810 Jamacha Road Ste. 206, El Cajon, California 92019-3206 tel: (619) 441-0144 fax: (619) 441-6421

Bree Property Cultural Resources Survey Affinis Job No. 2542 October 28, 2013 By Andrew Giletti and Mary Robbins-Wade

Affinis was contracted to conduct a cultural resource survey of the Bree property located in the City of Oceanside. There were no archaeological or historic resources found at the time of the survey, and none were previously recorded. As addressed in this report, no cultural resources have been identified, so development of the project is not expected to have any adverse impacts to cultural resources. Ground visibility and modern human use, both past and present, hindered a full visual inspection throughout the project area, however. Although no resources were observed, the project is in an area known to be sensitive in terms of cultural resources. In addition, there is a potential for subsurface cultural resources, both historic and prehistoric, as addressed below. Based on this, an archaeological monitor and a Native American monitor should be on-site during grading and other ground-disturbing activities. This report details the methods and results of the current survey.

Project Location and Description

The 39-acre Bree property is located in the Morro Hills neighborhood of the City of Oceanside in northwestern County (Figure 1). The project is located a short distance north of State Route 76 (SR 76)/Mission Ave, north of North River Road, and at the terminus of both Wilshire Road and Stallion Drive, on the north side of the (Figures 2 and 3). The project is in Township 10 South, Range 4 West, Section 34 on the USGS 7.5’ Morro Hill quadrangle (Figure 2).

The applicant proposes to develop a 27-unit residential subdivision on one-acre lots. The development would be accessed by the extension of Stallion Drive (Figure 4).

Environmental Setting

The Bree property lies approximately ½ mile north of the San Luis Rey River, and a little over a mile northwest of Guajome Lake. The project area consists of a 39-acre parcel with a small knoll in the central portion of the lot (Figures 2 and 3). The project area is in the coastal plains of northwestern San Diego County, where the climate is characterized as semiarid steppe. Average annual temperatures range from a January low of about 44o F to a July high of about 75o F, and annual rainfall averages around 10 inches (Griner and Pryde 1976). The project site is located approximately 10 miles east of the present day coastline of the Pacific Ocean.

Geologically, the majority of the property is mapped as “tonalite undivided (Cretaceous)” which is mostly hornblende-biotite tonalite; with coarse-grained metavolcanics and light gray soils (Tan 2001). “Active alluvial flood plain deposits (late Holocene)” are mapped in the drainage along the eastern property boundary, and a very small area of “older alluvial flood plain deposits

1 (Pleistocene, younger than 500,000 years)” is mapped in the southwestern corner of the project (Tan 2001).

Soils mapped for the project area and immediate vicinity include Bonsall sandy loam, Bosanko clay, and Fallbrook sandy loam. Native vegetation supported by these soil types is generally annual grasses and forbs, with scattered oaks and shrubs, as well as oak or broadleaf chaparral and intermittent areas of chamise (Bowman 1973). Some areas of coastal sage scrub vegetation and riparian habitat have been noted nearby; riparian woodland is found in the southeast corner of the project and just to the northwest of the property, along drainages (see Figure 2). These various vegetation communities would have provided plant resources used by Native peoples for food, medicine, tools, shelter, ceremonial and other uses (Bean and Shipek 1978; Christenson 1990; Hedges and Beresford 1986). A variety of mammals and birds also would have been available; shellfish and finfish would have been found at the coast, several miles away from the property.

The knoll on which the residence is located has a variety of native and non-native trees along with introduced soft vegetation. There is a mixture of in-situ bedrock and other boulders that appear to have been placed there from another location. It is often the case with properties that have been utilized for agricultural purposes that in the process of clearing the ground large boulders would be moved to just outside the crop areas; this may be the case with the Bree property. The rest of the property has native and non-native grasses.

Past aerial photographs show what appears to be a small agricultural grove in the north central portion of the property. There is a strong possibility that it was an olive grove as there were remnant trees in this same location at the time of the survey. Sometime between 1953 and 1964 the property began a chicken farming operation. The 1953 aerial photograph does not show any evidence of this but the 1964 aerial photograph does indicate a substantial portion of the property holding several large chicken coops.

Culture History

The Late Prehistoric period is represented archaeologically by the San Luis Rey complex in the northern portion of San Diego County. The San Luis Rey complex represents the predecessors of the ethnohistoric Luiseño. The name Luiseño derives from Mission San Luis Rey de Francia and has been used to refer to the people associated with that mission. Agua Hedionda Creek is often described as the division between the territories of the Luiseño and the Kumeyaay people to the south (Bean and Shipek 1978; White 1963), although various historic and ethnographic sources present somewhat varying maps and descriptions of traditional territories and use areas. The current project area is within the ethnographic territory of the Luiseño people.

The project area is adjacent to the historic Rancho Guajome land grant (Figure 2) and about 3.5 miles northeast of Mission San Luis Rey. The first non-Indians to see the area were probably the members of Portolá's expedition from San Diego to the north in 1769. Father Juan Crespi gave the name San Juan Capistrano to the area. This name was later to become the name of a mission founded in 1776 in what is today Orange County (Pourade 1961).

2 Sparkman (1908) lists Keish as the name his Luiseño informants gave for San Luis Rey. Kelsey indicated that the Luiseño name for the village in the area of Mission San Luis was Tacayme, “although Pablo Tac recalls that the people called the area Quechla, the Indian name for the stone found there” (Kelsey 1990:26). Hudson (1964) noted that Keish, Qee’sh, and Quechla are all orthographic variants of the same village or place name (Franklin and Carrico 1978:19). The rancherias at San Luis Rey became integral parts of the Mission, supplying laborers as well as converts (Carrico 1977; Hewes and Hewes 1958). Kroeber (1970: Plate 57) noted several villages along the San Luis Rey River, in addition to Keish, including one at the coast (Wiawio), two a short distance east of San Luis Rey (Wiasamai and Wahaumai), and two between this area and Pala (Kwalam and Tomkav). Kroeber (1970:Plate 57) also shows a village called Ikaimai (Carrico 1977 calls it Ikalmal) at San Luis Rey. Kroeber (1970:Plate 57) shows Wahaumai at a bend in the river approximately where Guajome Rancho is located. The Luiseño community recognizes this area as an important village site. In comments regarding another project, Pechanga Cultural Resources indicated that the Luiseño place name for Guajome is Siipaw.

Siipaw is a topographic marker and identifies the only soft water springs for the area, which attracted and provided resources for the Luiseño people. As a result, this became a well-utilized gathering place. Two Luiseño consultants working with ethnographer John P. Harrington in the early 1930s provided the name and location of this place. According to Harrington, Guajome means "place of the frogs," referencing the abundance of available water; he further talks about the rich resources of the immediate area in his notes [Pechanga Cultural Resources. RE: Request for Cultural Information for the Vista Ridge Apartments, Affinis Environmental Services. (Job No. #2515), letter dated November 5, 2012].

When it came time to establish a mission between San Diego and San Juan Capistrano, the site on the San Luis Rey River was chosen, and a mission was established there on June 13, 1798 (Englehardt 1921:8). Father Antonio Peyri was founder of the mission and guided its construction. The site selected for the mission had been a thriving Indian community, and continued to be so during the mission period.

The mission was a self-supporting agricultural community whose economy was based on cattle raising and growing of crops. A large population was supported at the mission and in the surrounding Indian villages. Livestock raised by the inhabitants of the mission included cattle, sheep, horses, and mules; crops included wheat, barley, and corn (Englehardt 1921:16). Grazing and farming were carried out in the vicinity of the mission proper, but ranchos in outlying areas were a critical part of the mission's system of production. Mission ranchos included Pala, Temecula, Santa Margarita, San Jacinto, San Marcos, and Las Flores (Englehardt 1921:98-100).

Following Mexican independence in 1821, large tracts of land were claimed as private ranchos in California. This included land that the missions used for grazing, and ultimately the mission ranchos themselves. In 1833, the Mexican government secularized the missions in California. This resulted in the confiscation of mission lands and the delivery of the missions to the hands of secular administrators.

3 In 1845 Governor Pio Pico granted a property consisting of about 2,200 acres to former neophytes of the Mission San Luis Rey, identified as Andres and Jose Manuel. The land was apparently sold to American businessman and money-lender Abel Stearns of Los Angeles for $550.00 in 1852. In turn, in 1858 Stearns gave the property to his sister-in-law Ysidora Bandini as a wedding gift on the occasion of her marriage to Colonel Cave Johnson Couts. The property became known as the Guajome Rancho, and the majority of this land remained in the Couts family until 1943. Using roof tiles and other building materials taken from the Mission, Couts created a classic 20-room Spanish-style “u”-shaped hacienda, complete with a large central patio and fountain. Numerous sheds, corrals, orchards, and outbuildings sprawled over the rancho. In its early days, the Guajome Rancho frame and adobe ranch house was a favorite overnight stopover for travelers between San Diego and Los Angeles.

The San Luis Rey Valley and Guajome area are ideal locations for farming and ranching. The general area has supported agricultural uses since the nineteenth century.

Methods and Results

An archaeological record search was obtained from the South Coastal Information Center for the project area and a one-mile radius. Numerous archaeological studies have been conducted within one mile of the project, for a variety of projects, including the development of SR-76, south of the project area. Twenty-three archaeological sites have been recorded within one mile of the project, none within or adjacent to it. Sites recorded within a mile include eight milling stations, a habitation site, four sites noted as camps or workshops associated with the habitation site (some of them are also milling stations), five sites noted as scatters of artifacts, a deposit of historic debris, a complex of historic buildings and structures (a farm complex), and a site recorded as a historic pictograph in white paint. The sites closest to the project include a milling station with three bedrock milling features to the west of the property, a scatter of over 30 flakes and a metate fragment to the south, near the river, and a milling station consists of six boulders with a total of 11 slicks, located to the east of the property.

The Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) was contacted for a Sacred Lands File search and a list of contacts. The NAHC indicated that there are no Native American traditional cultural places listed within the project, but there are Native American cultural resources in close proximity to the project. The tribal contacts identified by the NAHC were contacted regarding the project. To date the only written response has been from the Pala Tribal Historic Preservation Office. That letter indicated that the project is within the boundaries of the territory that the tribe considers its Traditional Use Area (TUA). The letter went on to say, “Further, we may recommend archaeological monitoring pending the results of site surveys and records searches associated with the project.” The San Luis Rey River and Guajome area are both of cultural significance to the Luiseño people.

Andrew Giletti of Affinis and PJ Stoneburner of Saving Sacred Sites (Native American monitor) conducted the pedestrian survey of the project area on August 7, 2013. The property surrounding the residence and its associated outbuildings was relatively clear of modern debris save the only chicken coop still on the grounds. Ground visibility was poor to fair. Those areas devoid of vegetation were carefully inspected for cultural remains. The property was surveyed using

4 parallel transects at 10 m intervals. No archaeological resources were observed during the survey.

Several buildings on the property appear to be at least 50 years old, so a historic structures report was done; it is appended to this report. None of the buildings on the property are historically or architecturally significant.

Historic maps and aerial photographs were reviewed to assess the potential for encountering historic archaeological material. The 1901 USGS San Luis Rey topographic map (1:125,000 scale) shows three buildings in the southern portion of the current project area. This map is based on surveys done in 1891 and 1898. The eastern and northern project boundaries are easy to discern, because the northern boundary follows the half-section line and a portion of the eastern property boundary is the western boundary of the Guajome Rancho land grant (see Figure 2). Wilshire Road as it comes off North River Road and the private road (El Miro) that enters the property from Wilshire Road when Wilshire turns north follow the northern boundary of the Guajome Rancho (Figure 2). No buildings are shown on the property on later maps until the 1960s (7.5’ USGS Morro Hill quadrangles from 1948, 1949, and 1968). The 1948 and 1949 USGS maps were based on aerial photography from 1946; these maps were revised in 1968 using aerial photography from 1967.

There are no buildings on the property on the tax factor aerial photographs taken in 1928. Trees are apparent on the knoll, and an apparent olive grove is located in the north- central portion of the property, but no buildings are discernible. Aerial photographs from 1938 and 1946 look very similar to the 1928 situation, with no buildings visible on the property (historicaerials.com). By 1953 the olive grove is gone, and there are a number of dirt roads on the property, possibly separating planting areas. No house is yet present on the knoll top in the 1953 aerial photograph (historicaerials.com). As previously noted, by 1964 there were numerous chicken coops and other buildings on the property, as well as a house on the knoll (historicaerials.com; see also the USGS map, Figure 2). Aerial photographs from the 1980s continue to show a number of outbuildings; by 2003, these are gone with the exception of one large coop or shed and a number of dwellings (historicarieals.com; also see Figure 3).

Conclusions

No cultural resources have been identified within the project area. Therefore, no impacts to cultural resources are anticipated. However, there are numerous archaeological sites recorded in the vicinity, and the area is of cultural importance to the Luiseño people. In addition, there is a potential for encountering historic archaeological material in a subsurface context, given the presence of buildings in the area at the turn of the twentieth century. There is also a potential for encountering prehistoric or ethnohistoric cultural resources, especially given the poor visibility during the current survey. Based on this, an archaeologist and a Native American (Luiseño) monitor should be present to observe ground disturbing activities, including brushing/grubbing, grading, excavation, and trenching. If cultural resources are encountered, the monitors shall have the authority to temporarily halt or redirect ground-disturbing activity while the resources are documented and assessed. If significant cultural resources are encountered, appropriate mitigation measures would be developed and implemented.

5 References

Bean, Lowell John, and Florence C. Shipek 1978 Luiseño. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 550-563. The Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 8. William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Bowman, Roy H. 1973 Soil Survey, San Diego Area, California, Part I. United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD.

Carrico, Richard L. 1977 Portolá's 1769 Expedition and Coastal Native Villages of San Diego County. The Journal of California Anthropology 4(1):30-41.

Christenson, Lynne E. 1990 The Late Prehistoric Yuman People of San Diego County, California: Their Settlement and Subsistence System. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.

Englehardt, Zephyrin 1921 San Luis Rey Mission. James H. Barry, San Francisco.

Franklin, Randy L., and Richard L. Carrico 1978 A Preliminary Archaeological Reconnaissance for a Proposed Flood Control Project in the Lower San Luis Rey Drainage. Westec Services, San Diego. Report submitted to Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District. Report on file at South Coastal Information Center, San Diego State University.

Griner, E. Lee, and Philip R. Pryde 1976 Climate, Soils, and Vegetation. In San Diego: An Introduction to the Region, edited by Philip R. Pryde, pp. 29-46. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa.

Hedges, Ken, and Christina Beresford 1986 Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany. San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes No. 20.

Hewes, Minna, and Gordon Hewes 1958 Indian Life and Customs at Mission San Luis Rey: A Record of California Mission Life by Pablo Tac. Old Mission, San Luis Rey, California.

Hudson, Tom 1964 Three Paths Along a River: the Heritage of the Valley of the San Luis Rey. Southwest Publishers, Palm Desert, CA.

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Kelsey, Harry 1990 Mission San Luis Rey: A Brief History. Volume 2, Archaeological and Historical Investigations at Mission San Luis Rey, California, CA-SDi-241, Sectors A & B, by Nicholas M. Magalousis and Harry Kelsey. Old Mission, San Luis Rey, California.

Kroeber, A.L. 1976 Handbook of California Indians. Dover, New York. Originally published 1925 as Bulletin 78 of the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution.

Pourade, Richard F. 1961 The : Time of the Bells. Union-Tribune, San Diego.

Sparkman, Philip Stedman 1908 The Culture of the Luiseño Indians. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234.

Tan, Siang S. 2001 Geologic Map of the Morro Hill 7.5’ Quadrangle. San Diego County, California: A Digital Database. Version 1.0. Digital Database by Kelly Corriea. California Department of Conservation, California Geological Survey.

White, Raymond C. 1963 Luiseño Social Organization. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 48(2):91-194.

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