WEATHERGRAPH Observation and Plotting
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Soaring Weather
Chapter 16 SOARING WEATHER While horse racing may be the "Sport of Kings," of the craft depends on the weather and the skill soaring may be considered the "King of Sports." of the pilot. Forward thrust comes from gliding Soaring bears the relationship to flying that sailing downward relative to the air the same as thrust bears to power boating. Soaring has made notable is developed in a power-off glide by a conven contributions to meteorology. For example, soar tional aircraft. Therefore, to gain or maintain ing pilots have probed thunderstorms and moun altitude, the soaring pilot must rely on upward tain waves with findings that have made flying motion of the air. safer for all pilots. However, soaring is primarily To a sailplane pilot, "lift" means the rate of recreational. climb he can achieve in an up-current, while "sink" A sailplane must have auxiliary power to be denotes his rate of descent in a downdraft or in come airborne such as a winch, a ground tow, or neutral air. "Zero sink" means that upward cur a tow by a powered aircraft. Once the sailcraft is rents are just strong enough to enable him to hold airborne and the tow cable released, performance altitude but not to climb. Sailplanes are highly 171 r efficient machines; a sink rate of a mere 2 feet per second. There is no point in trying to soar until second provides an airspeed of about 40 knots, and weather conditions favor vertical speeds greater a sink rate of 6 feet per second gives an airspeed than the minimum sink rate of the aircraft. -
The Weather the Weather
The weather Área Lectura y Escritura Resultados de aprendizaje Conocer vocabulario relacionado al clima. Utilizar vocabulario relacionado al clima en contextos de escritura formal. Contenidos 1. General vocabulary words Debo saber - Simple present - Present continuous - Simple past - Past continuous The Weather Cold weather In Scandinavia, the chilly (1) days of autumn soon change to the cold days of winter. The first frosts (2) arrive and the roads become icy. Rain becomes sleet (3) and then snow, at first turning to slush (4) in the streets, but soon settling (5), with severe blizzards (6) and snowdrifts (7) in the far north. Freezing weather often continues in the far north until May or even June, when the ground starts to thaw (8) and the ice melts (9) again. - (1) cold, but not very - (2) thin white coat of ice on everything - (3) rain and snow mixed - (4) dirty, brownish, half- snow, half – water - (5) staying as a white covering - (6) snow blown by high winds - (7) Deep banks of snow against walls, etc. - (8) change from hard, frozen state to normal - (9) change from solid to liquid under heat Servicios Académicos para el Acompañamiento y la Permanencia - PAIEP Primera Edición - 2016 En caso de encontrar algún error, contáctate con PAIEP-USACH al correo: [email protected] 1 Warm / hot weather - Close: warm and uncomfortable. - Stifling: hot, uncomfortable, you can hardly breathe. - Humid: hot and damp, makes you sweat a lot. - Scorching: very hot, often used in positive contexts. - Boling: very hot, often used in negative contexts - Mild: warm at a time when it is normally cold - Heat wave last month: very hot, dry period Wet weather This wet weather scale gets stronger from left to right. -
Manuscript Was Written Jointly by YL, CK, and MZ
A simplified method for the detection of convection using high resolution imagery from GOES-16 Yoonjin Lee1, Christian D. Kummerow1,2, Milija Zupanski2 1Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado state university, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA 5 2Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado state university, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA Correspondence to: Yoonjin Lee ([email protected]) Abstract. The ability to detect convective regions and adding heating in these regions is the most important skill in forecasting severe weather systems. Since radars are most directly related to precipitation and are available in high temporal resolution, their data are often used for both detecting convection and estimating latent heating. However, radar data are limited to land areas, 10 largely in developed nations, and early convection is not detectable from radars until drops become large enough to produce significant echoes. Visible and Infrared sensors on a geostationary satellite can provide data that are more sensitive to small droplets, but they also have shortcomings: their information is almost exclusively from the cloud top. Relatively new geostationary satellites, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites-16 and -17 (GOES-16 and GOES-17), along with Himawari-8, can make up for some of this lack of vertical information through the use of very high spatial and temporal 15 resolutions. This study develops two algorithms to detect convection at vertically growing clouds and mature convective clouds using 1-minute GOES-16 Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) data. Two case studies are used to explain the two methods, followed by results applied to one month of data over the contiguous United States. -
Assessing and Improving Cloud-Height Based Parameterisations of Global Lightning Flash Rate, and Their Impact on Lightning-Produced Nox and Tropospheric Composition
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-885 Preprint. Discussion started: 2 October 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. Assessing and improving cloud-height based parameterisations of global lightning flash rate, and their impact on lightning-produced NOx and tropospheric composition 5 Ashok K. Luhar1, Ian E. Galbally1, Matthew T. Woodhouse1, and Nathan Luke Abraham2,3 1CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, 3195, Australia 2National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 3Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 10 Correspondence to: Ashok K. Luhar ([email protected]) Abstract. Although lightning-generated oxides of nitrogen (LNOx) account for only approximately 10% of the global NOx source, it has a disproportionately large impact on tropospheric photochemistry due to the conducive conditions in the tropical upper troposphere where lightning is mostly discharged. In most global composition models, lightning flash rates used to calculate LNOx are expressed in terms of convective cloud-top height via the Price and Rind (1992) (PR92) 15 parameterisations for land and ocean. We conduct a critical assessment of flash-rate parameterisations that are based on cloud-top height and validate them within the ACCESS-UKCA global chemistry-climate model using the LIS/OTD satellite data. While the PR92 parameterisation for land yields satisfactory predictions, the oceanic parameterisation underestimates the observed flash-rate density severely, yielding a global average of 0.33 flashes s-1 compared to the observed 9.16 -1 flashes s over the ocean and leading to LNOx being underestimated proportionally. We formulate new/alternative flash-rate 20 parameterisations following Boccippio’s (2002) scaling relationships between thunderstorm electrical generator power and storm geometry coupled with available data. -
Cloud-Base Height Derived from a Ground-Based Infrared Sensor and a Comparison with a Collocated Cloud Radar
VOLUME 35 JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY APRIL 2018 Cloud-Base Height Derived from a Ground-Based Infrared Sensor and a Comparison with a Collocated Cloud Radar ZHE WANG Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, CMA Key Laboratory for Aerosol–Cloud–Precipitation, and School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, and Training Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China ZHENHUI WANG Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, CMA Key Laboratory for Aerosol–Cloud–Precipitation, and School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China XIAOZHONG CAO,JIAJIA MAO,FA TAO, AND SHUZHEN HU Atmosphere Observation Test Bed, and Meteorological Observation Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China (Manuscript received 12 June 2017, in final form 31 October 2017) ABSTRACT An improved algorithm to calculate cloud-base height (CBH) from infrared temperature sensor (IRT) observations that accompany a microwave radiometer was described, the results of which were compared with the CBHs derived from ground-based millimeter-wavelength cloud radar reflectivity data. The results were superior to the original CBH product of IRT and closer to the cloud radar data, which could be used as a reference for comparative analysis and synergistic cloud measurements. Based on the data obtained by these two kinds of instruments for the same period (January–December 2016) from the Beijing Nanjiao Weather Observatory, the results showed that the consistency of cloud detection was good and that the consistency rate between the two datasets was 81.6%. The correlation coefficient between the two CBH datasets reached 0.62, based on 73 545 samples, and the average difference was 0.1 km. -
WMO Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison--Final Report
W O R L D M E T E O R O L O G I C A L O R G A N I Z A T I O N INSTRUMENTS AND OBSERVING METHODS R E P O R T No. 67 WMO SOLID PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT INTERCOMPARISON FINAL REPORT by B.E. Goodison and P.Y.T. Louie (both Canada) and D. Yang (China) WMO/TD - No. 872 1998 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This report has been produced without editorial revision by the WMO Secretariat. It is not an official WMO publication and its distribution in this form does not imply endorsement by the Organization of the ideas expressed. FOREWORD The WMO Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison was started in the northern hemisphere winter of 1986/87. The field work was carried out in 13 Member countries for seven years. The Intercomparison was the result of Recommendation 17 of the ninth session of the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation (CIMO-IX). As in previous WMO intercomparisons of rain gauges, the main objective of this test was to assess national methods of measuring solid precipitation against methods whose accuracy and reliability were known. It included past and current procedures, automated systems and new methods of observation. The experiment was designed to determine especially wind related errors, and wetting and evaporative losses in national methods of measuring solid precipitation. -
Student Name: ______Date: ______
Water Cycle Vocabulary Worksheet Student Name: _______________________ Date: _________ Teacher Name: LaTrecia Abero Score: _________ Define these terms: Atmosphere The different layers of gases that extend from the surface of the Earth into space. Boiling This is the change from a liquid to a gas. Boiling Point This is a temperature where the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the atmospheric pressure. Cloud The result of evaporation, this is a visible body of fine water droplets or ice particles suspended in Earth's atmosphere. Condensation This is the process of matter changing from a gaseous state to a liquid state. Dew This is when water vapor in the air condenses directly onto a surface, usually seen in the morning. Earth The third planet from the sun. Evaporation This is another term for vaporization, the part of the water cycle in which water changes from a liquid to a gas. Water moves from bodies of water on Earth to water vapor in the atmosphere. Fog This is a low-lying cloud. This is a collection of liquid water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near the Earth's surface. Freezing This is the process of matter changing from the liquid to the solid state. Groundwater This is water stored in the spaces between rocks inside Earth that is found within a few miles of the Earth's surface. Hail This is pellets of frozen rain that fall in showers from cumulonimbus clouds. Heat The transfer of thermal energy between two bodies which are at different temperatures. The SI unit for this is the Joule. -
METAR/SPECI Reporting Changes for Snow Pellets (GS) and Hail (GR)
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION N JO 7900.11 NOTICE FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION Effective Date: Air Traffic Organization Policy September 1, 2018 Cancellation Date: September 1, 2019 SUBJ: METAR/SPECI Reporting Changes for Snow Pellets (GS) and Hail (GR) 1. Purpose of this Notice. This Notice coincides with a revision to the Federal Meteorological Handbook (FMH-1) that was effective on November 30, 2017. The Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research (OFCM) approved the changes to the reporting requirements of small hail and snow pellets in weather observations (METAR/SPECI) to assist commercial operators in deicing operations. 2. Audience. This order applies to all FAA and FAA-contract weather observers, Limited Aviation Weather Reporting Stations (LAWRS) personnel, and Non-Federal Observation (NF- OBS) Program personnel. 3. Where can I Find This Notice? This order is available on the FAA Web site at http://faa.gov/air_traffic/publications and http://employees.faa.gov/tools_resources/orders_notices/. 4. Cancellation. This notice will be cancelled with the publication of the next available change to FAA Order 7900.5D. 5. Procedures/Responsibilities/Action. This Notice amends the following paragraphs and tables in FAA Order 7900.5. Table 3-2: Remarks Section of Observation Remarks Section of Observation Element Paragraph Brief Description METAR SPECI Volcanic eruptions must be reported whenever first noted. Pre-eruption activity must not be reported. (Use Volcanic Eruptions 14.20 X X PIREPs to report pre-eruption activity.) Encode volcanic eruptions as described in Chapter 14. Distribution: Electronic 1 Initiated By: AJT-2 09/01/2018 N JO 7900.11 Remarks Section of Observation Element Paragraph Brief Description METAR SPECI Whenever tornadoes, funnel clouds, or waterspouts begin, are in progress, end, or disappear from sight, the event should be described directly after the "RMK" element. -
Print Key. (Pdf)
Weather Map Symbols Along the center, the cloud types are indicated. The top symbol is the high-level cloud type followed by the At the upper right is the In the upper left, the temperature mid-level cloud type. The lowest symbol represents low-level cloud over a number which tells the height of atmospheric pressure reduced to is plotted in Fahrenheit. In this the base of that cloud (in hundreds of feet) In this example, the high level cloud is Cirrus, the mid-level mean sea level in millibars (mb) A example, the temperature is 77°F. B C C to the nearest tenth with the cloud is Altocumulus and the low-level clouds is a cumulonimbus with a base height of 2000 feet. leading 9 or 10 omitted. In this case the pressure would be 999.8 mb. If the pressure was On the second row, the far-left Ci Dense Ci Ci 3 Dense Ci Cs below Cs above Overcast Cs not Cc plotted as 024 it would be 1002.4 number is the visibility in miles. In from Cb invading 45° 45°; not Cs ovcercast; not this example, the visibility is sky overcast increasing mb. When trying to determine D whether to add a 9 or 10 use the five miles. number that will give you a value closest to 1000 mb. 2 As Dense As Ac; semi- Ac Standing Ac invading Ac from Cu Ac with Ac Ac of The number at the lower left is the a/o Ns transparent Lenticularis sky As / Ns congestus chaotic sky Next to the visibility is the present dew point temperature. -
Chapter 12 the Synoptic Code
Amendment no i ~ October 1994 CHAPTER 12 THE SYNOPTIC CODE - DETAILED DESCRIPTION 12.1 GENERAL. Detailed coding instructions for each element of each group of the Synoptic code are given below. The instructions often include reference to entries on the Surface Weather Record Form 63—2322. In most cases, the observerwill findthat the preparation ofthe Synoptic message is simplifiedifthe appropriate entries forlines andcolumns I to 42aon Form 63—2322 are completedbefore preparing the coded fl message. Observers may find that Form63—9028, Tables forSynoptic Code, will assistthem in encoding the synoptic report. 12.1 .1 Complete instructions for recording the observed data on Form 63—2322 are given in Chapter 13. 12.2 SECTION 0 12.2.1 Group MIMIMJMJ This group is inserted by the commmunications computer in the message header foridentification of synoptic bulletinsand is encoded AAXX for synoptic reports from land stations. It is the first group of the second line of the message header. (M1M1M~M~ is encoded BBXX forsy- noptic reports from ship stations.) 12.2.2 Group YYGGIW This groupis insertedby the communicationscomputer as the second group of the second line of the message header of a synoptic bulletin originating from a land station. 12.2.2.1 YY — Day of the month (UTC). 12.2.2.2 GG — Hour of the observation (UTC). 12.2.2.3 i~ — Wind indicator, showing the units of wind speed and whether the wind speed is measured or estimated. The communications computer will insert the figure 4 fori~, atCanadian land stations. Observers on ships will have the o ption of specifying a3 or 4, depending on whether or not the ships are equipped with anemometers. -
CLOUDSCLOUDS and the Earth’S Radiant Energy System
Educational Product Educators Grades 5–8 Investigating the Climate System CLOUDSCLOUDS And the Earth’s Radiant Energy System PROBLEM-BASED CLASSROOM MODULES Responding to National Education Standards in: English Language Arts ◆ Geography ◆ Mathematics Science ◆ Social Studies Investigating the Climate System CLOUDSCLOUDS And the Earth’s Radiant Energy System Authored by: CONTENTS Sallie M. Smith, Howard B. Owens Science Center, Greenbelt, Maryland Scenario; Grade Levels; Time Required; Objectives; Prepared by: Disciplines Encompassed; Key Terms & Concepts; Stacey Rudolph, Senior Science Prerequisite Knowledge . 2 Education Specialist, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Student Weather Intern Training Activities . 4 (IGES), Arlington, Virginia Activity One; Activity Two. 4 John Theon, Former Program Activity Three. 5 Scientist for NASA TRMM Activity Four. 6 Editorial Assistance, Dan Stillman, Science Communications Specialist, Activity Five . 9 Institute for Global Environmental Activity Six . 11 Strategies (IGES), Arlington, Virginia Appendix A: Resources . 12 Graphic Design by: Susie Duckworth Graphic Design & Appendix B: Assessment Rubrics & Answer Keys. 13 Illustration, Falls Church, Virginia Funded by: Appendix C: National Education Standards. 18 NASA TRMM Grant #NAG5-9641 Give us your feedback: Appendix D: Problem-Based Learning . 20 To provide feedback on the modules online, go to: Appendix E: TRMM Introduction/Instruments . 22 https://ehb2.gsfc.nasa.gov/edcats/ educational_product Appendix F: Online Resources . 24 and click on “Investigating the Climate System.” Appendix G: Glossary . 29 NOTE: This module was developed as part of the series “Investigating the Climate System.”The series includes five modules: Clouds, Energy, Precipitation, Weather, and Winds. While these materials were developed under one series title, they were designed so that each module could be used independently. -
Metar Abbreviations Metar/Taf List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
METAR ABBREVIATIONS http://www.alaska.faa.gov/fai/afss/metar%20taf/metcont.htm METAR/TAF LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS $ maintenance check indicator - light intensity indicator that visual range data follows; separator between + heavy intensity / temperature and dew point data. ACFT ACC altocumulus castellanus aircraft mishap MSHP ACSL altocumulus standing lenticular cloud AO1 automated station without precipitation discriminator AO2 automated station with precipitation discriminator ALP airport location point APCH approach APRNT apparent APRX approximately ATCT airport traffic control tower AUTO fully automated report B began BC patches BKN broken BL blowing BR mist C center (with reference to runway designation) CA cloud-air lightning CB cumulonimbus cloud CBMAM cumulonimbus mammatus cloud CC cloud-cloud lightning CCSL cirrocumulus standing lenticular cloud cd candela CG cloud-ground lightning CHI cloud-height indicator CHINO sky condition at secondary location not available CIG ceiling CLR clear CONS continuous COR correction to a previously disseminated observation DOC Department of Commerce DOD Department of Defense DOT Department of Transportation DR low drifting DS duststorm DSIPTG dissipating DSNT distant DU widespread dust DVR dispatch visual range DZ drizzle E east, ended, estimated ceiling (SAO) FAA Federal Aviation Administration FC funnel cloud FEW few clouds FG fog FIBI filed but impracticable to transmit FIRST first observation after a break in coverage at manual station Federal Meteorological Handbook No.1, Surface