DOCSLIB.ORG

3B SCIENTIFIC 3B SCIENTIFIC® PHYSICS Leclanché Cell 1002897

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
3B SCIENTIFIC 3B SCIENTIFIC® PHYSICS Leclanché Cell 1002897 3B SCIENTIFIC® PHYSICS ® ... going one step further Leclanché Cell 1002897 Instruction sheet 06/18 ALF 1 2 3 1 Carbon electrode with 4-mm socket 2 4-mm socket 3 Lid 4 Zinc electrode 4 5 Glass vessel 5 1. Safety instructions 2. Description, technical data • Caution! Heavy metal salts are toxic. The model for a dry cell battery was invented around • Safety goggles are a must when working with acids or 1860 by French chemist Georges Leclanché. The cell named alkalis. after him, which continues to be the most common bat- • Students must always be thoroughly informed about tery even today, uses manganese dioxide and is not re- the hazards of the chemicals used. chargeable. The Leclanche cell consists of a cylindrical • Leaking fluid can cause permanent stains and holes zinc electrode, a carbon electrode, a ceramic cell and a in clothing. glass vessel. The cell as supplied has no filling. When • The apparatus must be thoroughly cleaned after the filled, the Leclanche cell provides a voltage of experiment. approx. 1.5 V. • Applicable regulations must be strictly adhered to Connections: via 4-mm sockets when disposing of the chemicals. Dimensions: 175 mm high, 65 mm Æ 3 2.1 Scope of delivery The reactions shown here are simplified. They are far 1 Glass vessel more complicated in reality. The reaction ceases when 1 Clay cylinder the manganese dioxide has been used up. 1 Lid 1 Zinc electrode with socket 1 Carbon electrode with socket 4. Operation • To construct a Leclanché cell requires the following: 3. Principle Ammonium chloride solution (NH4Cl), approx. 20% The combination of two half-cells for the purpose of Manganese dioxide (powder) (MnO2) converting chemical energy into electrical energy is called Graphite (powder) a galvanic cell. In a Leclanche cell, a zinc electrode forms • Mix the manganese dioxide powder and some graph- the negative pole and a carbon rod with the manganese ite powder in a beaker. Then add the ammonium dioxide (MnO2) coating forms the positive pole. In the chloride solution and stir the mixture to form a paste. space between, ammonium chloride is used as an elec- • Position the zinc electrode into the glass vessel and trolyte. The ensuing chemical reaction chiefly results from place the ceramic cylinder inside. the oxidation of zinc and reduction of manganese diox- • Position the carbon electrode in the centre of the ide. ceramic cylinder and fill up all remaining space with Oxidation: the manganese dioxide paste. + + 2 − + • Fill up the glass vessel with the 20% ammonium chlo- Zn+ 2 NH→++ Zn() NH 2e 2H 432 ride solution and cover it with the lid. Reduction: • The apparatus and electrodes must be thoroughly cleaned immediately after the experiment. 2 MnO++→ 2 H+ 2 e− Mn O + H O 2232 • Chemicals which cannot be reused must be stored in Redox reaction: special vessels and disposed of in an orderly fashion + + +→()2 ++ afterwards, strictly adhering to applicable regulations. Zn+ 2 NH42 2 MnO Zn NH 32 Mn 232 O H O 4 4 1 Ceramic cylinder 2 Manganese dioxide coating 5 3 3 Carbon electrode 4 4-mm socket 5 Glass vessel 6 Zinc cylinder 6 2 7 Ammonium chloride solution 7 1 Fig. 1: Leclanché cell 3B Scientific GmbH • Rudorffweg 8 • 21031 Hamburg • Germany 4• www.3bscientific.com • Technical specifications subject to change.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hydrogel Leclanché Cell: Construction and Characterization
    energies Article Hydrogel Leclanché Cell: Construction and Characterization Greg Jenson 1,2,* , Gurjap Singh 2,3 , Jay K. Bhama 2,4,5 and Albert Ratner 2,3 1 Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA 2 Bhama-Ratner Artificial Heart & MCS Advancement Lab, University of Iowa Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3131 Seamans Ctr, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; [email protected] (G.S.); [email protected] (J.K.B.); [email protected] (A.R.) 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA 4 Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA 5 Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 10 December 2019; Accepted: 21 January 2020; Published: 28 January 2020 Abstract: A liquid-to-gel based Leclanché cell has been designed, constructed and characterized for use in implantable medical devices and other applications where battery access is limited. This well-established chemistry will provide reliable electrochemical potential over a wide range of applications and the novel construction provides a solution for the re-charging of electrodes in hard to access areas such as an internal pacemaker. The traditional Leclanché cell, comprised of zinc (anode) and manganese dioxide (cathode), conductive carbon powder (acetylene black or graphite), and aqueous electrolyte (NH4Cl and ZnCl2), has been suspended in an agar hydrogel to simplify construction while maintaining electrochemical performance. Agar hydrogel, saturated with electrolyte, serves as the cell support and separator allowing for the discharged battery suspension to be easily replaced once exhausted.
    [Show full text]
  • 247. the Leclanche Cell Copy
    Notes from the Oesper Collections The Leclanché Cell William B. Jensen Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172 The previous three issues of Museum Notes have described the Edison nickel-iron alkaline storage cell (1), the Daniel gravity cell (2), and the Grove and Bun- sen cells (3) respectively. This issue will deal with yet a fifth cell of historical importance found among the collection of voltaic cells donated to the Oesper Col- lections some years ago by the Chemistry Department of Oberlin College – the primary Leclanché cell. First described by the French scientist, Georges Leclanché, (figure 1) in 1868 (4, 5), this cell is based on the net cell reaction: Zn(s) + 2MnO2(s) + 2(NH4)Cl(aq) + 2H2O(l) → ZnCl2(aq) + 2Mn(OH)3 + 2NH3(aq) + ΔEel in which Zn(0) is oxidized to Zn(II) at the anode, Mn(IV) is reduced to Mn(III) at the cathode, and the resulting net cell potential is roughly 1.4 V. Figure 1. A portrait medallion commemorating Georges Like the Edison cell described earlier, the Leclan- Leclanché (1838-1882). ché cell was a single-fluid system that employed a saturated aqueous solution of ammonium chloride [(NH4)Cl] as the electrolyte. As originally conceived, the MnO2(s) and an inert rectangular carbon cathode came sealed in a large porous ceramic spacer (figures 2-3) and the Zn anode as a separate rod. Both of these were placed in a large rectangular glass battery jar and the jar half-filled with the (NH4)Cl(aq) electrolyte. To increase the conductivity of the MnO2(s), it was in- termixed with an equal quantity of powdered carbon.
    [Show full text]
  • On Manganese (IV) Oxide (Mno2) in a Leclanche Dry Cell
    Available online a t www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Pelagia Research Library Der Chemica Sinica, 2012, 3(1):182-191 ISSN: 0976-8505 CODEN (USA) CSHIA5 2+ Adsorption of zinc ion (Zn ) on manganese (IV) oxide (MnO 2) in a leclanche dry cell Adejoh Adu Zakariah* and Aloko Duncan Folorunsho Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Abuja, Nigeria _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT This work was carried out to study the adsorption of zinc nitrate (Zn(NO 3)2) on manganese (IV) oxide (MnO 2) in a leclanche dry cell. The aim of the study is to optimize the process for the adsorption of zinc ion on MnO 2 in a leclanche dry cell using a second order factorial method. Potentiometric titration method was the adsorption method used. Considering the temperature effect on electric surface charge, pH respond during titration, concentration effect on adsorption and surface charge and the nature of cation, results obtain show that adsorption is inversely proportional to temperature, in other words, as temperature of cation increases, the adsorption capacity on MnO 2 decreases at a given concentration. Also at a given temperature adsorption capacity increases as the concentration of the adsorbent increases. The highest adsorption capacity was observed at 0.1M for Zn 2+ at 28 oC . Key words : Adsorption, zinc nitrate (Zn(NO 3)2), manganese (IV) oxide, potentiometric, concentration, adsorbent. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION An electrochemical cell is a device designed to produce electrical energy as the primary output product with the cell itself undergoing a chemical transformation (reaction). Conversely, in cell some chemical reaction can be made to occur through ionic mechanism by passing electric energy into the cell (as a form of secondary input).
    [Show full text]
  • Zinc–Carbon Battery - Wikipedia 3/17/20, 1050 AM
    Zinc–carbon battery - Wikipedia 3/17/20, 1050 AM Zinc–carbon battery A zinc–carbon battery is a dry cell primary battery that delivers about 1.5 volts of direct current from the electrochemical reaction between zinc and manganese dioxide. A carbon rod collects the current from the manganese dioxide electrode, giving the name to the cell. A dry cell is usually made from zinc, which serves as the anode with a negative electrical polarity, while the inert carbon rod is the positive electrical pole cathode. General-purpose batteries may use an aqueous paste of ammonium chloride as electrolyte, possibly mixed with some zinc chloride solution. Heavy-duty types use a paste primarily composed of zinc chloride. Zinc–carbon batteries were the first commercial dry batteries, developed from the technology of the wet Leclanché cell. They Zinc–carbon batteries of various made flashlights and other portable devices possible, because sizes the battery can function in any orientation. They are still useful in low drain or intermittent use devices such as remote controls, flashlights, clocks or transistor radios. Zinc–carbon dry cells are single-use primary cells. Contents History Construction Chemical reactions Zinc-chloride "heavy duty" cell Storage Durability Environmental impact See also References External links https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc–carbon_battery Page 1 of 7 Zinc–carbon battery - Wikipedia 3/17/20, 1050 AM History By 1876, the wet Leclanché cell was made with a compressed block of manganese dioxide. In 1886, Carl Gassner patented a "dry" version by using a zinc cup as the anode and a paste of plaster of Paris (and later, wheat flour) to jellify the electrolyte and to immobilize it.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Chemistry LD
    Physical Chemistry LD Electrochemistry Chemistry Galvanic elements Leaflets C4.4.4.2a Leclanché cell Time required: 120 – 150 min + over night Aims of the experiment To construct a galvanic cell. To examine the Leclanché cell as a galvanic cell. To follow the path from galvanic cell to battery. The zinc-carbon battery and its characteristic curve. Principles casing In 1780, the Italian researcher and physician L. Galvani no- insula- ticed that a frog leg jerks when it comes into contact with iron tor and copper. He presumed that there was an electric effect at work. 20 years later, A. Volta developed the first battery (pri- metal mary cell) in the form of the voltaic pile. Further developments cup in the “wet battery field” followed. However, none of these cells were suitable for everyday use since the electrolyte was zinc in the form of a liquid. They are therefore not useful for mobile use for such things as pocket flash lights, mobile telephones, etc. Finally, in 1866 the first dry battery was patented, at that NH4Cl time still in wet form, by French physical chemist G. Leclan- ché. In the process, the electrolyte solution was turned into a gel using binders so that mobile use was possible. MnO2/C The Leclanché cell has a (clamping) voltage of 1.5 V. The graphite anode is made of zinc and the cathode is made of manga- electrode nese dioxide and carbon. A thickened ammonium chloride solution is used as the electrolyte. Additionally, zinc chloride is used in order to increase the energy density (charging density) (see Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Leclanche´ and Zinc Chloride Cell Systems
    FUEL CELLS AND BATTERIES Dr.HASSAN ABDUL‐ZEHRA ZINC-CARBON BATTERIES (Leclanche´ and Zinc Chloride Cell Systems) Dry Cells Invented by George Leclanche, a French Chemist in the 1860’s, The common dry cell or LeClanche cell, has become a familiar household item. An active zinc anode in the form of a can house a mixture of MnO2 and an acidic electrolytic paste, consisting of NH4Cl, ZnCl2, H2O and starch powdered graphite improves conductivity. The inactive cathode is a graphite rod. Anode (oxidation): 2+ - Zn(s) → Zn (aq) + 2e Cathode (reduction): The cathodic half-reaction is complex and even today, is still being studied. MnO2(s) is reduced 2+ to Mn2O3(s) through a series of steps that may involve the presence of Mn and an acid-base + - reaction between NH4 and OH : + - 2MnO2 (s) + 2NH4 (aq) + 2e → Mn2O3(s) + 2NH3(aq) + H2O (l) The ammonia, some of which may be gaseous, forms a complex ion with Zn2+, which crystallize in contact Cl- ion: 2+ - Zn (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) + 2Cl (aq) → Zn(NH3)2Cl2(s) Overall Cell reaction: 2MnO2 (s) + 2NH4Cl(aq) + Zn(s) → Zn(NH3)2Cl2(s) + H2O (l) + Mn2O3(s) Ecell = 1.5 V Uses: common household items, such as portable radios, toys, flashlights, Advantage; Inexpensive, safe, available in many sizes Disadvantages: At high current drain, NH3(g) builds up causing drop in voltage, short shelf life + because zinc anode reacts with the acidic NH4 ions. Features: • Inexpensive, widely available • Inefficient at high current drain • Poor discharge curve (sloping) • Poor performance at low temperatures The major advantages and disadvantages of Leclanche´ and Zinc-Chloride batteries are listed in Table 1 below.
    [Show full text]
  • (Zinc-Carbon) Batteries • Alkaline Manganese Dioxide Batteries
    CHAPTER 3 Batteries Expected Outcomes •What is a battery? •Performance of batteries •Types of batteries •Advantages & Disadvantages •Electric vehicles Batteries Contents • What is a battery? • Performance of batteries • Types of batteries • Advantages & Disadvantages • Electric vehicles What is a battery? • An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells (battery cells) that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. • Each cell contains a positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. Electrolytes allow ions to move between the electrodes and terminals, which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work. Types of battery cells Wet cell- A wet cell battery has a liquid electrolyte. e.g. , Grove cell, Bunsen cell etc. http://www.upsbatterycenter.com/blog/what-is-a-dry-cell-battery/ 12/19/2015 A dry cell uses a paste electrolyte, with only enough moisture to allow current to flow. e.g., Zinc–carbon battery or Leclanche cell. Principle of operation • A battery consists of some number of voltaic cells. Each cell consists of two half-cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte containing cathode and anode. The electrode to which anions (negatively charged ions) migrate; the other half- cell includes electrolyte and the positive electrode to which cations (positively charged ions) migrate. • Cations are reduced (electrons are added) at the cathode during charging, while anions are oxidized (electrons are removed) at the anode during discharge. Major types of batteries • Primary batteries is a portable voltaic cell that is not rechargeable. When the supply of reactants is exhausted, energy cannot be readily restored to the battery.
    [Show full text]
  • NEW TECHNOLOGY BATTERIES GUIDE NIJ Guide 200-98 ABOUT the LAW ENFORCEMENT and CORRECTIONS STANDARDS and TESTING PROGRAM
    ENT OF M JU U.S. Department of Justice T S R T A I P C E E D Office of Justice Programs B O J C S F A V M F O I N A C I J S R E BJ G National Institute of Justice O OJJ DP O F PR JUSTICE National Institute of Justice Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program NEW TECHNOLOGY BATTERIES GUIDE NIJ Guide 200-98 ABOUT THE LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CORRECTIONS STANDARDS AND TESTING PROGRAM The Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program is sponsored by the Office of Science and Technology of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), U.S. Department of Justice. The program responds to the mandate of the Justice System Improvement Act of 1979, which created NIJ and directed it to encourage research and development to improve the criminal justice system and to disseminate the results to Federal, State, and local agencies. The Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program is an applied research effort that determines the technological needs of justice system agencies, sets minimum performance standards for specific devices, tests commercially available equipment against those standards, and disseminates the standards and the test results to criminal justice agencies nationally and internationally. The program operates through: The Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Advisory Council (LECTAC) consisting of nationally recognized criminal justice practitioners from Federal, State, and local agencies, which assesses technological needs and sets priorities for research programs and items to be evaluated and tested. The Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, which develops voluntary national performance standards for compliance testing to ensure that individual items of equipment are suitable for use by criminal justice agencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Leclanché Stationary Storage Solutions Credentials
    Corporate Presentation Executive Summary eTransport Solutions Stationary Storage Solutions On a Clear Path To Deliver Profitable Growth Leclanché Technologies and Financial Information under NDA only AGENDA Leclanché, the 111-year-old Startup, is at the heart of the Energy Transition Electrification of transport systems Energy transition to reduce the overall Greenhouse Gas Emissions is being • We deliver integrated Battery Packs for Electric driven primarily by the changes in the Vehicles of all sizes, with intelligent interface to the management of electricity networks and charging infrastructure. the electrification of transport systems. Renewable energies integration Leclanché’s strategy and business model is at the heart of the convergence of • We deliver Energy Storage Systems that reliably add these drivers. intermittent solar and wind energies in the electricity network as dispatchable power on an as needed basis. Rich heritage: A European leader in Energy Storage Solutions Leclanche At-a-Glance An undeniable market opportunity… … enabling electrification … …captured by the best player in the space Fully integrated Locomotives 200+ Patents battery system 9 years of producer Global shift to vehicle knowhow in large- Cells • Packs • electrification and scale production Maritime Software renewable energy US$500 million+ in Buses One-Million KMs+ 2030 contracted of run-time>>>> revenue(1) ~115 GWh (1) ~150 GWh Commercial Trucks Medium and Stationary Heavy Transport Storage 80% CAGR from 2019 to 2022 (2) Actionable Proven expansion with complementary to major European hydrogen fuel cell ~1.25 TWh (2) Stationary Energy auto OEM applications Automotive Storage Systems 1 Contracted Revenue = Backlog and framework supply agreements including general T&C / MOU / Long Term Supply Agreement.
    [Show full text]
  • Battery Storage Technologies for Electrical Applications: Impact in Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems
    energies Article Battery Storage Technologies for Electrical Applications: Impact in Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems Daniel Akinyele 1,2,* ID , Juri Belikov 3 ID and Yoash Levron 1 ID 1 Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; [email protected] 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Elizade University, P. M. B 002, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State, Nigeria 3 Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +972-48293231 Academic Editor: K.T. Chau Received: 29 September 2017; Accepted: 24 October 2017; Published: 2 November 2017 Abstract: Batteries are promising storage technologies for stationary applications because of their maturity, and the ease with which they are designed and installed compared to other technologies. However, they pose threats to the environment and human health. Several studies have discussed the various battery technologies and applications, but evaluating the environmental impact of batteries in electrical systems remains a gap that requires concerted research efforts. This study first presents an overview of batteries and compares their technical properties such as the cycle life, power and energy densities, efficiencies and the costs. It proposes an optimal battery technology sizing and selection strategy, and then assesses the environmental impact of batteries in a typical renewable energy application by using a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system as a case study. The greenhouse gas (GHG) impact of the batteries is evaluated based on the life cycle emission rate parameter.
    [Show full text]
  • Battery Digest Article
    ISSUE NUMBER 11 FEBRUARY 1997 ISSN # 1086-9727 Concentrated Battery Business and Technology Summaries for Decision Makers Considerations for Primary Cell Selection1 by Sol Jacobs * The technical press pays a lot of atten- bon-zinc chloride system, a heavy-duty By far, the leading primary battery tion to rechargeable, or secondary bat- version of the Leclanche cell, consti- technology, in terms of units sold in the teries, mainly because of the growing United States, is the alkaline system, number of portable-computing and based on manganese dioxide, zinc and communications applications. But there a caustic potassium hydroxide-zinc are categories of applications that can Primary Battery Specific Energy oxide electrolyte. Alkaline-cell technol- be addressed only by the less glam- ogy offers greater capacity for a given orous class of primary batteries. Alkaline cell size compared with Leclanche types, but it typically costs 50% more Li/12 These applications can be organized and weighs about 25% more. into groups that help to rationalize the Li/(CFX)x choice of primary battery technology. There have been some apparent Li/SO2 However, an overview of existing bat- improvements in alkaline cell perfor- tery technologies is a necessary first Li/MnO2 mance in recent years, but these have step in the decision-making process. been a result of changes in packaging Li/SOCL2 0 250 500 750 and manufacturing techniques rather The types of primary battery than any improvements to the basic chemistries available today include Watthours/kg. chemical system. traditional zinc-carbon-ammonium chloride (Leclanche cell), zinc-carbon- In the past, alkaline batteries were The Lithium Thionyl Chloride battery zinc chloride, alkaline (the leading type made with complex sealing systems has the highest energy density of pro- for consumer use), zinc-air and a and thick steel outer cases and end duction primary batteries.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage - Batteries, Fuel Cells and Electrochemical Capacitors - P
    ELECTROCHEMISTRY – Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage - Batteries, Fuel Cells and Electrochemical Capacitors - P. A. Christensen ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE - BATTERIES, FUEL CELLS AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS P. A. Christensen The School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Keywords: Fuel cells, batteries, supercapacitors, electrocatalysis, redox batteries, metal/air batteries. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Electrochemical capacitors 2.1. Capacitance and Capacitors 2.2. The Electric Double Layer 2.3. The Evolution of Supercapacitors 2.4. The Characteristics of Symmetric Supercapacitors 3.1. The Characteristics of Batteries 3.2. Primary Batteries 3.2.1 The Leclanché Cell 3.2.2. The Alkaline Cell 3.2.3. Primary Lithium Batteries 3.3. Secondary Batteries 3.3.1. The Lead Acid Battery 3.3.2. NiCd and NiMH Batteries 3.3.3. Li ion Batteries 3.3.4. Sulfur Cathode Batteries 3.3.5. Charging of Secondary Batteries 3.3.6. Charge vs Discharge of Secondary Batteries 3.4. The Discharge Characteristic of Batteries 3. Batteries 4. Hybrid SupercapacitorsUNESCO – EOLSS 5. Fuel cells 5.1. The Fuel and Oxidant 5.2. The Effect of Temperature and Pressure 5.3. ConnectingSAMPLE Fuel Cells Together: the Bipolar CHAPTERS Plate 5.4. The 3-Phase Region 5.5. The Polarization Curve 5.6. The Efficiency of Fuel Cells 5.7. Low Temperature Fuel Cells 5.7.1. The Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) 5.7.2. The Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) 5.7.3. Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells AAEMFC’s 5.8. Medium Temperature Fuel Cells 5.8.1.
    [Show full text]