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Coastal Tourism in Kerala: Its Impact on Economy and Environment

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Coastal Tourism in Kerala: Its Impact on Economy and Environment COASTAL TOURISM IN KERALA: ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENT THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN PARTIAL F ULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ECONOMICS A UNDER THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES by K. RAJESH UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF DR. RAMAKRISHNAN KORAKANDY -; j *0'§l'¢»|l: ­ iflifilfli/‘ X0‘)-be ~¢-04MB -"' 30 %uiqmgq MG >»6a.>nrA-r.d- I SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL FISHERIES COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COCHIN-16 DECEMBER 2009 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis entitled COASTAL TOURISM IN KERALA: ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENT is an authentic record of research work carried out by me under the supervision and guidance of Dr. Ramakrishnan Korakandy, Professor and former Director, School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin-16, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor _of Philosophy of Cochin University of Science & Technology, and that no part of this work has been presented for the award of any degree in any other University. I Emakulam14.12.2009 (Reg. No. 2452)sh School of Industrial Fisheries Cochin University of Science and Technology Cochin —6820l6 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this thesis entitled COASTAL TOURISM IN KERALA: ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENT is an authentic record of the research work carried out by Mr. K. Rajesh (Reg. No. 2452), under my supervision and guidance, at the School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin-16, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Cochin University of Science and Technology under the Faculty of Social Sciences and no part of this work has been presented for the award of any degree in any other University. /Z,,,,.¢MW“”"M Cochin-1614.12.2009 Dr.(Ramakrishnan (Research Guide) Korakandy ‘ Professor and former Director, School of Industrial Fisheries Cochin University of Science and Technology Cochin —6820l6 Acknowledgements I wish to place on record the deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Ramakrishnan Korakandy, Professor and former Director, School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology for suggesting this topic while working as Project Fellow for a major UGC research project on Coastal Zone Management in Kerala under him. I am fortunate enough to have worked with him, since I have found every discussion inspiring and enlightening. I owe him a great deal for sparing his valuable time for going through the manuscript several times and virtually rewriting to give it its present form. I express my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. (Dr.)B.Madhusoodana Kurup, present Director, School Industrial Fisheries, and to Prof. (Dr.) Saleena Mathew, former Director of the School, Prof. (Dr.) A.Ramachandran, former Registrar, Cochin University of Science and Technology for their encouragement and facilities extended for the present work. I thank Dr. K.T.Thomson, Dr. Harikrishnan, Dr. John Mohan and Dr. Mini Sekharan, members of faculty at the School, for their encouragement. 1 also thank all the non-teaching staff of the School for their kind assistance to complete this work. I also acknowledge the receipt of project fellowship and research fellowship from CUSAT during the period from August 2000 to March 2004, which enabled me to undertake this research work at the School of Industrial Fisheries. I express my sincere thanks to Dr. T.M..Iacob, Sr.Lecturer, Nirmala College, Muvuattupuzha, for statistical analysis of data. I am grateful to organisations like Planning Board, KITTS and CDS at Trivandrum, CIFT and CMFRI at Cochin and EQUATIONS at Bangalore for allowing me access to their libraries. Library ofthe School of Marine Sciences at the Lake Side Campus, the library ofthe Department of Applied Economics a11d the C cntral Library of the University were quite useful for me in getting reference material for this work. Equally, I am very much thankful to my friends, Sunil, Susan, Shaji, Rajcsh Babu, Renjith Kanjur, Midhun, Abhilash, Pramod, Santhosh, V. M., Rajesh, K.D. and Joice, V. T., for their timely help and encouragement throughout this work. Last, but not least, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my parents (Dr. C.K.Nair and Smt. K. Sarojini), my brothers (Dr. K. Rajith and K. Sooraj), my sister in law (Mrs.Soumya Raj ith), my cousins (Praveena, Prasanth, Dr. Rekha and Reshmi) and my wife Ramya for their prayers and support for the completion of this work. Kochi-I14.12.2009 6 Raj esh K Contents Acknowledgements i Contents iii List of Figures vi List of Tables vii List of Appendices xii Abbreviations xiii Chapters 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Tourism and coastal tourism: concepts and definitions 2 1.2. Rationale of the study 6 1.3. Objectives 7 1.4. Hypothesis 7 1.5. Methodology and data base 8 1.6. Scope of the study 9 1.7. Limitations of the study 9 1.8. Plan ofthe thesis ll 2. Review of Literature 14 2.1 . Introduction 14 2.2. International literature 14 2.3. Indian literature 36 2.4. Tourism studies on Kerala 40 2.5. Summary 43 3. A Profile of Global Tourism Development 45 3.1. Introduction 45 3.2. Trends in global tourism 45 3.3. Globalisation and tourism 66 3.4. Summary 68 ill 4. Development of Tourism in India 69 i . Introduction 69 4.2. Foreign tourist arrivals in India 70 4.3. Domestic tourism in India 85 4.4. Tourism infrastructure in India 88 4.5. Human resource development 90 4.6. Indian tourism under five year plans 92 4.7. Summary 101 5. Development of Tourism in Kerala 103 5.1 . Introduction 103 5.2. Foreign tourist arrivals and tourism receipts 103 5.3. Domestic tourist arrivals and tourism receipts 112 5.4. Tourism resources of Kerala 119 5.5. Potential tourism products of Kerala 126 5.6. Tourism infrastructure in Kerala 131 5.7. Tourism administration in Kerala 137 5.8. Kerala tourism under five year plans 139 5.9. Marketing of Kerala tourism 141 5.10. The Vision 2025 of Kerala Tourism Department 142 5.11. Summary 143 6. Coastal Tourism in Kerala-An Analysis 146 6.1. Introduction 146 6.2. Coastal tourism in Kerala 146 6.3. Demographic and visitation profile of tourists 156 6.4. Summary 177 7. Economic Impacts of Coastal Tourism in Kerala 179 7.1 . Introduction 179 7.2. Measuring economic impacts: a conceptual framework 179 7.3. Survey of tourism enterprises 182 7.4. Local community and economic impacts 190 7.5. Further evidence on economic impacts 199 7.6. Summary 205 l\ 8. Environmental Impacts of Coastal Tourism in Kerala 207 8.1 . Introduction 207 8.2. Measuring environmental impacts: a conceptual framework 207 8.3. Local community and environmental impacts 209 8.4. Socio-cultural issues of coastal tourism 2l7 8.5. Further evidence on environmental impacts 219 8.6. Summary 224 9. Planning for Sustainable Development of Coastal Tourism in Kerala 226 9. l . Introduction 226 9.2. Sustainable development of tourism: a conceptual framework 226 9.3. Sustainability issues of coastal tourism in Kerala 229 9.4. Planning for sustainable development of coastal tourism in Kerala 232 9.5. Summary 250 10. Summary of Findings and Conclusion 253 10.1. Summary of Findings 253 10.2. Conclusion 263 Appendices 264 Bibliography 284 V _ . I _ 2 .2List ..of Figures 4 Page N0 Title No 1 l Foreign tourist arrivals (FTAs) and foreign exchange earnings (FEEs) in India Fig. 4.1 72 from 1996 to 2007 Growth rate of intemational tourist arrivals in World, Asia and the Pacific and Fig. 4.2 74 India (1996 to 2007) "-1 F Growth rate of international tourism receipts in World, Asia and the iPacifician‘d Fig. 4.3 76 I India (1996 to 2007) I 1. l 1 Fig. 4.4 Month-wise arrival of foreign tourists to India (2001-2007) 82 Fig. 5.1 Seasonal variation in foreign tourist arrivals in Kerala (27001 to 2007) 110 1 111 I Fig. 5.2 f Zone-wise distrihution of foreign tourists in Koioio from 2003 to 2007 I ig. 5.3 Seasonal variation in domestic tourist arrivals in Kerala (2001 to 2007) 117 Fig. 6.1 Box Plot diagram of occupation and per capita expenditure 171 Fig. 6.2 Measurement of satisfaction levels of foreign and domestic tourists 1727 j, Fig. 6.3 M Multi-dimensional scaling for satisfaction levels of foreign tourists 175 Fig. 6.4 Multi-dimensional scaling for satisfaction levels of domestic tourists 175 1 Fig. 7.1 Education levels and their correlation with views on economic impacts 199 \¢l _n_.__ __4 "11 List of Tables I No Page Title I N0 'T' ____l.‘ .__. _ _,,4_ ._.__ ___ _, ,, ..t I I T bl 3 I International tourist arrivals (region-wise) for selected years between 1950 and 46 2007 !aInternational touriste arrivalsI (sub region-wise) for . selected years i betweeni 1990 T Table 3.2 48 J Standv 2007 ; ..lntemational tourism_ receipts (region-wise)_ for selected,_ years between 1950l andT Table 3.3 i 50 12007 ____ 1l 51 A7 Table International 3.4 ‘ tourism receipts (sub region-wise) for 2006 and 2007 I I I Q International tourist arrivals of top 10 performing countries of the world (2006 ( Tableand 2007) 3.5 L i 56 T bl 3 6 International tourism receipts of top 10 performing countries of the world (2006 57 i aand e .2007) 54 1 ; Intemational tourist arrivals and tourism receipts of nations of European region ‘ 59 I Table 3'7 (2006 and 2007) T T bl 3 8 Intemational tourist arrivals and tourism receipts of nations of Asia and the 60 Pacific region (2006 and 2007) aInternational touriste arrivals and tourism receipts.
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