Turlington's Balsam of Life
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Non-Wood Forest Products from Conifers
Page 1 of 8 NON -WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS 12 Non-Wood Forest Products From Conifers FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-37 ISBN 92-5-104212-8 (c) FAO 1995 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 - AN OVERVIEW OF THE CONIFERS WHAT ARE CONIFERS? DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE USES CHAPTER 2 - CONIFERS IN HUMAN CULTURE FOLKLORE AND MYTHOLOGY RELIGION POLITICAL SYMBOLS ART CHAPTER 3 - WHOLE TREES LANDSCAPE AND ORNAMENTAL TREES Page 2 of 8 Historical aspects Benefits Species Uses Foliage effect Specimen and character trees Shelter, screening and backcloth plantings Hedges CHRISTMAS TREES Historical aspects Species Abies spp Picea spp Pinus spp Pseudotsuga menziesii Other species Production and trade BONSAI Historical aspects Bonsai as an art form Bonsai cultivation Species Current status TOPIARY CONIFERS AS HOUSE PLANTS CHAPTER 4 - FOLIAGE EVERGREEN BOUGHS Uses Species Harvesting, management and trade PINE NEEDLES Mulch Decorative baskets OTHER USES OF CONIFER FOLIAGE CHAPTER 5 - BARK AND ROOTS TRADITIONAL USES Inner bark as food Medicinal uses Natural dyes Other uses TAXOL Description and uses Harvesting methods Alternative -
Myroxylon Balsamum (L.) Harms
Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms W.A. MARÍN and E.M. FLORES Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica and Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Costa Rica, Costa Rica, respectively FABACEAE (BEAN FAMILY) Myroxylon balsamum var. punctatum (Klotzsch) Harms (Notizblatt des Königlichen botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 43: 97. 1908). Myroxylon punctatum Klotzsch (Getreue Darstellung und Beschreibung der in der Arzneykunde Gebräuchlichen Gewächse 14: 12. 1843). Myroxylon toluiferum Kunth (Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 6: 375. 1824). Myroxylon toluiferum A. Rich. (Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 2: 171-172. 1824). Myrospermum toluiferum (A. Rich.) DC. (Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 95. 1825) Toluifera balsamum L. (Species Plantarum 1: 384. 1753) Bálsamo, bálsamo de San Salvador, bálsamo de tolú, bálsamo del Perú, chirraca, chucte, estoraque, nabá, palo de bálsamo, quina, sándalo, yaga-guienite (Chudnoff 1984, Holdridge and Poveda 1975, Record and Hess 1949) M Myroxylon balsamum occurs from southern Mexico to the with moderate slopes with an annual rainfall above 2500 mm Amazonian region of Peru and Brazil (Berendsohn and Arani- and a temperature range of 24 to 30 °C (Croat 1978, Hold- va de González 1989, Chudnoff 1984, Ducke 1949, Holdridge ridge and Poveda 1975). and Poveda 1975, Macbride 1943, McVaugh 1987, Standley The fresh heartwood is reddish brown with an occasion- and Steyermark 1946). The tree has been planted for balsam al yellowish hue; it turns deep red or purplish upon exposure. production in West Africa, India, and Sri Lanka. Myroxylon It is fairly uniform or striped and sharply demarcated from the balsamum is an emergent tree, typical in the canopy of pristine white sapwood. -
FAMILY PHYSICIAN with Essential Oils “I Finally Figured out How to Use Essential Oils—TAKE OFF the CAP”
FAMILY PHYSICIAN With Essential Oils “I finally figured out how to use essential oils—TAKE OFF THE CAP” You can use all of the oils 3 ways; Topically, Internally (drip into an empty gel cap) and with the diffuser. If the bottle has a ‘supplement’ box on the label, you can feel completely safe using it internally. When diluting* the essential oils, use one drop of Coconut Oil for one or two drops of the essential oil. It is not necessary to dilute the essential oils, but for some essential oils which are particularly cool (Peppermint, Wintergreen) or hot (Oregano, Cinnamon, Clove, Cassia), it may not be comfortable on your skin without diluting, and may be particularly uncomfortable for a child. If you use an oil without diluting and it is uncomfortable to the recipient, simply apply a small amount of coconut oil and it will quickly resolve the problem. Also, if you are using the oils on an open sore or wound, it is always a good idea to dilute with coconut oil. Diffusion is powerful because the child can breathe it in and it kills microorganisms in the air which helps stop the spread of sickness. If the oils get in the eyes, it will sting but will not do damage. Simply rub a few drops of your diluter oil on the eye and it will help to relieve the suffering. You can combine and mix any of the oils as much as you like and the oils are safe with any medication. If you are not sure how to apply the oil, know that you can ALWAYS rub it on the bottoms of the feet and you will get the full affect. -
Fruits and Seeds of Genera in the Subfamily Faboideae (Fabaceae)
Fruits and Seeds of United States Department of Genera in the Subfamily Agriculture Agricultural Faboideae (Fabaceae) Research Service Technical Bulletin Number 1890 Volume I December 2003 United States Department of Agriculture Fruits and Seeds of Agricultural Research Genera in the Subfamily Service Technical Bulletin Faboideae (Fabaceae) Number 1890 Volume I Joseph H. Kirkbride, Jr., Charles R. Gunn, and Anna L. Weitzman Fruits of A, Centrolobium paraense E.L.R. Tulasne. B, Laburnum anagyroides F.K. Medikus. C, Adesmia boronoides J.D. Hooker. D, Hippocrepis comosa, C. Linnaeus. E, Campylotropis macrocarpa (A.A. von Bunge) A. Rehder. F, Mucuna urens (C. Linnaeus) F.K. Medikus. G, Phaseolus polystachios (C. Linnaeus) N.L. Britton, E.E. Stern, & F. Poggenburg. H, Medicago orbicularis (C. Linnaeus) B. Bartalini. I, Riedeliella graciliflora H.A.T. Harms. J, Medicago arabica (C. Linnaeus) W. Hudson. Kirkbride is a research botanist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, BARC West Room 304, Building 011A, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350 (email = [email protected]). Gunn is a botanist (retired) from Brevard, NC (email = [email protected]). Weitzman is a botanist with the Smithsonian Institution, Department of Botany, Washington, DC. Abstract Kirkbride, Joseph H., Jr., Charles R. Gunn, and Anna L radicle junction, Crotalarieae, cuticle, Cytiseae, Weitzman. 2003. Fruits and seeds of genera in the subfamily Dalbergieae, Daleeae, dehiscence, DELTA, Desmodieae, Faboideae (Fabaceae). U. S. Department of Agriculture, Dipteryxeae, distribution, embryo, embryonic axis, en- Technical Bulletin No. 1890, 1,212 pp. docarp, endosperm, epicarp, epicotyl, Euchresteae, Fabeae, fracture line, follicle, funiculus, Galegeae, Genisteae, Technical identification of fruits and seeds of the economi- gynophore, halo, Hedysareae, hilar groove, hilar groove cally important legume plant family (Fabaceae or lips, hilum, Hypocalypteae, hypocotyl, indehiscent, Leguminosae) is often required of U.S. -
Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Forest Genetic Resources Working Papers State of Forest Genetic Resources Conservation and Management in Sri Lanka by J.E. Munasinghe Forest Department 2003 Forest Resources Development Service Working Paper FGR/66E Forest Resources Division FAO, Rome, Italy Disclaimer The Forest Genetic Resources Working Papers report on issues and activities in related to the conservation, sustainable use and management of forest genetic resources. The purpose of these papers is to provide early information on on-going activities and programmes and to stimulate discussion. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Quantitative information regarding the status of forest resources has been compiled according to sources, methodologies and protocols identified and selected by the author, for assessing the diversity and status of genetic resources. For standardized methodologies and assessments on forest resources, please refer to FAO, 2003. State of the World’s Forests 2003; and to FAO, 2001. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 (FRA 2000). FAO Forestry Paper No 140. Official information can also be found at the FAO Internet site (http://www.fao.org/forestry/Forestry.asp). This paper is based on a country report prepared for the Asia Pacific Forest Genetic Resources Programme (APFORGEN) Inception Workshop, held at Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 15-18 July 200. -
The Virtues of Balm in Late Medieval Literature
Bryn Mawr College Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College History Faculty Research and Scholarship History 2009 The irV tues of Balm in Late Medieval Literature Elly Truitt Bryn Mawr College, [email protected] Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.brynmawr.edu/history_pubs Part of the History Commons Custom Citation Truitt, Elly R. “The irV tues of Balm in Late Medieval Literature.” Early Science and Medicine 14, no. 6 (2009): 711-736. This paper is posted at Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College. http://repository.brynmawr.edu/history_pubs/19 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Virtues of Balm in Late Medieval Literature E. R. Truitt, Bryn Mawr College * In the Troy Book (c. 1412-1420), John Lydgate’s Middle English poem about the Trojan War, balsam (balm) kept Hector’s body extraordinarily well preserved, so that it appeared astonishingly alive. Priam wanted not only to erase all evidence of the abuse his son’s body suffered at the hands of Achilles, but also to keep Hector’s body preserved “from odour and abomynacioun,” with no evidence of decay, and displayed aboveground with a wholly life-like aspect: “But •at it be lifly and visible/ To •e eye, as be apparence, / Like as it were quyk in existence…1 But, as Lydgate noted, in the ordinary course of nature, “corrupte muste, ri •t of verray nede/…•er may be made noon opposicioun, / Aboue •e grounde •if •e body lie,/ •at of resoun it mvt putrefie…” 2 To achieve his desire to thwart nature, Priam summoned the most skilled artificers in Troy to build an elaborate tabernacle for Hector’s body and devise a method to keep his body “lifly visible.” These men placed Hector in the temple of Apollo, on a dais made of gold, crystal, and gemstones, and used “sotil crafte” to place Hector’s body upright, and he appeared …as he were lyvynge. -
Components and Types of Varnishes
Components and types of Varnishes Varnish is traditionally a combination of a drying oil, a resin, and a thinner or solvent. However, different types of varnish have different components. After being applied, the film-forming substances in varnishes either harden directly, as soon as the solvent has fully evaporated, or harden after evaporation of the solvent through curing processes, primarily chemical reaction between oils and oxygen from the air (autoxidation) and chemical reactions between components of the varnish. Resin varnishes "dry" by evaporation of the solvent and harden almost immediately upon drying. Acrylic and waterborne varnishes "dry" upon evaporation of the water but will experience an extended curing period. Oil, polyurethane, and epoxy varnishes remain liquid even after evaporation of the solvent but quickly begin to cure, undergoing successive stages from liquid or syrupy, to tacky or sticky, to dry gummy, to "dry to the touch", to hard. Environmental factors such as heat and humidity play a very large role in the drying and curing times of varnishes. In classic varnish the cure rate depends on the type of oil used and, to some extent, on the ratio of oil to resin. The drying and curing time of all varnishes may be sped up by exposure to an energy source such as sunlight, ultraviolet light, or heat. Drying oil There are many different types of drying oils, including linseed oil, tung oil, and walnut oil. These contain high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Drying oils cure through an exothermic reaction between the polyunsaturated portion of the oil and oxygen from the air. -
Reconstructing the Deep-Branching Relationships of the Papilionoid Legumes
SAJB-00941; No of Pages 18 South African Journal of Botany xxx (2013) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect South African Journal of Botany journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes D. Cardoso a,⁎, R.T. Pennington b, L.P. de Queiroz a, J.S. Boatwright c, B.-E. Van Wyk d, M.F. Wojciechowski e, M. Lavin f a Herbário da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (HUEFS), Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Novo Horizonte, 44036-900 Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil b Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, EH5 3LR Edinburgh, UK c Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Modderdam Road, \ Bellville, South Africa d Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 524, 2006 Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa e School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA f Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA article info abstract Available online xxxx Resolving the phylogenetic relationships of the deep nodes of papilionoid legumes (Papilionoideae) is essential to understanding the evolutionary history and diversification of this economically and ecologically important legume Edited by J Van Staden subfamily. The early-branching papilionoids include mostly Neotropical trees traditionally circumscribed in the tribes Sophoreae and Swartzieae. They are more highly diverse in floral morphology than other groups of Keywords: Papilionoideae. For many years, phylogenetic analyses of the Papilionoideae could not clearly resolve the relation- Leguminosae ships of the early-branching lineages due to limited sampling. -
The Politics of Knowledge in Spain's Royal Monopoly Of
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Empire’s Experts: The Politics of Knowledge in Spain’s Royal Monopoly of Quina (1751-1808) A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History (Science Studies) by Matthew James Crawford Committee in charge: Professor John A. Marino, Co-Chair Professor Naomi Oreskes, Co-Chair Professor Paula De Vos Professor Marcel Henaff Professor Christine Hunefeldt Professor Robert S. Westman 2009 © Matthew James Crawford, 2009 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Matthew James Crawford is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Co-Chair Co-Chair University of California, San Diego 2009 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ….……………………………………………………………………………iii Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………………….iv List of Illustrations and Tables ….……………………………………………………………v Acknowledgements ….……………………………………………………………………….vi Vita …………………………………………………………………………………………….x Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………….xiii Introduction: Empire, Experts, and the Estanco de Quina in the Spanish Atlantic World ….…………………………………………………1 PART I: THE RULE OF THE LOCAL ...…………………………………………………...39 Chapter 1: The “Necessary and Pious” Destiny of Quina: The Culture of Knowledge Production in the Spanish Empire (1751-1768) …………..40 Chapter 2: Imperial Science Inaction: Cooperation and Contention in the Estanco de Quina (c.1773) ...……………………………………………..99 Chapter 3: Not Expertise but “Vain Science:” South American Perspectives -
Balsam: the Most Expensive Perfume Plant in the Ancient World
BALSAM: THE MOST EXPENSIVE PERFUME PLANT IN THE ANCIENT WORLD Zohar Amar and David Iluz Introduction Historical sources from the Hellenistic and Roman-Byzantine Periods made frequent mention of the Opobalsamum plant or the “Balm of Judea” (hereinafter referred to as “balsam”), as the plant source of a valuable perfume. The pure perfume was a sought-after commodity among the upper class, and due to the high price it commanded, a counterfeiting industry developed.1 The perfume’s prestige was due to its unique aroma and the medicinal properties attributed to it for treating various illnesses;2 it was renowned for its ability to treat headaches, early-stage cataracts, and blurred vision.3 It was used as well as a diuretic, as a curative for respiratory diseases and coughing, and as an anti-toxin — for example, as a snake venom antidote.4 It also served the field of gynecology in the * We are pleased to dedicate this article with respect and great admiration to Professor Daniel Sperber, the most illustrious contemporary scholar in the field of material culture as reflected in Rabbinic literature and from the perspectives of classical literature and archeological findings. This study was inspired by his important research which places the historical sources in their authentic settings. 1 M. Stern, Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism (Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1974y1984); Y. Feliks, “The Incense of the Tabernacle,” in D.P. Wright, D.N. Freedman, and A. Hurvitz, eds., Pomegranates and Golden Bells (Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1995), 125y149. 2 David Iluz et al, “Medicinal Properties of Commiphora gileadensis,” African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 4, no. -
The Rare Plants of Samoa JANUARY 2011
The Rare Plants of Samoa JANUARY 2011 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION LESSONS LEARNED TECHNICAL SERIES 2 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION LESSONS LEARNED TECHNICAL SERIES 2 The Rare Plants of Samoa Biodiversity Conservation Lessons Learned Technical Series is published by: Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) and Conservation International Pacific Islands Program (CI-Pacific) PO Box 2035, Apia, Samoa T: + 685 21593 E: [email protected] W: www.conservation.org Conservation International Pacific Islands Program. 2011. Biodiversity Conservation Lessons Learned Technical Series 2: The Rare Plants of Samoa. Conservation International, Apia, Samoa Author: Art Whistler, Isle Botanica, Honolulu, Hawai’i Design/Production: Joanne Aitken, The Little Design Company, www.thelittledesigncompany.com Series Editors: James Atherton and Leilani Duffy, Conservation International Pacific Islands Program Conservation International is a private, non-profit organization exempt from federal income tax under section 501c(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. ISBN 978-982-9130-02-0 © 2011 Conservation International All rights reserved. OUR MISSION Building upon a strong foundation of science, partnership and field demonstration, CI empowers societies to responsibly and sustainably care for nature for the well-being of humanity This publication is available electronically from Conservation International’s website: www.conservation.org ABOUT THE BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION LESSONS LEARNED TECHNICAL SERIES This document is part of a technical report series on conservation projects funded by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) and the Conservation International Pacific Islands Program (CI-Pacific). The main purpose of this series is to disseminate project findings and successes to a broader audience of conservation professionals in the Pacific, along with interested members of the public and students. -
Wojciechowski Quark
Wojciechowski, M.F. (2003). Reconstructing the phylogeny of legumes (Leguminosae): an early 21st century perspective In: B.B. Klitgaard and A. Bruneau (editors). Advances in Legume Systematics, part 10, Higher Level Systematics, pp. 5–35. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. RECONSTRUCTING THE PHYLOGENY OF LEGUMES (LEGUMINOSAE): AN EARLY 21ST CENTURY PERSPECTIVE MARTIN F. WOJCIECHOWSKI Department of Plant Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 USA Abstract Elucidating the phylogenetic relationships of the legumes is essential for understanding the evolutionary history of events that underlie the origin and diversification of this family of ecologically and economically important flowering plants. In the ten years since the Third International Legume Conference (1992), the study of legume phylogeny using molecular data has advanced from a few tentative inferences based on relatively few, small datasets into an era of large, increasingly multiple gene analyses that provide greater resolution and confidence, as well as a few surprises. Reconstructing the phylogeny of the Leguminosae and its close relatives will further advance our knowledge of legume biology and facilitate comparative studies of plant structure and development, plant-animal interactions, plant-microbial symbiosis, and genome structure and dynamics. Phylogenetic relationships of Leguminosae — what has been accomplished since ILC-3? The Leguminosae (Fabaceae), with approximately 720 genera and more than 18,000 species worldwide (Lewis et al., in press) is the third largest family of flowering plants (Mabberley, 1997). Although greater in terms of the diversity of forms and number of habitats in which they reside, the family is second only perhaps to Poaceae (the grasses) in its agricultural and economic importance, and includes species used for foods, oils, fibre, fuel, timber, medicinals, numerous chemicals, cultivated horticultural varieties, and soil enrichment.