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Fit O Rremediación De Metales Pesados Presentes En El Suelo De La Ladera Del Río Bogotá

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Fit O Rremediación De Metales Pesados Presentes En El Suelo De La Ladera Del Río Bogotá IAMB 200420 07 FIT O RREMEDIACIÓN DE METALES PESADOS PRESENTES EN EL SUELO DE LA LADERA DEL RÍO BOGOTÁ CAROLINA HOYOS DAZA UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERIA CIVIL Y AMBIENTAL BOGOTA D.C. 2005 ii IAMB 200420 07 FIT O RREMEDIACIÓN DE METALES PESADOS PRESENTES EN EL SUELO DE LA LADERA DEL RÍO BOGOTÁ CAROLINA HOYOS DAZA Proyecto de Grado para optar al título de Ingeniera A mbiental Director JOHANA HUSSERL Ingeniera A mbiental UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERIA CIVIL Y AMBIENTAL BOGOTA D.C. 2005 iii IAMB 200420 07 AGRADECIMIENTOS A J o ha na H us s e rl , I nge ni e ra A mbi e nta l , y A s e s o ra de l P royecto, por su constante orientación y amable colaboración durante el desarrollo del mismo. A la s ala virtual de la bibliotec a general de la U nivers idad de los Andes, especialmente a Liliana Rubiano por su desinteresada, oportuna y eficiente colaboración en la búsqueda bibliográfica, sobre la cual se sustenta este proyecto. A l Laboratorio A mbiental del C entro de Investigación en Ingeniería A mbiental (CIIA) de la Universidad de los Andes por su colaboración en el análisis cuantitativo de las muestras. A mis padres y hermana por su compañía y apoyo incondicional, a mi madre especialmente por su colaboración en la toma de muestras. A todos aquellos que en diferentes momentos me ayudaron y me dieron ánimo para finalizar este proyecto. iv IAMB 200420 07 CONTENIDO RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................... XI INTRODUCCIÓ N.....................................................................................................................XI I 1 . OBJETIVO S........................................................................................................................1 3 1.1 O BJETIVO GENERAL.........................................................................................................1 3 1 .2 O BJETIVO S ESPECIFICO S.................................................................................................1 3 2 . JUSTIFICACIÓ N .................................................................................................................1 4 3 . MARCO TEO RICO ...............................................................................................................1 5 3 .1 REMEDIACIÓ N DE METALES.............................................................................................1 5 3 .1.1 Metales en el ambiente del suelo...................................................................................1 5 3 .1.2 Opciones de remediación existentes ..............................................................................1 6 3 .2 FITO RREMEDIACIÓ N DE METALES....................................................................................1 8 3 .2.1 Fitoextracción de metales..............................................................................................1 8 3 .2.2 Fitoestabilización de metales .........................................................................................2 0 3 .2.3 O tros tipos de fitorremediación......................................................................................2 2 3 .2.4 Ventajas de la Fitorremediación.....................................................................................2 4 3 .2.5 Desventajas de la fitorremediación................................................................................2 5 3 .2.6 Éxito de la fitorremediación...........................................................................................2 7 3 .3 INTERACCIÓ N METAL-PLANTA EN LA RIZÓ SFERA ..............................................................2 8 3 .3.1 Biodis ponibilidad del metal para la toma hacia el interior de las raíces ...........................2 8 3 .3.2 Efecto de los mic roorganismos del suelo en la toma de metales.....................................2 9 3 .3.3 Efecto de los exudados de la raíz en la toma de metales................................................2 9 3 .4 ADAPTACIÓ N DE LAS PLANTAS A EL SUELO CO NTAMINADO CO N METALES.......................2 9 3 .4.1 Necesidades fisiológic as de elementos inorgánicos.........................................................2 9 3 .4.2 Mecanis mos de las plantas para tolerar y ac umular metales ..........................................3 0 3 .4.3 Factores que afectan la biodis ponibilidad.......................................................................3 4 3 .4.4 Características de las plantas que acumulan metales en la fitorremediac ión...................3 5 3 .5 O PTIMIZACIÓN DE LA FITO EXTRACCIÓN DE METALES CON PRÁCTICAS AGRONÓ MICAS...3 6 3 .5.1 Selección de la planta ...................................................................................................3 6 3 .5.2 Mejoramiento de la biodisponibilidad del metal con correc tores químicos .......................3 7 3 .5.3 Sembrado.....................................................................................................................3 7 3 .5.4 Mantenimiento...............................................................................................................3 8 3 .5.5 Manipulac ión y dis posición del residuo contaminado ......................................................3 8 3 .6 ESPECIES DE PLANTAS NATIVAS DE LA SABANA DE BO GOTÁ...........................................3 9 3 .6.1 Espec ies de plantas usadas a nivel internacional............................................................3 9 3 .6.2 Espec ies de plantas nativas de la Sabana de Bogotá......................................................4 1 3 .7 FITO RREMEDIACIÓ N DEL CROMO Y EL PLOMO .................................................................4 4 3 .7.1 Cromo y plomo en el medio ambiente ...........................................................................4 4 3 .7.2 Riesgos a la salud asociados c on la toxicidad del cromo y el plomo ................................4 5 3 .7.3 Fitorremediación del c romo...........................................................................................4 6 3 .7.4 Fitorremediación del plomo ...........................................................................................4 6 4 . METO DOLOGÍA EXPERIMENTAL..........................................................................................4 8 4 .1 O BTENCIÓ N DE LAS ESPECIES DE PLANTAS.....................................................................4 8 4 .2 O BTENCIÓ N DEL SUELO CO NTAMINADO ..........................................................................4 8 4 .3 MONTAJE EXPERIMENTAL.................................................................................................4 9 4 .4 METO DOLOGÍA DE LO S ANÁLISIS DE LABO RATO RIO........................................................5 1 4 .4.1 Equipos , reac tivos y material de laboratorio ..................................................................5 2 v IAMB 200420 07 4 .4.2 Procedimiento de análisis en el laboratorio ....................................................................5 3 5 . RESULTADOS Y OBSERVACIONES......................................................................................5 6 5 .1 SIEMBRA Y EVO LUCIÓ N DE LAS PLANTAS........................................................................5 7 5 .2 RESULTADOS DE LO S ANÁLISIS DE LABORATO RIO ..........................................................6 0 5 .2.1 Resultados para el suelo c omercial................................................................................6 0 5 .2.2 Resultados iniciales para el suelo c ontaminado..............................................................6 1 5 .2.3 Res ultados para el s uelo c ontaminado............................................................................6 1 5 .2.4 Res ultados para determinar el sitio de acumulación del metal.........................................6 2 5 .2.5 Res ultados del blanco.....................................................................................................6 2 5 .2.6 Res umen de res ultados para el proceso de fitorremediación............................................6 2 6 . ANÁLISIS DE RESULTADOS................................................................................................6 4 6 .1 SIEMBRA Y EVO LUCIÓ N DE LAS PLANTAS .........................................................................6 4 6 .2 ANÁLISIS DE LO S RESULTADOS DE LABORATO RIO ..........................................................6 7 7 . CONCLUSIO NES Y RECO MENDACIO NES.............................................................................7 1 BIBLIO GRAFIA........................................................................................................................7 3 ANEXOS..................................................................................................................................7 8 vi IAMB 200420 07 LISTA DE TABLAS Tabla 1. Rangos de concentración de algunos metales tóxicos en el suelo ...............................1 6 Tabla 2 . C osto de remediación de suelos ................................................................................1 7 Tabla 3 . C orrectores para el suelo en la fitoestabilización ........................................................2 2 Tabla 4. P rincipales factores limitantes en el éxito y aplicabilidad de la fitoextracción ..............2 7 Tabla 5 . P lantas capaces de acumular cuatro o más metales ...................................................41
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