Late Holocene Vegetation Dynamic and Human Activities Reconstructed from Lake Records in Western Loess Plateau, China
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Quaternary International 227 (2010) 38e45 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint Late Holocene vegetation dynamic and human activities reconstructed from lake records in western Loess Plateau, China Ke Zhang, Yan Zhao*, Aifeng Zhou, Huiling Sun MOE Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental System, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Road South, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China article info abstract Article history: A high-resolution pollen record from a mountain lake (2400 m a.s.l.) in the western Loess Plateau reveals Available online 11 June 2010 variations of vegetation and human activities during the last 3200 years. The pollen record indicates the vegetation changes from mixed deciduouseconiferous forest dominated by Betula, Quercus, and Abies at 3200e2200 cal BP, to forest steppe co-dominated by trees (Betula, Quercus) and herbs (mostly Artemisia) at 2200e1100 cal BP and then to steppe-like vegetation since 1100 cal BP. A distinct vegetation type shift occurred at ca.1100 cal BP, accompanied by the increase of anthropogenic indicators (cereal-type pollen, Humulus-type pollen and Pediastrum). Human deforestation might have contributed to this abrupt shift. Micro-charcoal abundance also shows a generally increasing trend during the last 1000 years, suggesting enhanced human activities. After 1100 cal BP, two deforestation phases (1100e750 cal BP and 350 cal BP-present) and one forest expansion phase (750e350 cal BP) are identified. These phases have good correlation with historical events, suggesting that increased population pressures, flourished agriculture, and warfare are the main reason for these forest clearances. Anthropogenic activities appear to be the main controlling factor of the vegetation dynamics during the late Holocene, especially for the last 1100 years. Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Quaternary environmental and climate shift based on pollen anal- ysis have been carried out on the Loess Plateau (e.g., Sun et al., 1995, There has been a long-standing interest in the study of late- 2007; Li et al., 2003a; Feng et al., 2004, 2007; Tang and An, 2007; Quaternary landscape dynamics on the Chinese Loess Plateau (“the Wu et al., 2009). Most of these researches focused on the late- cradle of ancient Chinese civilization”), as this region is very Pleistocene and the early to mid-Holocene. Several of these studies sensitive to climate change (Li et al.,1988) and has witnessed strong show that the vegetation deteriorated since ca. 4000 cal BP (Zou human influence during the late Holocene (Liu, 1985). The Loess et al., 2009; Feng et al., 2006); however, these palynological Plateau is presently subject to desertification, soil erosion, and records do not have ideal age controls for understanding vegetation socio-economic stresses under the increased climate variability dynamics, as they are from loess profiles. Thus the vegetation (Wang et al., 2006). Understanding the interactions of past climate patterns on the Loess Plateau during the late Holocene, when change, human activity and environment response are of particular vegetation was probably greatly affected by human activities, importance to understand regional climate and response to global remain poorly understood. change (Dearing, 2006, 2008). This paper presents a high-resolution pollen record together As a core element of the environmental system, vegetation is the with charcoal, conifer stomata and Pediastrum data from a moun- key to the evaluation of past environmental evolution (Li et al., tain lake in the western Loess Plateau. The objectives were to 2003b). Palynological studies provide a useful tool for the recon- reconstruct the paleovegetation change during the late Holocene in struction of past vegetation in response to climatic variations and the study area and to investigate the human impacts on forest human activities. A number of investigations concerning the late- change by comparing with other regional paleoclimatic records from speleothems, archaeological records of human habitation and historical documents. This is the first high-resolution pollen record * Corresponding author. Fax: þ86 (0) 931 8912330. from lacustrine sediments to reveal the vegetation dynamics and E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Zhao). human activities during late Holocene in the western Loess Plateau. 1040-6182/$ e see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.04.019 K. Zhang et al. / Quaternary International 227 (2010) 38e45 39 2. Regional setting Berberis circumserrata, and Salix cathayana. The steppe and grass- land is dominated by Pteridium aquilinum, Stipa baicalensis, Festuca Tianchi Lake (351505100e351505500N, 1061802800e1061802800E, ovina, and Artemisia. Between 2100 and 2800 m, the vegetation 2430 m a.s.l.) is a small (2 km2) freshwater lake (maximum depth of is characterized by sub-alpine trees and shrubs. The deciduous 8.2 m) on the Liupan Mountains, situated at 30 km east of Zhuanglang trees are dominated by Betula utilis and P. davidiana, with few County, Gansu Province, northwestern China (Fig. 1). The lake is conifer trees (Pinus armandii and Juniperus formosana). Shrubs are mainly fed by rainfall and underground water. Climate in this region is the dominant vegetation, mainly consisting of Cotoneaster acutifo- mainly controlled by the Asian monsoon with a warm, wet summer lius, Hippophae rhamnoides, Rosa acicularis, Rosa sertata and Salix and cold, dry winter. Mean annual precipitation is 677 mmwith peaks caprea. The herbaceous taxa mainly include Carex rochebruni, occurring during JuneeSeptember, mean annual temperature is Beckmannia syzigachne and Poa pratensis. At present, dwarf-shrub 8.2 C, and the minimum temperature of the coldest months of the and steppe are the dominant vegetation on the mountain slopes year is À26 C (January) while the maximum temperature of the surrounding Tianchi Lake, mainly consisting of R. omeiensis, warmest months of the year is 30 C (July), based on the nearest Berberis amurensis, H. rhamnoides, Lonicera spp., Betula spp., Rubus meteorological Liupan Mountain station (at 2845 m a.s.l.). spp., Poa annua, Artemisia argyi, Ageratum spp., Inula japonica, Natural vegetation of this region is temperate forest steppe. The Taraxacum officinale, and Leontopodium nanum. Vegetation is modern vegetation displays stronger secondary features, but it still different on the north and south slopes: the northern slope is shows a clear zonal distribution along the altitudinal gradient characterized by dwarf-shrub, and the southern slope is charac- (Wang, 1988). Between 800 and 1400 m, the vegetation is domi- terized by steppe and some human-planted Pinus trees. Fig. 1 nated by human-planted trees, as well as natural shrubs and some clearly shows this disturbed landscape, with combination of scattered trees. The grass mainly includes Artemisia, Cyperaceae, grassy steppe and shrubs near the lake. and some cultivated crops. Between 1400 and 2100 m the vegeta- tion is characterized by forest steppe. Betula platyphylla, Betula 3. Materials and methods albo-sinensis and Quercus liaotungersis are the common dominant deciduous species, together with Tilia paucicostata, Populus Ten surface pollen samples were collected from the sites rep- davidiana and Fraxinus chinensis. Shrubs mainly consist of Salix resenting different vegetation types near the lake and 3 surface lake cheilophia, Ostyopsis davidiana, Corylus heterophylla, Rosa omeiensis, samples from the Tianchi lake, in order to investigate the Fig. 1. Location and settings. A. Location of the Loess Plateau (yellow area). Black dots show other palaeoclimate sites discussed in the text and the rectangle represents our study region. B. Tianchi Lake (black dot) on the Liupan Mountains. White dots show other sites mentioned in the text. C. Photo of Tianchi Lake. Black dot shows the coring location of the core GSA07-1. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article). 40 K. Zhang et al. / Quaternary International 227 (2010) 38e45 relationships between pollen assemblages and modern vegetation Table 1 in the study area. Samples S1eS3 were from surface lake sediments AMS radiocarbon dates from Tianchi Lake (the upper 6 m of core GSA07-1), southwest Loess Plateau, China. along a transect from the west to the east. Samples S4eS9 were collected from the meadow and steppe at the mountain (along the Lab Depth Material d13C 14C date Error Calibrated age & Æ s transect from west to east) near the lake at different elevations. number (cm) dated ( VPDB) (yr BP) ( yr) (cal yr BP-2 range) Sample S10 and S11 were from dwarf-shrubs the southern side of A01e163 162 Tree leaves À29.0 680 30 634e680 the lake. Sample S12 and S13 were from forest patches dominated e À e e A01 184 183 Tree leaves 26.9 855 35 688 801 by Larix and Butula, respectively. The surface samples (S4 S13) A01e223 221 Tree leaves À21.0 1080 35 932e1056 were taken from moss cushions and surface soils. A01e262 260 Tree leaves À11.6 1255 30 1122e1277 The 11-m-long sediment core (GSA07-1) was taken from the A02e021 302 Tree leaves À18.7 1440 45 1288e1406 deepest part of Tianchi lake (8.2 m) using a UWITEC piston corer in A02e097 382 Tree leaves À21.0 1775 30 1610e1745 A02e148 436 Tree leaves À24.3 2060 30 1948e2118 September 2007. This study focuses on the upper 6 m of the core A02e198 489 Tree leaves À23.1 2355 30 2333e2464 GSA07-1 in order to make a high-resolution reconstruction of the A02e225 517 Tree leaves À12.7 2585 40 2695e2774 vegetation change over the late Holocene, which went through A03e043 600 Tree leaves À16.6 2895 45 2912e3165 large changes in vegetation based on the coarse resolution pollen analysis results from the entire core (Zhao et al., 2010). The chronology was based on 10 AMS 14C dates on terrestrial occurred in samples S2 and S3.