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17 Prospek Dan Cabaran Sektor Ekopelancongan Siti Nor ‘Ain & Radieah, International Journal of Environment, Society and Space, 2016, 4(1), 17-28 PROSPEK DAN CABARAN SEKTOR EKOPELANCONGAN DALAM MEMBASMI KEMISKINAN DI SABAH: KES ORANG UTAN DAN PULAU MABUL Siti Nor ‘Ain Mayan1 & Radieah Mohd Nor1* 1Pusat Kajian Kelestarian Global (CGSS) Aras 5, Perpustakaan Hamzah Sendut Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia Abstrak: Ekopelancongan merupakan pelancongan berasaskan alam semulajadi yang mempunyai potensi besar untuk berkembang di Malaysia yang sangat kaya dengan sumber biodiversiti. Ia menjadikan Malaysia berada di tempat ke-12 di dunia dari segi kemewahan biodiversiti. Kepelbagaian dan keunikan biodiverisiti di Malaysia telah menarik kedatangan ramai pelancong dari serata dunia. Kajian ini cuba meneliti cabaran yang dihadapi oleh penduduk setempat untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup mereka menerusi sektor ekopelancongan yang sedia ada. Sabah merupakan antara negeri di Malaysia yang menjadi tumpuan pelancong. Hutan hujan tropikanya yang dihuni oleh penghuni pokok paling berat di dunia, iaitu orang utan, dan keunikan pantai dan dasar laut di Pulau Mabul menjadikan dua daerah, iaitu Semporna dan Sandakan di Sabah, berpotensi besar menjadi pusat ekopelancongan di Malaysia. Walaupun kedua-dua kawasan ini adalah tumpuan pelancong, statistik menunjukkan Sabah adalah negeri yang paling miskin berbanding negeri-negeri lain di Malaysia. Persoalan yang lebih penting ialah mampukah ekopelancongan menjana ekonomi setempat dan mengurangkan kemiskinan? Bagi menjawab persoalan tersebut, artikel ini telah menggunakan kaedah penyelidikan melalui data sekunder bagi mendapatkan data kajian. Berdasarkan analisis kandungan yang telah dilakukan, terdapat pelbagai cabaran untuk penduduk setempat berkecimpung dalam sektor ini. Cabaran ini antaranya adalah pembukaan pusat peranginan oleh pihak luar, kekurangan kemahiran, penguasaan bahasa asing yang lemah, kurang modal, tiada akses kepada pemimpin tempatan, menggunakan pekerja warga asing bergaji rendah, sikap malas, kurang berdaya saing dan tidak berminat dalam bidang keusahawanan. Kegagalan mereka berhadapan dengan cabaran tersebut menghadkan keupayaan mereka untuk menjana pendapatan daripada sektor ini. Bagi mengatasinya, beberapa cadangan dikemukakan iaitu meningkatkan kualiti penduduk melalui pendidikan dan kemahiran, mengadakan projek usahasama antara agensi dan penduduk, dan menggalakkan promosi kawasan ekopelancongan terbabit. Kata kunci: ekopelancongan, Pulau Mabul, orang utan, kemiskinan, Sabah Abstract: Ecotourism is a nature-based tourism that has great potential to grow in Malaysia which is very rich in biodiversity. It makes the country on the 12th place worldwide in terms of biodiversity luxury. The diversity and uniqueness of biodiversity in Malaysia has attracted tourists from all around the world. This study attempts to examine the challenges faced by local residents in order to improve their standard of living through the existing ecotourism sector. Sabah is one of the states in Malaysia with high numbers of tourists. Tropical rainforest inhabited by the heaviest occupants of the tree, that is the orang utans, and the uniqueness of the beach and underwater of the Mabul Island makes the two regions, Semporna and Sandakan, Sabah with huge potential to become a center of ecotourism in Malaysia. Although these two are mainly tourist attraction areas, statistics show that Sabah is the poorest state as compared to other states in Malaysia. The more important question is whether ecotourism can generate the local economy and reduce poverty? To answer these questions, this article employs the method of investigation through secondary data to obtain research data. Based on the content analysis that has been done, there are many challenges for the local population involved in this sector. These challenges amongst others are the opening of the resort by outsiders, lack of skills, lack of understanding of foreign language, lack of capital, no access to local leaders, hiring low-pay foreign workers, laziness, lack of competitiveness and lack of interest in entrepreneurship. Their failure to deal with the aforementioned challenges restricted them from making an income out of this sector. To overcome these, few suggestions have been made including to improve the quality of the population through education and skill, establish a joint project between the agency and the population, and to encourage promotional activities of these ecotourism areas. *[email protected] 17 Siti Nor ‘Ain & Radieah, International Journal of Environment, Society and Space, 2016, 4(1), 17-28 Keywords: ecotourism, Pulau Mabul, orang utan, poverty, Sabah PENGENALAN Sabah merupakan sebuah negeri yang mempunyai kepelbagaian aset alam semulajadi yang berpotensi untuk dimajukan sekali gus menjadi pusat ekoperlancungan utama di Malaysia. Negeri di Bawah Bayu ini adalah negeri kedua terbesar di Malaysia dengan kawasan seluas 72,500 kilometer persegi. Malaysia yang beriklim tropika ini turut membuatkan negeri Sabah memiliki Hutan Hujan Tropika yang dianggarkan berusia 130 juta tahun (Kerajaan Negeri Sabah, 2015). Sesuai dengan tema pelancongannya ‘Sabah-Syurga Borneo’, ia menjadikan negeri ini sebagai sebuah destinasi ekopelancongan yang mampu berdaya saing pada peringkat nasional mahupuan pada peringkat antarabangsa (Habibah Ahmad, 2000). Artikel ini bertujuan menjadikan ekopelancongan sebagai salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan pendapatan rakyat setempat dengan mengenengahkan dua kawasan ekopelancongan yang sangat berpotensi menjadi daya tarikan pelancongan di Sabah. Pertama Pulau Mabul, Semporna antara destinasi ekopelancongan berasaskan maritim terbaik dunia (Ismail Ali, 2012) dan merupakan salah satu lokasi fotografi-makro terhebat dunia terutama bagi aktiviti selam skuba (Jabil Mapjabil, 2010). Kedua adalah Pusat Pemuliharaan Orang Utan Sepilok, Sandakan yang beroperasi selama 52 tahun sejak tahuk 1964, menempatkan orang utan yang merupakan spesis haiwan yang hanya terdapat di kawasan hutan hujan di kepulauan Borneo dan Sumatera. Di Malaysia, orang utan hanya hidup di kawasan hutan hujan Sabah dan Sarawak sahaja ia mampu menarik perhatian pelancong kerana haiwan ini hanya terdapat dikawasan tertentu sahaja. Sehubungan itu, kerajaan negeri Sabah menumpukan penjanaan ekonomi daripada sektor pelancongan kerana sememangnya berpotensi memberikan pulangan yang tinggi kepada negeri Sabah. Sektor pelancongan merupakan penyumbang keenam tertinggi dalam penjanaan ekonomi di Malaysia dengan pendapatan RM 65.4 juta pada tahun 2013 (Program Transformasi Ekonomi, 2014). Ia juga secara tidak langsung mampu meningkatkan pendapatan penduduk melalui penglibatan dalam sektor tersebut. Perbincangan artikel ini terbahagi kepada tiga bahagian. Bahagian pertama membincangkan mengenai kawasan tumpuan kajian iaitu Pulau Mabul, Semporna dan Kawasan Pemuliharaan Orang Utan Sepilok, Sandakan. Bahagian seterusnya, artikel ini membentangkan potensi ekopelancongan daripada dua tempat terpilih tersebut untuk peningkatan ekonomi penduduk tempatan. Melalui analisis yang dilakukan berdasarkan kedua-dua bahagian tersebut, di akhir artikel ini terdapat cadangan dan rumusan. SOROTAN LITERATUR Ekopelancongan dan Pembasmian Kemiskinan Ekopelancongan didefinisikan secara rasmi pada tahun 1996 dalam First World Conservation Congress oleh Hector Ceballos-Lascurain. Menurut Ceballos-Lascurain, ekopelancongan adalah aktiviti pelancongan yang dilakukan dengan disertai aktiviti menjaga alam semulajadi, memulihara, menyediakan infrasturktur dan kemudahan di kawasan tarikan pelancongan. Aktiviti yang dijalankan ini tidak semestinya hanya dikaitkan dengan alam semulajadi tetapi juga berkait dengan ekologi buatan manusia. Melalui aktiviti tersebut ia dapat menyumbang kepada aktiviti ekonomi dan membolehkan penglibatan masyarakat setempat (Page & Dowling, 2002). Pada tahun 2015, The International Ecotourism Society mendefinisikan ekopelancongan sebagai pelancongan yang bertanggungjawab ke kawasan alam semulajadi yang memelihara alam sekitar, memelihara kesejahteraan rakyat tempatan dan melibatkan tafsiran dan pendidikan (TIES, 2015). 18 Siti Nor ‘Ain & Radieah, International Journal of Environment, Society and Space, 2016, 4(1), 17-28 Terdapat beberapa persamaan dalam pendefinisian ekopelancongan daripada para sarjana tempatan iaitu menekankan pemeliharaan alam semulajadi, tidak mengeksploitasi sumber serta memberi impak yang baik kepada penduduk tempatan dan ekonomi negara (Ahmad Puad & Tom, 2005; Zuriatunfadzliah, Rosniza Aznie & Habibah, 2009; Jayaraman, Soh, Li & Wooi, 2010). Menurut Mohamad Zaki dan Johan Afendi Ibrahim (2006), terdapat beberapa ciri utama dalam ekopelancongan, iaitu; i. Melibatkan kawasan yang berpotensi sebagai daya tarikan seperti kawasan hidupan liar, pemandangan dan warisan ii. Meminimakan impak dan kerosakan kepada persekitaran tempatan dan komuniti iii. Mendidik masyarakat supaya lebih memahami dan menghargai iv. Memaksimakan penglibatan, pengawalan dan manfaat kepada penduduk Selain Mohamad Zaki dan Johan Afendi Ibrahim (2006), Eagels (1996) pula telah merumuskan tujuh prinsip ekopelancongan yang wajar dijadikan panduan. Prinsip tersebut adalah seperti yang berikut: i. Melibatkan pemeliharaan alam semulajadi serta mampu menjana ekonomi tempatan ii. Pengusaha ekopelancongan perlu mempunyai tenaga kerja yang mahir iii. Pembangunan ekopelancongan perlu mengambil kira mengenai kebudayaan dan sensitiviti masyarakat setempat iv. Pelaksanaan ekopelancongan perlu memberi faedah kepada penduduk
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