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November 8, 2011 810 Jamacha Road Ste. 206, El Cajon, California 92019-3206 tel: (619) 441-0144 fax: (619) 441-6421 Bree Property Cultural Resources Survey Affinis Job No. 2542 October 28, 2013 By Andrew Giletti and Mary Robbins-Wade Affinis was contracted to conduct a cultural resource survey of the Bree property located in the City of Oceanside. There were no archaeological or historic resources found at the time of the survey, and none were previously recorded. As addressed in this report, no cultural resources have been identified, so development of the project is not expected to have any adverse impacts to cultural resources. Ground visibility and modern human use, both past and present, hindered a full visual inspection throughout the project area, however. Although no resources were observed, the project is in an area known to be sensitive in terms of cultural resources. In addition, there is a potential for subsurface cultural resources, both historic and prehistoric, as addressed below. Based on this, an archaeological monitor and a Native American monitor should be on-site during grading and other ground-disturbing activities. This report details the methods and results of the current survey. Project Location and Description The 39-acre Bree property is located in the Morro Hills neighborhood of the City of Oceanside in northwestern San Diego County (Figure 1). The project is located a short distance north of State Route 76 (SR 76)/Mission Ave, north of North River Road, and at the terminus of both Wilshire Road and Stallion Drive, on the north side of the San Luis Rey River (Figures 2 and 3). The project is in Township 10 South, Range 4 West, Section 34 on the USGS 7.5’ Morro Hill quadrangle (Figure 2). The applicant proposes to develop a 27-unit residential subdivision on one-acre lots. The development would be accessed by the extension of Stallion Drive (Figure 4). Environmental Setting The Bree property lies approximately ½ mile north of the San Luis Rey River, and a little over a mile northwest of Guajome Lake. The project area consists of a 39-acre parcel with a small knoll in the central portion of the lot (Figures 2 and 3). The project area is in the coastal plains of northwestern San Diego County, where the climate is characterized as semiarid steppe. Average annual temperatures range from a January low of about 44o F to a July high of about 75o F, and annual rainfall averages around 10 inches (Griner and Pryde 1976). The project site is located approximately 10 miles east of the present day coastline of the Pacific Ocean. Geologically, the majority of the property is mapped as “tonalite undivided (Cretaceous)” which is mostly hornblende-biotite tonalite; with coarse-grained metavolcanics and light gray soils (Tan 2001). “Active alluvial flood plain deposits (late Holocene)” are mapped in the drainage along the eastern property boundary, and a very small area of “older alluvial flood plain deposits 1 (Pleistocene, younger than 500,000 years)” is mapped in the southwestern corner of the project (Tan 2001). Soils mapped for the project area and immediate vicinity include Bonsall sandy loam, Bosanko clay, and Fallbrook sandy loam. Native vegetation supported by these soil types is generally annual grasses and forbs, with scattered oaks and shrubs, as well as oak or broadleaf chaparral and intermittent areas of chamise (Bowman 1973). Some areas of coastal sage scrub vegetation and riparian habitat have been noted nearby; riparian woodland is found in the southeast corner of the project and just to the northwest of the property, along drainages (see Figure 2). These various vegetation communities would have provided plant resources used by Native peoples for food, medicine, tools, shelter, ceremonial and other uses (Bean and Shipek 1978; Christenson 1990; Hedges and Beresford 1986). A variety of mammals and birds also would have been available; shellfish and finfish would have been found at the coast, several miles away from the property. The knoll on which the residence is located has a variety of native and non-native trees along with introduced soft vegetation. There is a mixture of in-situ bedrock and other boulders that appear to have been placed there from another location. It is often the case with properties that have been utilized for agricultural purposes that in the process of clearing the ground large boulders would be moved to just outside the crop areas; this may be the case with the Bree property. The rest of the property has native and non-native grasses. Past aerial photographs show what appears to be a small agricultural grove in the north central portion of the property. There is a strong possibility that it was an olive grove as there were remnant trees in this same location at the time of the survey. Sometime between 1953 and 1964 the property began a chicken farming operation. The 1953 aerial photograph does not show any evidence of this but the 1964 aerial photograph does indicate a substantial portion of the property holding several large chicken coops. Culture History The Late Prehistoric period is represented archaeologically by the San Luis Rey complex in the northern portion of San Diego County. The San Luis Rey complex represents the predecessors of the ethnohistoric Luiseño. The name Luiseño derives from Mission San Luis Rey de Francia and has been used to refer to the people associated with that mission. Agua Hedionda Creek is often described as the division between the territories of the Luiseño and the Kumeyaay people to the south (Bean and Shipek 1978; White 1963), although various historic and ethnographic sources present somewhat varying maps and descriptions of traditional territories and use areas. The current project area is within the ethnographic territory of the Luiseño people. The project area is adjacent to the historic Rancho Guajome land grant (Figure 2) and about 3.5 miles northeast of Mission San Luis Rey. The first non-Indians to see the area were probably the members of Portolá's expedition from San Diego to the north in 1769. Father Juan Crespi gave the name San Juan Capistrano to the area. This name was later to become the name of a mission founded in 1776 in what is today Orange County (Pourade 1961). 2 Sparkman (1908) lists Keish as the name his Luiseño informants gave for San Luis Rey. Kelsey indicated that the Luiseño name for the village in the area of Mission San Luis was Tacayme, “although Pablo Tac recalls that the people called the area Quechla, the Indian name for the stone found there” (Kelsey 1990:26). Hudson (1964) noted that Keish, Qee’sh, and Quechla are all orthographic variants of the same village or place name (Franklin and Carrico 1978:19). The rancherias at San Luis Rey became integral parts of the Mission, supplying laborers as well as converts (Carrico 1977; Hewes and Hewes 1958). Kroeber (1970: Plate 57) noted several villages along the San Luis Rey River, in addition to Keish, including one at the coast (Wiawio), two a short distance east of San Luis Rey (Wiasamai and Wahaumai), and two between this area and Pala (Kwalam and Tomkav). Kroeber (1970:Plate 57) also shows a village called Ikaimai (Carrico 1977 calls it Ikalmal) at San Luis Rey. Kroeber (1970:Plate 57) shows Wahaumai at a bend in the river approximately where Guajome Rancho is located. The Luiseño community recognizes this area as an important village site. In comments regarding another project, Pechanga Cultural Resources indicated that the Luiseño place name for Guajome is Siipaw. Siipaw is a topographic marker and identifies the only soft water springs for the area, which attracted and provided resources for the Luiseño people. As a result, this became a well-utilized gathering place. Two Luiseño consultants working with ethnographer John P. Harrington in the early 1930s provided the name and location of this place. According to Harrington, Guajome means "place of the frogs," referencing the abundance of available water; he further talks about the rich resources of the immediate area in his notes [Pechanga Cultural Resources. RE: Request for Cultural Information for the Vista Ridge Apartments, Affinis Environmental Services. (Job No. #2515), letter dated November 5, 2012]. When it came time to establish a mission between San Diego and San Juan Capistrano, the site on the San Luis Rey River was chosen, and a mission was established there on June 13, 1798 (Englehardt 1921:8). Father Antonio Peyri was founder of the mission and guided its construction. The site selected for the mission had been a thriving Indian community, and continued to be so during the mission period. The mission was a self-supporting agricultural community whose economy was based on cattle raising and growing of crops. A large population was supported at the mission and in the surrounding Indian villages. Livestock raised by the inhabitants of the mission included cattle, sheep, horses, and mules; crops included wheat, barley, and corn (Englehardt 1921:16). Grazing and farming were carried out in the vicinity of the mission proper, but ranchos in outlying areas were a critical part of the mission's system of production. Mission ranchos included Pala, Temecula, Santa Margarita, San Jacinto, San Marcos, and Las Flores (Englehardt 1921:98-100). Following Mexican independence in 1821, large tracts of land were claimed as private ranchos in California. This included land that the missions used for grazing, and ultimately the mission ranchos themselves. In 1833, the Mexican government secularized the missions in California. This resulted in the confiscation of mission lands and the delivery of the missions to the hands of secular administrators. 3 In 1845 Governor Pio Pico granted a property consisting of about 2,200 acres to former neophytes of the Mission San Luis Rey, identified as Andres and Jose Manuel.
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