystems Conservation administration of all designated protected areas Programme (2002-2006), the 2005 Sabah PA Master to maintain essential ecological processes and List and the 2006 Study on Government Response and life-support systems, preserve genetic diversity, Workshop. Areas that are clearly defi ned as protected ensure sustainable use of resources and maintain areas include land reserves for nature conservation, their natural conditions to the greatest extent protection forest reserves and virgin jungle reserves, possible. PAs are identified portions of land wildlife areas and parks. Areas that are not defi ned as and water set aside by reason of their unique PAs include native reserves, recreational parks, and physical and biological significance, managed to pre-1936 bird sanctuaries. Some areas are still being enhance biological diversity and protected against debated for declaration as PAs, including river and destructive human exploitation. PA categories shore reserves declared under the Water Law, and in the Philippines - which include strict nature river reserves under the Land Law. reserves, natural parks, natural monuments, wildlife sanctuaries, protected landscapes and seascapes, 13. 2 IUCN Protected Area Categories resource reserves and natural biotic areas - follow those set by the IUCN. Some of the issues in PA Latsamay Sylavong management include the length of the process IUCN, Lao PDR before inclusion in the PA system, settlements with PAs, overlapping protection status with other A protected area is an area of land and/or agencies and exclusion of internationally PAs from sea especially dedicated to the protection and the PA system. The challenges faced by PA managers maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural include an assessment of the NIPAS system and its and associated cultural resources, and managed management objectives, awareness-raising on the through legal or other effective means. IUCN has categorization process, and capacity building among six categories of protected areas, defi ned by their stakeholders.

52 PROCEEDINGS 13.4 Protected Area Categories involved in PA management are the Ministry of in Thailand Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE) and the National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Peeranuch Dulkul Kappelle Department (DNP). Forest Offi cial, National Parks, Wildlife and Some of the issues faced by the agency and Plant Conservation Department other stakeholders include overlapping categories Thailand of PAs, lack of flexibility in PA categories, and the applicability of various laws in the PA system. To There are currently 276 protected areas (PAs) in address these matters, an effective PA system plan Thailand, covering 18 percent of the total land area must be set in place to harmonize laws, facilitate of the country, while 47 national parks and wildlife effective management, transfer policy into action, sanctuaries are still being processed for inclusion strengthen capacity of managers and enhance in the PA system. PAs are categorized into national cooperation between relevant agencies. parks, wildlife sanctuaries, forest parks, non-hunting Table 16 shows the Regional Action Points for areas and botanical gardens/arboretum. The agencies the session.

Table 16. Regional Action Points: Issues Relating toApplication of IUCN Categories for Protected Areas

Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations

Different objectives and Confusion Goal: To integrate ASEAN interpretation of protected defi nitions by some countries protected areas into area categories - (1-2 years) - includ- (7 in the Philippines, 3 in broader landscapes ing guidance about what counts or Myanmar, 4 in Thailand). and seascapes so may count (with special attention to as to maintain eco- timber production forests) Changing conditions within logical structure and as a protected area protected areas function. Minimum size of a protected area by What “counts” as a protected All protected areas category? area (e.g Sabah, Thailand, and protected area Brunei, Indonesia) - in systems are inte- Region-specifi c interpretation of the particular forest reserves, grated into the wider categories community forests, and landscapes and sea- ancestral domains. scapes, and relevant Case studies from the region sectors, by applying What minimum size “counts” the ecosystems Need advice from IUCN as a protected area? approach and taking into account ecologi- cal connectivity and the concept, where appropriate, of eco- logical networks.

Goal: To provide an enabling policy, institutional and socio-economic environment for protected areas

Goal: To strengthen communication and public awareness activities

Range of different government Lack of cooperation cre- One agency per country should com- agencies handling protected ated the problems pile data on protected areas areas - e.g problems in consolidating information

Data collection Develop regional data collection (3- year target)

Public perception - bad im- Increase awareness raising pression of “protected areas”

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 53 THE REGIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASEAN HERITAGE SITES AND OTHER PROTECTED AREAS

he Regional Plans of Action for each of the Southeast Asia in relation to meeting the targets in Tparallel sessions were discussed during the the Durban Accord and the commitments to the PoW plenary sessions, then subsequently adopted by the for PAs of the CBD and the ASEAN Heritage Parks Conference. From these action plans, the Conference Programme. made its fi nal recommendations that became the basis The key areas for action proposed for the ASEAN for the formulation of the Regional Action Plan for Region are the following: ASEAN Heritage Parks and Other Protected Areas. • Establishment and strengthening of national The Regional Action Plan would complement and and regional systems of PA management ; support national conservation initiatives toward the • Establishment and strengthening of regional conservation and management of PAs. networks, thereby promoting equity and Both the priorities set forth in the Durban Action benefit sharing; Plan and the CBD Programme of Work on Protected • Promotion of improved site-based PA planning Areas were also vital to the formulation of the Regional and management, and capacity building of Action Plan. The Durban Action Plan recommended PA staff through appropriate technology a strengthened role for PAs in implementing the transfer. CBD through a participatory mechanism and in full • Assessment, monitoring and evaluation compliance of the rights of indigenous peoples and the efefctiveness of PA management and youth population. The management of all PAs would be devlopment and adoption of minimum reviewed to determine if links exist with all the world’s standards and best practices for national and ecosystems. The World Heritage List would be drawn regional PAs, and ensuring that scientific up in all sites whose biodiversity values are outstanding knowledge contributes to the effectiveness of and universal. On the other hand, the CBD used the PA systems; priorities of the Durban Accord as reference for the • Enhancement and securing involvement of Programme of Work for PAs that moves the global PA indigenous and local communities in PAs and agenda farther and sets ambitious targets for the Parties strengthening communication; and to the Convention towards better PA management. • Ensuring financial stability Thus, one of the objectives of the Conference was Table 17 shows the Regional Action Plan for to identify regional actions for the protected areas of Protected Areas.

Table 17. Regional Action Plan for ASEAN Heritage Sites and Other Protected Areas

Goals Action Agenda GOAL 1: Establish and strengthen • Establish more PAs at the local level and community level and under various national and regional systems of PAs forms of governance other than national government. integrated into a global network as a • Set up regional systems of PAs using scientifi c information such as on contribution to globally agreed goals ecological connectivity particularly for important marine biodiversity areas.

Goal 1.1: Integrate PAs into broader • Urge the mandatory Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) for land and sea scapes developmental projects with potential negative environmental impacts on Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). • Implement a family planning program, as lower population brings with it corresponding decline in demand for natural resources. • Consider inter-relationships of population, health and environment (Philippine Program on Population Resources and Environment). • Recognize other PAs under other jurisdictions, e.g., private / community management. • Conduct regional assessments for WHS nominations.

54 PROCEEDINGS Goals Action Agenda Goal 1.2: Establish and strengthen • Strengthen regional coordination in biodiversity data collection and regional networks of PAs management, particularly transboundary PAs. • Strengthen ACB support coordination among countries pertaining to PA management such as establishing the regional Clearing House Mechanism (CHM) for the ASEAN. • Strengthen regional cooperation for trans-boundary enforcement. • Call for cluster WHS nominations of important sites located in multi-countries.

Goal 1.3: Substantially improve site- • Evaluate the effectiveness of managing AHPs and PAs and translate these into based PA planning and management adaptive management actions at the site and system levels.

GOAL 2: Promote equity and benefi t- • Assess cost and benefi t implications of maintaining and establishing PAs for sharing in the PA system communities and indigenous peoples (IPs) living in and around the PAs.

Goal 2.1: Enhance and secure • Ensure good governance in all PAs. involvement of indigenous and local • Ensure participation of the IPs in PA management, particularly in the planning communities and relevant stakeholders and decision-making process. • Harmonize existing PA laws and IPs’ rights and customary laws. • Include new category on Community Conserved Areas (CCAs), and areas and sacred sites governed and managed by IPs. • Lobby for the recognition by national government of CCAs as a legitimate part of the PA system.

GOAL 3: Build capacity of PA • Conduct capacity-building across all areas with focus on the following: managers, stakeholders, and „ Management effectiveness evaluation (MEE) benefi ciaries „ Fund raising and fund management among ASEAN PA managers • Generate and share critical data on PAs among IPs and local communities. • Establish degree programs for PA management and/or include PA management into the formal curriculum. • Empower local communities to resolve land use confl icts; provide PA managers with basic skills on confl ict resolution. • Conduct more capacity-building initiatives at the regional level such as increasing capacity for AHP and WHS management, through support from UNESCO, ASEAN and IUCN.

Goal 3.1: Develop, apply and transfer • Establish a mechanism or a common platform to share technologies/best appropriate technology for PAs practices on existing sustainable livelihoods within the PAs.

Goal 3.2: Promote fi nancial • Seek alternative ways of generating income for PAs in Southeast Asia (SEA), as sustainability national budgets (mostly trust funds) for PA management and operation and related activities are inadequate. • Establish benchmark and guidelines for fee collection and policy among ASEAN countries for use and conservation of PAs. • Obtain the commitment of national leaders to provide budget for the operation and management of the PAs and AHPs. • Establish sustainable fi nancing mechanisms within SEA to support PA management. • Promote sustainable tourism.

Goal 3.3: Strengthen communication, • Review and establish mechanisms to measure if the countries’ public education education and public awareness programs have been effective in communicating the basic biodiversity values of PAs. • identify change interventions for awareness, appreciation and motivation for sustainable communications and community relations for one model PA for each country; Include the development of a communication plan to target specifi c sectors such as IPs, youth, within the short term. • Conduct regional education campaigns across sectors (teachers, students, NGOs, governments-local and national) while maintaining education campaigns on the importance, values and activities being undertaken for PAs in each country. • Clarify misconceptions on PAs and promote greater awareness of its true meaning and importance; ACB to lead in improving the awareness of high-level decision makers. • Implement good communication plans that are specifi c for PAs at the regional, national, and local levels.

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 55 Goals Action Agenda

GOAL 4: Develop and adopt minimum • Identify the policies needed to support Management Effectiveness Evaluation best standard and best practices for (MEE). ACB, and IUCN to be able to assist in developing and implementing MEE national and regional PAs programs adaptable to the SEA situation. • Identify the best practice approaches for PA management especially AHPs and WHS.

Goal 4.1: Evaluate and improve the • Enhance regional capacity to undertake site capacity at the regional level. effectiveness of PA management • Develop work plans for effective MEEs of PAs at the local, national and regional levels. • Prepare proposals to undertake MEE for AHPs and natural WH sites.

Goal 4.2: Assess and monitor PA status • Adopt a common and participatory monitoring system for marine PAs. and trends • Consider monitoring mechanisms based on IUCN Categories.

Goal 4.3: Ensure that scientifi c • Share scientifi c knowledge to policy and decision makers for an effective PA knowledge contributes to the and PA system. establishment and management • Ensure that scientifi c data is incorporated in the establishment and effectiveness of PAs and PA systems management of PAs. • Conduct more scientifi c researches to address PA management needs.

The following are the details of each major goal ecology and the history of their nations. Thus, funds and specifi c action plans from the Parallel Sessions allocated are insufficient to protect and maintain of the Conference: these PAs. There is a need to promote awareness of the importance of PA among governments as GOAL 1: Establish and strengthen national prelude to having these PAs identified and included and regional systems of PAs in the network of PAs in the Region. Increased integrated into a global network as awareness will enable these PAs to secure regular a contribution to globally agreed and bigger maintenance and enhancement budgets goals. from governments. Due to lack of support, site-based planning 1. Issues activities of these PAs are not undertaken. Data base There is lack of awareness among people in pertaining to various facets of PAs is an important Southeast Asia (SEA) of what constitutes a PA - from ingredient to site-based planning. This can include those living in heritage sites and PAs, to policy makers population living in the PAs, number and name of and urban dwellers. While SEA countries have their species, land area, soil type, and many others. Hence, own lists or networks of PAs in accordance with their there is a need to conduct comprehensive resource- own defi nitions and objectives, there may be still other based analysis as basis for planning of the PAs. The PAs and CCAs, which can be included in the network database can be developed through surveys, secondary of PAs. However, due to the limited defi nition of PAs, data collection from relevant agencies/ institutions, such areas are not included. Hence, there is a need to and through rapid rural appraisal of the area. have a common international defi nition in identifying This goal has three major components: (a) to and nominating a PA site for inclusion in the global integrate PAs into broader land and sea scapes; (b) network of PAs. Presently, PA advocates point to the to establish and strengthen regional networks; and imbalance in the representation of ecosystems in the PA (c) to substantially improve site-based PA planning network around the SEA Region, as some of these PAs and management. have not yet been identifi ed and included in the global network of PAs. 2. Action Plan Governments in the Region also still lack The following are the issues and the major critical awareness of the importance of these PAs to activities to achieve this goal:

56 PROCEEDINGS Issues Activities / Action Points Need for a common defi nition of a PA • Agree on a common defi nition of a PA and the establishment of a regional • Identify PAs in each country using the agreed standard defi nition of what network of PAs and CCAs constitutes a protected area. • Conduct a comprehensive resource analysis of each country as basis for identifying PAs. • Establish more PAs at the local/community and national levels based on the standard defi nition. • Enroll PAs per country and prepare a list of network of PAs in the region. • Establish and strengthen transboundary PAs, and other forms of collaboration between neighboring PAs across national boundaries and regional networks. • Implement an ecosystem approach, and improve international cooperation to enhance the conservation and sustainable use of resources . • Include a new category on CCAs and other areas and sacred sites governed and managed by IPs as part of the PAs.

Lack of recognition by governments • Undertake information, education, and communication (IEC) activities on the of the critical role of pas in the importance of PAs among governments of ASEAN countries, as well as among country. Need to integrate pas into civil society. broader land and seascapes • Advocate the inclusion of PAs into the broader land and seascapes to enable integration into the overall physical development planning of a country.

Inadequacy of present regional • Set up regional systems of PAs using scientifi c information on ecological network, and the need to establish a connectivity particularly for important marine biodiversity areas. stronger and active regional network • Strengthen regional coordination of bodies involved in PA identifi cation, for exchange of information. conservation and coordination. • Identify, list and map PAs and CCAs per country, and provide a region-wide network mechanism for information exchange. • Protect CCAs and PAs through policy and legislation, and information and advocacy of the importance of these areas, particularly to leaders of governments. • Replicate the areas of excellence on transboundary marine protection like the Turtle Islands between the Philippines and Malaysia.

Lack of comprehensive database • Conduct comprehensive resource assessment for the region. and other information • Establish database after the conduct of a comprehensive resource assessment. for the preparation of an improved • Conduct survey and evaluation and undertake gap analysis of PAs and site-based PA planning conservation sites in the areas of planning and management effi ciency, capacity and management. and cost-benefi t analysis. • On the establishment and management of data base as part of site-based PA planning, the following are the action points: „ Short term: Conduct workshop for ASEAN countries to agree on data standards including indicators and data sharing protocols; identify focal point agencies; identify mechanisms to source data from a wider range of stakeholders; and select countries as pilot sites for the ACB database. „ Short Term: Develop a Memorandum of Understanding between ACB, WCMC and WCPA to formalize collaboration on standard data indicators, data collection processes and validation. „ Long Term: Complete a comprehensive resource assessment for both terrestrial and marine systems, and a gap analysis for terrestrial and marine PAs across all ASEAN countries. „ Long Term: Establish a fully functioning ASEAN data sharing platform.

GOAL 2: Promote equity and benefi t-sharing indigenous peoples’ rights, the IPs’ rights to their in the PA system. land still lack due recognition in terms of existing laws and present practices. There are conflicting 1. Issues laws and problems between national laws and IPs Most PAs and heritage sites are inhabited by IPs. relating to boundary disputes, conflicting land Yet, these IPs do not gain any benefits from the PAs, claims, illegal occupation and entry of refugees which they inherited from their forefathers. Also, among others. It is difficult for countries to their involvement in planning and management economically progress and develop if there are is minimal. Although most ASEAN countries are conflicts among its peoples, thus, the need to signatories to international conventions recognizing promote equity in the use of resources.

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 57 Included in this goal is the need to enhance 2. Action Plan and secure involvement of indigenous and local The following are major critical activities to communities and relevant stakeholders. achieve this goal:

Issues Activities / Action Points Need to promote equity and benefi t- • Recognize and affi rm rights of IPs. sharing of the resources of PAs • Conduct cost-benefi t analysis of establishing PAs to determine the actions to be taken to promote equity and benefi t sharing. • Empower IPs to solve land use confl icts through workshops/training on confl ict resolution and settlement. • Enhance and use community funds to support conservation-related activities of local communities. • Involve IPs in PA decision-making process, not merely in PA work, e.g., patrolling, biodiversity monitoring • Provide in-house skills training for local communities and encourage them to aspire for higher education

Need to enhance and secure • Undertake a holistic survey of needs of IPs inside and outside of PAs. involvement of indigenous and • Ensure the participation of IPs and other stakeholders in PA policy framework, local communities and relevant management, conservation and decision-making. stakeholders, and to recognize • Use customary laws and traditional knowledge to strengthen conservation. indigenous systems in the • Conduct capacity building for IPs and PA managers. management of natural • Provide training for local communities. resources within PAs. • Broaden experiences of local communities to see other positive examples of indigenous communities “centres of excellence” and to provide opportunities to present themselves/ make themselves known.

Existence of confl icts between • Harmonize existing laws on PAs and IP rights and customary law. IP customary laws and • Undertake research on customary laws on confl ict resolution. government laws • Organize research teams and undertake legal research to determine how laws on IPs and PAs can be harmonized. • Conduct a study of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Free and Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) systems in different countries and the whole region and assess effects on the population.

GOAL 3: Build capacity 0f PA managers, problems in conservation and PA management, stakeholders and benefi ciaries. and ensuring the protection and conservation of these sites. Another problem is the insuffi ciency of 1. Issue institutional and legislation support for continued Park managers and stakeholders still lack the biodiversity conservation and protection of these technical expertise to manage PAs, CCAs and other areas. critically important environmental areas. They are Complicating the problem of managing PAs is constrained by inadequate training, equipment and how to balance the needs of local communities to infrastructure support, information and science-based earn income from the natural resources within the technology to effectively manage the environment. In PA versus the need to protect it for ecology and addition, the absence of management plans and the long-term environmental gains. Thus, while PA overlapping jurisdiction in some areas have affected management recognizes the needs and the important the effi ciency of managers and stakeholders in the role of local communities, the conservation and conservation and management of these conservation protection of these resources should as well be a areas. priority consideration. Hampering the effective management of PAs is the The sub-goals under this major goal are to: (a) lack of cooperation and collaboration among agencies develop, apply and transfer appropriate technology involved in PA management. In some cases, PAs have for PAs; (b) promote fi nancial sustainability; and (c) to report to more than one agency. There is also lack strengthen communication, education and public of information about centers of excellence that other awareness. PA managers can learn from. Another critical problem is the lack of fi nancial 2. Action Plan support and investment in conservation and PA The major critical activities to achieve this goal management. Adequate funding is vital to addressing are as follows:

58 PROCEEDINGS Issues Activities / Action Points Lack of support to PA managers in • Provide further training for park managers, such as study visits to other terms of appropriate technology, countries as well as on park management skills. equipment, data, personnel etc. • Introduce best practices to PA managers and staff through cross posting or cross visits. • Encourage more investments in capacity-building activities of PA managers and other stakeholders. • Provide training on basic skills in confl ict resolution to PA managers and members of the management board. • Develop a system of career service for park managers and staff in countries where their roles are not yet much appreciated. • Provide scholarships for further studies, e.g. Masters’ Degree Program on Biodiversity Management, to develop a corps of qualifi ed managers in the Region. • Organize workshops and training on fund raising and fund management for ASEAN PA managers.

Need to develop, apply and transfer • Arrange cross-visits for start-up PAs to more mature parks so they learn more appropriate technology within options in solving the usual land use confl icts. and among PAs of different countries. • Encourage trans-boundary cooperation and joint action programs through regular contacts among PA managers in the ASEAN. • Conduct synthesis and sharing of lessons and best practices of zoning management and livelihoods, among practitioners, supported by networks. • Replicate areas of excellence as a means of increasing public awareness of the importance of PAs. • Replicate the areas of excellence on transboundary marine protection like the management of the Turtle Islands between the Philippines and Malaysia.

Lack of fi nances to support long-term • Improve fi nancial sustainability as capacity building will only be possible with sustainability of the parks. adequate budget. • Organize fund raising workshops and come up with a strategy to solicit more support for PA and WHS management. • Convene a round table of ASEAN governments for their commitment/support. • Use fi nes/penalties to fund community use zones/PA management activities. • Provide direct funding to IPs in PA management • Undertake an IEC campaign on biodiversity parallel to funding raising campaign. • Establish the benchmark and guidelines for fee equation and policy for charging visitors among ASEAN countries. • Conduct dialogues among related high level decision-making agencies in ASEAN countries to ensure commitments for the maintenance costs of PAs and AHPs in the national budget (e.g. Ministry of Finance; National Planning Agencies; Ministry of Marine; Forestry and Environment). • Discuss the possibility of a revolving fund between neighboring countries to tackle cash-fl ow and costs of PA (Thailand, Cambodia and Myanmar). • Tap tourists in fund generation, e.g., visitors to pay entrance fees for the conservation and maintenance of PAs.

Need to develop a more aggressive • Intensify the use of various channels of communication such as the website and effective IEC campaign to and publications to raise the awareness of people on the importance of increase public awareness of the conservation, and to encourage more investments on protection and importance of conserving biodiversity conservation. and PAs. • Integrate PA management in the formal educational curriculum. • Publish and distribute scientifi c knowledge to end users and organize a series of training and workshops to transmit the information. • Embark on a strong media education campaign on biodiversity and the PA system to raise awareness of the benefi ts in investing in biodiversity programs, specifi cally PA management. • Document current efforts, experiences and best practices and present the fi nished products to groups from different countries. • Organize forums and infl uences and conduct awareness programs where PA offi cials and staff share their experiences/ developments on the values and importance of the Heritage Sites. • Create a common platform for all Heritage Sites: Website, e-groups, working groups, clear channels of communication.

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 59 GOAL 4: Develop and adopt minimum Among the problems PA managers face are best standard and best the possible conflicting interests between local practices for national government and PA management. Local governments and regional PAs. usually desire to earn money from the PAs while PA managers are more concerned with protection 1. Issues and conservation. Managers also have to harmonize The protected areas and heritage sites in Southeast land use conflicts between contrasting needs of Asian countries are beset with common problems that stakeholders and PA managers. At present, there is no threaten environmental integrity. The exploitation of mechanism in place for such confl ict resolution. resources through illegal activities such as poaching, Presently, traditional practices and culture are not logging and wildlife trade is exacerbated by the yet well recognized vis a vis modern PA management. absence or lack of economic opportunities outside the These local cultural practices in natural resource protected areas. The impact of mining and tourism management are good sources of information that are activities, dam building and infrastructure also has vital to the sustainable management of the PA. Thus, adverse effects on the environment. Conversion this indigenous body of information on biodiversity of forest lands to agriculture and introduction of and culture should also be documented and included alien species has also contributed to the changing in PA management systems and procedures. landscape and biodiversity. Among the sub-goals of this major goal are to: (a) Proper and effective management can help evaluate and improve the effectiveness of PA management, address these various problems. Countries excelling (b) assess and monitor the status and trends of PAs, and in managing their PAs and are known to have the “best (c) ensure that scientifi c knowledge contributes to the practices” in managing their PAs should disseminate establishment and management effectiveness of PAs and their know-how and expertise on PA management the PA system. among their neighboring Southeast Asian (SEA) countries. There should be a minimum best standard 2. Action Plan and/or best practices type of management that SEA The major critical activities to achieve this goal countries should adhere to. are as follows

Issues Activities / Action Points Lack of scientifi c knowledge to assist • Identify and document best practices in managing PAs and disseminate it to the in the establishment of effective network. PAs and PA systems • Continue conducting scientifi c researches to address PA management needs and establish a “tool box” of methods to monitor specifi c species. • Apply scientifi c knowledge in establishing effi cient management of PAs. • Organize a regional fair on sustainable livelihoods in PAs with exhibits on best practices. • Use a combination of feasible management efforts such as mixing ecosystems and species conservation strategies in PAs. • Translate the ASEAN Guidelines on Competence Standards for PA Jobs into national languages of the ASEAN, and in a manner that is practical and easy to understand. • Organize orientation training for PA managers/ relevant institutions on how to use the ASEAN Guidelines. • Translate key MEE documents into SEA languages (IUCN-WCPA Guidelines, RAPPAM, WWF/World Bank Tracking Tool (revised version of METT and Marine Tracking Tool), Enhancing our Heritage workbook). • Conduct more in-country training. • Identify and make known “centres of excellence” that are willing to share their knowledge with other PAs. • Organize study tours to observe “centres of excellence” for capacity building. • Promote staff exchange between PAs/ institutions.

Need to improve effectiveness • Evaluate management effectiveness of PAs and communities to determine of PA management gaps/needs. • Provide appropriate technology and its transfer and application to conservation sites. • Establish a common forum/facility to share technologies on sustainable • Focus on three layers of concern: (a) site level, (b) policy and decision makers, and (c) the general public, in managing the PAs.

60 PROCEEDINGS Issues Activities / Action Points • Involve the local, small-scale businesses to be part of the conservation and livelihood programs in the PAs. • Coordinate and undertake regional cooperation, such as for trans-boundary enforcement. • Prepare proposals (from IUCN/ ACB) to submit to UNESCO World Heritage Centre and ACB/ADB/EC for the establishment of in-depth management effectiveness evaluation for all SEA natural World Heritage sites and all ASEAN Heritage sites. • Undertake a gap analysis to determine competency training courses that are required. • Promote degree programs for biodiversity conservation and management and promote inclusion of information on monitoring and evaluation within these programs. • Conduct mandatory Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of all projects being proposed near or within PAs as basis for deciding to allow the project. • Require the formulation of a comprehensive management plan for all PAs. • Provide alternative livelihood programs (e.g. micro-credit) to reduce demand on the natural resources. • Increase enforcement mechanisms including trans-boundary cooperation • Provide technical support and fi nancial assistance for PAs to achieve effective management.

Need to monitor and assess • Evaluate, monitor and assess management of PAs in different countries. status of PAs • Establish a common and participatory monitoring and assessment system for PAs. • Enhance capacity of biodiversity monitors such as government rangers, PA staff, community rangers, NGOs, academic institutions. • Establish regional coordination in biodiversity data collection and management. • Develop and test a “tool box” of standardized methods to monitor status of species and ecosystems and sustainable use. • Use the WCPA (World Commission on Protected Areas) network to compile information on existing site level monitoring and evaluation as a fi rst step in promoting more effective monitoring and evaluation within ASEAN countries. • Encourage countries to develop work plans for management effectiveness monitoring and evaluation. • Establish a regional network of mentors to assist countries in implementing MEE. Disseminate results of MEE to the public. • Develop reporting systems to communicate results of site level monitoring and MEE – through an appropriate regional clearing house mechanism. • Train, empower and fund local communities to become effective enforcers and part of the monitoring team. • Monitor and map incidences of violations.

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 61 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

outheast Asia is rich in biodiversity. It boasts Indigenous and local people are inherent Sof natural scenic sites whether forest, rivers, to conservation sites and therefore must be oceans or other wildlife incomparable in beauty involved, and if possible be allowed to lead in the and uniqueness, terrestrial and marine life rich in conservation, protection and sustainable utilization biodiversity not to mention people with beautiful of these protected sites. Capability building of PA and diverse culture and heritage. All these have to managers, stakeholders including and especially be protected and sustained. the IPs should be undertaken to improve their The Regional Action Plan for ASEAN Heritage skills and knowledge in enhancing biodiversity and Parks and Other Protected Areas should thus be protecting/sustainable heritage sites. This should implemented for the protection and conservation of be done with full support from the government PAs, CCAs, and AHPs. The Regional Action Plan would and international financial and development protect ecology, biodiversity, prevent disappearance multilateral and bilateral institutions. of critical species, and allow indigenous communities The following are the key areas for action proposed to continue to live in their natural habitat while for the ASEAN Region: protecting their rights to the PAs. It will also go a • Establishment and strengthening of national long way in delaying and minimizing global warming, and regional systems of PA management making available forest water and other natural integrated into a global network as a resources for future generations. contribution to globally agreed goals; Regional cooperation and networking of PAs and • Establishment and strengthening of regional heritage parks is a must because each country can networks, thereby promoting equity and learn from the experiences of other countries. No one benefit sharing and integrating PAs into has exclusive knowledge, skills and expertise on how broader land and seascapes; best to protect and sustain these critical areas. Also, • Promotion of improved site-based PA planning since ASEAN countries are geographically located and management, and capacity building of in one region, adjacent and close to each other, any PA staff through appropriate technology activity or utilization of natural resources has an effect transfer; on the other adjacent neighboring country. • Assessment, monitoring and evaluation In view of the above considerations, ASEAN of effectiveness of PA management and countries are urged to review their commitments to development and adoption of minimum international agreements pertinent to and relating to standards and best practices for national and biodiversity conservation and the recognition of rights regional PAs, and ensuring that scientific of indigenous peoples to their land. Furthermore, knowledge contributes to the effectiveness of ASEAN countries are encouraged to come up with PA systems; a policy to mandate the Environmental Impact • Enhancement and securing involvement of Assessment (EIA) of any development project that indigenous and local communities in PAs and would be implemented near or within conservation strengthening communication, education and sites, if this has not been yet adopted in their public awareness; and countries. • Ensuring financial stability.

62 PROCEEDINGS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

he 2nd ASEAN Heritage Parks Conference • The chairs, co-chairs and presenters in the Twas held back to back with the 4th Regional parallel workshops who shared their expertise Conference on Protected Areas in Southeast and ideas: Jannie Lasimbang, Angie Cunanan, Asia from 23 – 27 April 2007. These events were Lam Van Hoang, Timuay jose Boy Anoy, Yassin coorganized by the State Government of Sabah, Miki, Jose D. Cruz, Avi Mahaningtyas, Ludi Malaysia, ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity (ACB), Apin, Narong Mahannop, Maria Latumahina, Birdlife International and IUCN WCPA SEA Tonny Suhartono, Ng Sock Ling, Josefa with support from the Australian Government Rizalina Bautista, Syah Indrawati, Noelle Department of the Environment and Water O’Brian, Victor Ramos, Puspa Dewi Liman, Resources, United Nations Educational, Scientific Clarissa Arida, Sangthong Southammakoth, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Haribon Phouy Bun Nyok, Nixen Limba, Kenneth Foundation, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the Kassen, Chou Loke Ming, Thammasak ASEAN and the European Union. Yeemin, Perry Alino, James Gan, Savannh The organizers wish to thank the following: Chanthakoummane, Jatna Supriatna, Angie • Datuk Lamri Ali, Calvin Loh, Kari Lahti, Meniado, Klaus Berkmuller, Marc Hockings, Cristi Nozawa, Peter Shadie, Penny Williams Rahimatsah Amat, Ben Malayang, Tham Ngoc represented by Anabelle Plantilla, Juan Diep, Veronica Villavicencio, Anthony de Echanove and Roland Yap for gracing the Silva, Bui Thi Thu Hien, Khin Ma Ma Thwin, opening ceremony; Ramesh Boonratana, Laurentius Ambu, Koen • The country representatives who reported Meyers, Melissa Malingan, Tamen Sitorus, their compliance to the Durban Accord and Chou Hoi, Tiburcio Fernado, Abdul Halim, to the PoWPA of the CBD: Brunei, Cambodia, Anadel Cabanban, Nigel Dudley, Latsamay Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sylavong, John Payne and Peeranuch Dulkul Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Kapelle. Nam; Our heartfelt gratitude for the support and active • The resource persons who provided invaluable participation of all participants in the conference. inputs for the parallel sessions: Ma. Consuelo Special thanks to the staff of Sabah Parks, ACB, Garcia, Paul Basintal, Monina Uriarte, Jamili IUCN-WCPA, Haribon Foundation and Birdlife Nais, Rili Djohani, Sheila Vergara and Vo Si International for their help and assistance and for Tuan; serving as Secretariat in the Conference.

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 63 PHOTO DOCUMENTATION

Opening Ceremony of the 2nd AHP Conference

64 PROCEEDINGS Group photos

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 65 Paper Presentations

Cultural Show

Filed Trip

66 PROCEEDINGS Sceneries at Kota Kinabalu National Park

Flora in Kota Kinabalu National Park

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 67 DIRECTORY 0F PARTICIPANTS, GUESTS AND RESOURCE PERSONS

Title Last Name First Name Middle Country Organization/Institute Name Mr. Abd Sani Samit - Malaysia Sabah Forestry Department MrAbd RazakABD. Razak Fazrullah Rizally Malaysia Sabah Parks Mr Abdul Ghan Bin Nasai Jufri Bin Nasai Malaysia Sabah Parks Mr Abdul Hamid Kamarul Azhal - Malaysia Johor National Parks Corporation

Mr. Abu Bakar Mohd Soffian Malaysia Sabah Wildlife Department Dr. Agama Agnea Lee Malaysia Global Diversity Foundation Mr. Agista Dian Indonesia Burung Indonesia Mr. Ahtoi Galus Malaysia PACOS TRUST Ms. Aizura Fitra Malaysia Marine Park Section, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Mr. Ajimin Mohd Amdy - Malaysia Yayasan Sabah Ajus Alfred Jubili Malaysia Dr Alejar Amie Philippines ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity Mr. Alferez Charles Narvaez Philippines DIOPID Committee on Mining Issues (DCMI) Dr. Alin James M. Malaysia University of Malaysia Sabah Dr. Aliño Porfirio Miel Philippines Marine Science Institute /Philippine Environmental governance Project

Dr. Amat Rahimatsa Malaysia Mr Ambu Laurentius Nayan Malaysia Sabah Wildlife Department (Sabah) Mr Anan Saharudin Bin Malaysia Department of Wildlife and (Peninsular) National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia Mr. Angataouran Ebzan Malaysia ZKK Mr. Anoy Jose Alcantara Philippines Apu Manglang Glupa Pusaka Mr. Antaran Bantong Bin Brunei Brunei Museums Department Anupan Poopok Mr Apin Ludi Malaysia Sabah Parks (Sabah) Ms Arida Clarissa Cabildo Philippines UNDP Mrs Azron Syah Indrawati Indonesia SEAMEO-BIOTROP Training and Information Center Mr Basintal Paulus Malaysia Sabah Parks (Sabah) Ms. Bautista Josefa Rizalina Morata Philippines Development Academy of the Philippines Mr. Berkmuller Klaus Thailand Ms. Bolinas Rowena Philippines Haribon Foundation Bongsu Azami Mr. Boonratana Ramesh - Thailand Mahidol University International College

68 PROCEEDINGS Title Last Name First Name Middle Country Organization/Institute Name Ms. Brown Jessica USA Quebec-Labrador Foundation/ Atlantic Center for the Environment Ms. Bui Hein Thi Thu Vietnam IUCN Dr. Cabanban Annadel Salvio Malaysia WWF-MALAYSIA Mr. Chan Albert Apollo Malaysia Sabah Environmental Protection (Sabah) Association Dr. Chan Lena Singapore National Parks Board Ms. Chan Somaly Cambodia DNCP/MOE Mr. Chanthakoummane Savani Vanh Lao PDR Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry Department of Forestry Mr Cheong Francis Fook Meng Malaysia Johor National Parks Corporation Mr. Chey Yuthearith Cambodia Ministry of Environment Dr. Chou Loke Ming Singapore National University of Singapore Department of Biological Sciences Mr. Chumnankid Cholathron Thailand Department of National Parks, wildlife and Plant Conservation Mr. Chumthong Naruebet Thailand Department of National Parks, wildlife and Plant Conservation Mr. Clark Brian - Malaysia Gunung Mulu National Park Mr. Cohen Sheldon Indonesia The Nature Conservancy Mr. Crosby Michael John United BirdLife International Kingdom Ms. Cunanan Angie Baylon Philippines UNDP GEF Small Grants Programme Mr. D' Cruz Joseph - Thailand UNDP/GEF Ms. Dalawis Arlene Tiolo Philippines DENR Mr. Dananuphanth Boonkit Thailand Ao-Phangnga NP Mr. de Castro Glen Anunciado Philippines United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)-SGPDTF Philippines Mr. de Silva Janaka Anthony Thailand The World Conservation Union - IUCN Ms Dela Paz Belinda Philippines Haribon Foundation Mr. Dela Rosa Gregorio, Jr Escober Philippines Haribon Foundation Mr. Dien Nong The Vietnam Ba Be NP Mr. Diwa Redante Philippines Mt. Iglit Baco NP Dr Djohani Safi ra Warik Indonesiapp The Natureg Conservancy Mr. Dudley Nigel Mr. UK IUCN WCPA Ms. Dulnuan Perfecta Philippines LGU - Ifugao Mr. Echanove Juan Jose Echanove Philippines European Commission Faizal Bin Ahmad Malaysia Mr Fuentes Rodrigo Philippines Dr Gabriel Jammy Malaysia EDP Mr. Gampilok Raubin - Malaysia Sabah Forestry Department (Selangor) Mr. Gan Wan Ming James Terence Singapore National Parks Board Mr. Gani Robert - Malaysia Gunung Mulu National Park Ms. Garcia Maria Consuelo Philippines ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity Mr. Giang De A Vietnam Forest Protection Station of Mu Chang Chai, Yen Bai, Vietnam Ms. Gonzales Laurinette Philippines BirdLife Asia

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 69 Title Last Name First Name Middle Country Organization/Institute Name Ms. Gonzales Maria Mithi Laya Santos Philippines Haribon Foundation Ms. Gungab Odrie Joy Philippines ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity Ms. Ha Nguyen Bich Vietnam Fauna & Flora International Vietnam conservation Support Programme Mr Haidzer Ali Mohd Fadzli - Malaysia Johor National Parks Corporation

Mr. Haji Yusdi Baharom - Malaysia Jabatan Perhutanan Negeri (Selangor) Selangor Mr. Halim Abdul Indonesia The Nature Conservancy Mr Hamzah Hasnizam - Malaysia Johor National Parks Corporation

Mr. Hasiholan Waldemar Indonesia Division of Bukit Duabelas NP, Ministry of Forestry Ms Hawardi Djohani Safira Warili Indonesia The Nature Conservancy Mr. Hidayat Noor Indonesia Ministry of Forestry Mr. Hien Tran Dinh Vietnam Forest Protection Department Mr. Hiep Nguyen Manh Vietnam Forest Protection Department Mr. Hla Khin Mauang Myanmar Forest Department Mr. Hlawnching Famark Burma Chin Human Rights Organization

Mr. Hluangbumroong Somkiat - Thailand National Park Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department Mr. Hoang Lam Van Vietnam Fauna and Flora International, Vietnam Programme Dr. Hockings Marc Australia University of Queensland and IUCN-WCPA Mr. Hong Daravuth Cambodia Ministry of Environment Mr. Htay Than Myanmar Forest Department, Inle Wetland Wildlife Sanctuary Mr. Htut Ye Myanmar Ministry of Forestry Mr. IGNN Sutedja - Indonesia Ministry of Forestry Mr. Ingan Peter Malaysia Jawatan Kunsa Zon Keguwan Komuniti Kg Ulu Sanagang Mr Isnain Irwan Malaysia Sabah Parks (Sabah) Ms. Istinngsih Vinca Safrani Indonesia ASEAN Secretariat Datuk Jayasuriya Susanna Juliana Malaysia Perak Forestry Department/ Sabah (Sabah) Environmental Protection Association Mr Jintoni Christopher Malaysia Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Environment, Kota Kinabalu

Mr. Johari Ariffin Malaysia Sabah Parks Ms. Jumin Robecca - Malaysia WWF-Malaysia Ms. Kaewplang Kritsana Thailand BCST Ms. Kalyan Hou - Cambodia Community-Based Natural Resources Learning Institure (CBNRM LI) Ms. Kapelle Peeranuch Dulkul Thailand National Parks, wildlife and Plant Conservation Department Mr. Kassem Kenneth Ramsey Malaysia WWF-Malaysia Mr. Khowinthawong Chaturathep Thailand Mu Ko Similan National Park, National Park Wildlife and Plant Department

70 PROCEEDINGS Title Last Name First Name Middle Country Organization/Institute Name Mr. Kothari Ashish India Kalpavrikish / TILCEPA Kwa Ma Ma Thwin Kwa Ma Ma Thwin Myanmar (Hazel) Mr. Lahti Kari Markku Switzerland IUCN, Programme on Protected Areas Mr. Lai Hieu Duc Viet Nam Chumomray National Park Mr Lakim Maklarin Malaysia Sabah Parks Mr. Landong Wilfred Stephen Malaysia Sarawak Forestry Mr. Lasimbang Adrian Malaysia PACOS TRUST Ms. Lasimbang Jannie - Malaysia Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP) Ms. Latumahina Maria Elena Papua- Papua Civil Society Strenghtening Indonesia Foundation/ PCSSF

Mr. Layugan Jovito, Jr. Balabbo Philippines DENR Dr. Letchumanan Raman - Indonesia ASEAN Secretariat Liew Elizabeth Dr. Liew-Tsonis Janie Malaysia University of Malaysia Sabah (UMS) Ms. Lim Ai Gaik - Malaysia Marine Park Section, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Dr. Lim Theresa Mundita Philippines DENR- Protected Areas & Wildlife Bureau Mr. Liwanag Henry Philippines ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity Ms. Logmao Alma Philippines ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity Dr. Loh Calvin Malaysian Malaysian Nature Society Mr. Luangbamrung Somkiet Thailand Ms. Lukanawarakul Ratana Thailand Department of National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Mr. Lumba Nixen Antarixa Indonesia AMAN Ms. Mahaningtyas Avi Indonesia GEF SGP Indonesia and Samdhana Institute Mr Maidin Nasrulhakim Bin Malaysia Sabah Parks Malayang Ben Philippines Mr. Malim Peter Malaysia Sabah Wildlife Department (Sabah) Ms. Malingan-Sapdoy Melisa Therese Ngitit Philippines John Hay Management Corporation

Mrs. Maloali Lienche Fransiena Papua- Papua Civil Society Strenghtening Indonesia Foundation/ PCSSF

Mr. Manhannop Narong Thailand Khao Yai National Park Ms. Maranan Meriden Espiritu Philippines PAWB-DENR Ms. Martinah Haji Tamit Malaysia Mr. Masjhur Aprianto Indonesia ASEAN Secretariat Mr. MEAS Nhim Cambodia Ministry of Environment Dr. Melana Dioscoro Maghinay Philippines Department of Environment & Natural Resources, DENR Region 7, Banilad, Mandaue city

Ms Meniado Angelita Pancho Philippines Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB)-DENR

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 71 Title Last Name First Name Middle Country Organization/Institute Name Ms. Mesina Sylvia Relampagos Philippines Foundation for the Philippine Environment Mr. Meyers Koen J.M. Indonesia UNESCO -World Heritage Mr. Miki Yassin Malaysia Global Diversity Foundation (GDF)

Mr. Mirasol Felix, Jr. Siarot Philippines DENR - Mt. Kitanglad PA Mr Mohamed Salleh HJ Abu Bakar - Malaysia Johor National Parks Corporation

Mr. Mohd Basri Abdul Manaf Malaysia Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia Mr Mohd Top Aziz Malaysia Johor National Parks Corporation

Mr. Mohd. Taufik ABD Rahman Malaysia Department of Wildlife and Rahman National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia Ms. Molinyawe Norma Mojado Philippines Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB)-DENR Mr. Murphy Adam Malaysia Global Diversity Foundation Mr. Nababan Gunung - Indonesia Ministry of Forestry Dr. Nais Jamili Facilitator Sabah Parks Res. Person Mr Nasri Jufri Participant Sabah Parks Mr. Nawi Samsu Anuar Malaysia Jabatan Perhutanan Negeri (Selangor) Selangor Mr. Neou Karun Cambodia Preah Sihanouk & Ream NP Ms. Ng Sock Ling - Singapore National Parks Board Dr. Nguyen Hoi Chu Vietnam Vietnam Institute of Fisheries Economics and Planning/ASEAN WG on coastal Marine Environment (AWGME)

Ms. Nguyen Tram Thi Thanh Vietnam Vietnam Environment Protection Agency (VEPA) Mr. Nguyen Tien Thuc Vietnam Kon Ka Kinh NP Mr. NhalNHAL Thoun No Cambodia Ministry of Environment Mr. Nik Mohd Maseri Malaysia WWF-Malaysia Mr Niun Roland Malaysia Sabah Wildlife Department (Sabah) Ms Nozawa Cristi Marie Philippines BirdLife International Mr. Nyawa Samhan Bin Brunei Brunei Museums Department Ms. Nyok Phuy Bun Cambodia NTFP Ms. Obon Irene Felicitas Malaysia Sabah Environment Protection Association Ms. O'Brien Noelle Patricia Thailand RECOFTC Mr. Omar Jimmy - Malaysia (Sabah) Ms Ong Je-el Constantino Philippines Haribon Foundation Mr Oo Htun Paw Myanmar Nature & Wildlife Conservation Division, Forest Department Mr. Oum Pisey Ministry of Environment Mr. Pangkali Lyndon Baines Indonesia WWF Indonesia Mr. Pasaribu Lusman Indonesia Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park

72 PROCEEDINGS Title Last Name First Name Middle Country Organization/Institute Name Ms. Payne Judayne Thailand Mr. Peng Leong Kwok Singapore Nature Society (Singapore) Ms. Plantilla Anabelle Edrosa Philippines Haribon Foundation Mr. Poopook Anuphan Thailand Deprtment of National Park Wildlife and Plant Mrs. Purnamaningtyas Nining Ngudi Indonesia Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Ms. Quibilan Miledel Christine Carino Philippines Conservation International Philippines Mr. Ramatha Letchumanan Malaysia Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Ramlah AG. Jalil Malaysia Mr. Ramos Victor O. Philippines DENR Dato Razani Ujang Malaysia Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia Ms. Rehman Rashidah Maqbool Malaysia WWF-Malaysia Repin Rimi Malaysia Sabah Parks Mr. Rivera Leonilo Rapanut Philippines Mt. Apo NP Mr. Rombang William Marthy Indonesia BirdLife Indonesia Mr. Roslan Ariffin Malaysia Perlis State Forestry Department

Ms. Rubis Jennifer Theresa Malaysia EC-UNDP Small Grants Programme for Operations to Promote Tropical Forests Mr. Ruddy Gustave Ruddy Gustave Indonesia AMAN Mr. Rudyanto Indonesia BirdLife Asia Ms. Salumbre Daisy Magallanes Philippines Haribon Foundation Mr. Saway Victorino Linsahay Philippines Panagtagbo Mindanao Ms. Seiha Ouk Cambodia Ministry of Environment Mr. Sein Tun Myanmar Forest Department Mr. Semasawat Chairat Thailand Maenampachi Wildlife Sanctuary

Mr. Shadie Peter Thailand IUCN Mr. Shukor Zainuddin AB Malaysia Wildlife Department Peninsular Malaysia Mr. Siman Abdul Wahab - Malaysia Sabah Parks (Sabah) Mr. Sitorus Tamen Indonesia Komodo National Park Authority/ Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Mr. Soe Lwin Myanmar Forest Department Mr. Soewartono Indonesia Ministry of Forestry Mr. Sophark Chou Cambodia Virachey National Park, MOE Mr. Spait Maipol Participant Sabah Parks Mr. Sugiarto Slamet Widodo Indonesia SEAMEO BIOTROP Training and Information Centre Dr. Sukasem Chumpon Thailand Department of National Park Wildlife and Plants Dr. Suksawang Songtam Thailand Department of National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 73 Title Last Name First Name Middle Country Organization/Institute Name Mr. Supranata Awen Indonesia Ministry of Forestry Mrs. Suzue Keiko Japan BirdLife Asia Mr. Swan Steven Ryan Viet Nam Fauna & Flora International Mr. Takunai Ab. Ghaffar Malaysia Sabah Parks Mr. Tan Hang Chong Nature Society (Singapore) Mr. Tatlonghari Rick Jayson Philippines ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity Mr. Texon Greg Philippines Mrs. Tham Diep Thi Ngoc Vietnam WWF Greater Mekong Programme

Ms. Thandauthapany Lanashree - Malaysia WWF-Malaysia Mr. Thet Tun Myanmar Forest Department Ms. Thwin Khin Ma Ma Myanmar Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Association (BANCA)

Mr. Tiburcio Fernando Escalante Philippines PAMANA Ka Sa Pilipinas Dr. Tran Cuong Ngoc Viet Nam Vietnam Environment Protection Agency (VEPA) Mr. Trono Romeo Baskinas Philippines Conservation International Philippines Ms. Tumimbang Aireen Gozar Philippines ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity Tuwalo Aswan

Dr. Uriarte Monina Philippines ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity Ms. Vergara Sheila Gorosin Philippines Conservation International Ms. Villavicencio Veronica Philippines Wahol Mohd Zaini A. Wahol Malaysia Sabah Parks Mr. Wamebu Zadrak Indonesia Government/Jayapura Regency

Mr. Wiratno Indonesia Gunung Leuser National Park, DG. Forest Protection and Nature Conservation, Ministry of Foresrty

Ms. Wong Anna Malaysia University of Malaysia, Sabah Mr. Yahaya Yuisuf Malaysia Forestry Department Mr. Yap Roland Philippines ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity Ms. Yap Wendy Singapore National Parks Board Dr. Yasin Hizamri Mohd Malaysia Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia Mr. YBGH. Datuk Lamriali Mr. Yoosomboon Apicha Thailand National Park Wildlife & Plant Department Mr. Yussop Thomas Malaysia Sabah Parks (Sabah) Mr. Zahariah Binti Zainal Abidin

74 PROCEEDINGS CONTENTS OF THE CD

The full reports / conference presentations, and messages are found in the CD that comes with this publication. The titles of the paper presentations and messages are:

A. Conference Papers 1. Report on the 1st ASEAN Heritage Parks Conference 2. Programme of Work on Protected Areas: Progress and Prospects 3. Country Reports 4. Gap Analysis Workshop Results: National and Regional Action Points 5. Report on Capacity Building Series 2: Management Effectiveness Assessment 6. The ASEAN Guidelines on Competence Standards for Protected Area Jobs: A Tool for Developing Capacity Building Programmes for ASEAN Heritage Parks Staff 7. ACB’s Biodiversity Information Management: Moving Information Forward in 2007 8. Sabah and its Protected Areas and Introduction to the Field Trips 9. Scaling Up: Protecting the Global Centre of Marine Biodiversity in the Coral Triangle 10. Status of Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia 11. Integrating Fisheries and Habitat Management in the UNEP/GEF Habitat Demonstration Sites 12. Sulu Sulawesi Seascape: Securing Globally Important Marine Ecosystems

B. Parallel Sessions Papers 1. Communication and Community Relations in Protected Area Management 1.1 Communication and Community Relations in Singapore’s Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve 1.2 ASEAN Heritage Parks: The Best Practices and Lessons in Protected Area Management 1.3 Communication and Community in Kaeng Krachan National Park 2. Land Use and Confl ict Management in Protected Areas 2.1 Land Use Confl ict Management in Samar Island Natural Park, Philippines 2.2 Land Use and Natural Resources Confl ict: The Case of Suku Kulawi, Marena, Central Sulawesi Provinsi 2.3 Traditional Land Use and Confl ict Management in Protected Areas in Virachey National Park, Kok Lak Commune 2.4 Land Use and Confl ict Management in Protected Areas in The Land of Papua: Lorentz National Park 3. Information Sharing and Knowledge Management on Protected Areas 3.1. World Database on Protected Areas 3.2. Protected Area Learning Network 4. Gap Analysis for Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia 4.1 Marine Protected Areas: Inputs to the Gap Analyses for the Southeast Asian Region 4.2 Status of Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia - What Next? 5. Indigenous Peoples in Protected Area Management 5.1 Engaging Indigenous People in Protected Area Development, Functioning and Management: Case Study – Hoang Lien Son Project 5.2. From the Ground Up: Documenting Subsistence Pattern in Buayan-Kionop Community Use Zone, Crocker Range Park, Sabah

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 75 6. Sustainable Financing for Protected Areas 6.1 Sustainable Financing for Protected Areas 6.2 Papua Civil Society Support Foundation 7. Capacity Development for Better Protected Area Management 7.1 Training Course on Biodiversity – BIOTROP Training and Information Centre Experience 7.2 Master in Public Management, Major in Protected Area Management in the Philippines 8. Biodiversity Monitoring for Terrestrial PAs 8.1 Monitoring Asia’s IBAs 8.2 Biodiversity Monitoring System in Protected Areas in the Philippiness 8.3 Towards Site Level Monitoring in Lao PDR 9. Managing World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia 9.1 World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia: Strengthening Integrated Conservation and Development at the Regional Level 9.2 Komodo National Park (A World Heritage Site), Indonesia 9.3 The Evolving Management of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras: Focus on the Ifugao Rice Terraces 10. Management Effectiveness Assessment of Protected Areas in Southeast Asia 10.1 Introduction to Management Effectiveness Evaluation 10.2 Policy Challenges to the Management Effectiveness Assessment of Protected Areas 10.3 MPA-Management Effectiveness: A Case Study from Viet Nam 10.4 The Application of RAPPAM Tool in Assessing Management Effectiveness of Protected Areas 11. Biodiversity Monitoring for Marine Protected Areas 11.1 Building Community-Based Marine Protected Area Monitoring 11.2 Monitoring Stakeholder Perceptions to Improve Effectiveness of MPA Management 11.3 Biodiversity Monitoring of Marine Protected Areas 12. Sustainable Livelihood and Equity in Relation to Protected Areas 12.1 The Segama Conservation Area – A Case for Stewardship 12.2 Sustainable Tourism and Protected Areas – Thailand 12.3 Achieving Conservation Through Community Participation and Poverty Reduction: Nha Trang Bay Case Study 12.4 Livelihood Inputs as a Tool to Deliver on Conservation Objectives at the Natmataung National Park 13. Issues Relating to Application of IUCN Categories for Protected Areas 13.1 Application of IUCN Categories for Protected Areas in Sabah, Malaysia 13.2 IUCN Protected Area Categories 13.2 The National Integrated Protected Area System in the Philippines and the IUCN Categories 13.4 Protected Area Categories in Thailand

76 PROCEEDINGS

ASEAN CENTRE

FOR BIODIVERSITY

56 • J A N U A R Y - M A R C H 2 0 0 8 78 PROCEEDINGS