Alta Vista Drive Project (PC2-125)

Cultural Resources Study

November 2018 | TWG-01

Submitted to:

City of Vista Community Development Dept. Mary Robbins-Wade 200 Civic Center Drive Director of Cultural Resources Vista, CA 92084-6275

Prepared for:

Henderson Land Company, LLC 12526 High Bluff Drive, Suite 300 Del Mar, CA 92130

Prepared by:

HELIX Environmental Planning, Inc. 7578 El Cajon Boulevard La Mesa, CA 91942

Alta Vista Drive Project (PC2-125)

Cultural Resources Study

Submitted to:

City of Vista Community Development Department 200 Civic Center Drive Vista, CA 92084-6275

Prepared for:

Henderson Land Company, LLC 12526 High Bluff Drive, Suite 300 Del Mar, CA 92130

Prepared by:

HELIX Environmental Planning, Inc. 7578 El Cajon Boulevard La Mesa, CA 91942

November 2018 | TWG-01

National Archaeological Database Information

Authors: Mary Robbins-Wade M.A, RPA and Dominique Diaz de Leon, B.A.

Firm: HELIX Environmental Planning, Inc.

Client/Project: Henderson Land Company, LLC / Alta Vista Drive Project (PC2-125)

Report Date: November 2018

Report Title: Cultural Resources Study for the Alta Vista Drive Project, City of Vista, California

Submitted to: City of Vista, Community Development Department, 200 Civic Center Drive, Vista, CA 92084-6275

Type of Study: Cultural Resources Survey

New Sites: None

Updated Sites: None

USGS Quad: San Marcos 7.5-minute Quadrangle

Acreage: Approximately 3.18 acres

Key Words: City of Vista, San Diego County; Alta Vista Drive; Rancho Buena Vista; negative archaeological survey; Township 11 South, Range 3 West, Sections 29 and 30

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... ES-1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Project Location ...... 1 1.2 Project Description ...... 1 1.3 Regulatory Framework ...... 1 1.3.1 National Historic Preservation Act ...... 1 1.3.2 California Environmental Quality Act ...... 2 1.3.3 City of Vista General Plan ...... 2 1.3.4 Native American Heritage Values ...... 3 1.4 Project Personnel ...... 3 2.0 PROJECT SETTING ...... 4 2.1 Natural Setting ...... 4 2.2 Cultural Setting ...... 4 2.2.1 Prehistoric Period ...... 4 2.2.2 Ethnohistory ...... 5 2.2.3 Historical Background ...... 6 2.2.4 Project Vicinity ...... 7 3.0 STUDY METHODS ...... 8 4.0 STUDY RESULTS ...... 8 4.1 Records Search ...... 8 4.2 Archival Research ...... 12 4.3 Sacred Lands File Search ...... 13 4.4 Field Survey ...... 13 5.0 IMPACTS AND SIGNIFICANCE ...... 14 6.0 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 14 7.0 REFERENCES ...... 16

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)

LIST OF APPENDICES

A Resumes B Records Search Results (Confidential, bound separately) C Native American Correspondence (Confidential, bound separately)

LIST OF FIGURES

No. Title Follows Page

1 Regional Location ...... 2 2 USGS Topography ...... 2 3 Aerial Photograph ...... 2

LIST OF TABLES

No. Title Page

1 Previous Studies Within One Mile of the Project Area ...... 9 2 Previously Recorded Resources Within One Mile of the Project Area ...... 11

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AMSL above mean sea level APN Assessor’s Parcel Number

CCR California Code of Regulations CEQA California Environmental Quality Act CRHR California Register of Historical Resources

GLO General Land Office

HELIX Helix Environmental Planning, Inc.

NAHC Native American Heritage Commission NHPA National Historic Preservation Act NRHP National Register of Historic Places

OHP Office of Historic Preservation

SCIC South Coastal Information Center SLF Sacred Lands File SLR San Luis Rey

TCP Traditional Cultural Properties TCR Tribal Cultural Resources

USGS U.S. Geological Survey

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iv Alta Vista Drive Project | November 2018

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

HELIX Environmental Planning, Inc. (HELIX) was contracted by Henderson Land Company, LLC to provide cultural resources services for the Alta Vista Project (PC2-125; project) in the City of Vista (City), San Diego County, California. The project is a proposed residential development within an approximately 3.18-acre parcel (Assessor’s Parcel Number [APN] 180-290-17). A cultural resources study including a records search update, Sacred Lands File search, a review of historic aerial photographs and maps, and a pedestrian survey was conducted for the project site. This report details the methods and results of the cultural resources study and has been prepared to comply with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), and the guidelines of the City.

A records search was conducted at the South Coastal Information Center (SCIC) on September 24, 2018 and indicated that 33 cultural resources studies have been conducted, and 14 cultural resources have been recorded, within one mile of the project area. Two resources (CA-SDI-646 and CA-SDI-647) were recorded as prehistoric campsites. The other resources recorded within one mile of the project site include historic buildings and structures, as well one historic archaeological site and one historic park. No cultural resources have been documented within or adjacent to the project site.

The field investigations included intensive pedestrian survey of the study area by a HELIX archaeologist and a Native American monitor from Saving Sacred Sites (San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians/Luiseño) on October 16, 2018. The survey did not result in the identification of any cultural material within the project area. As such, no impacts to cultural resources are anticipated; however, there is possibility of both subsurface prehistoric and historic artifacts due to the sensitivity of the general area. Based on this, it is recommended that an archaeological and Native American monitoring program be implemented for ground-disturbing activities.

ES-1 Alta Vista Drive Project | November 2018

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ES-2 Alta Vista Drive Project | November 2018

1.0 INTRODUCTION

HELIX Environmental Planning, Inc. (HELIX) was contracted to conduct a cultural resources survey for the proposed Alta Vista Project (PC2-125; project) located in the City of Vista (City) and to assess whether the project would have any effects on cultural resources. This report details the methods and results of the cultural resources study, which included a records search, Sacred Lands File (SLF) search, a review of historic maps and aerial photographs, and a field survey.

1.1 PROJECT LOCATION

The project is located in the southern portion of the City, approximately one mile north of State Route (SR) 78, in northwestern San Diego County (Figure 1, Regional Location). The project is situated in Township (T) 11 South (S), Range (R) 3 West (W), Sections 29 and 30, on the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-minute San Marcos topographic quadrangle (Figure 2, USGS Topography). The approximately 3.18-acre project site, Assessor’s Parcel Number (APN) 180-290-17, is on the south side of Alta Vista Drive, east of Alta Calle, and north of Santa Fe Avenue (Figure 3, Aerial Photograph).

1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The proposed project would consist of subdivision of the parcel and the construction of nine single- family residential lots on a cul-de-sac street.

1.3 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

Cultural resources are defined as buildings, sites, structures, or objects, each of which may have historical, architectural, archaeological, cultural, and/or scientific importance. Significant resources are those resources which have been found eligible to the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) or the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), as addressed below.

1.3.1 National Historic Preservation Act

Federal regulations that would be applicable to the project if there is a federal nexus (e.g., permits from a federal agency) consist of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and its implementing regulations (16 United States Code 470 et seq., 36 CFR Part 800). Section 106 of the NHPA requires Federal agencies to take into account the effects of their undertakings on “historic properties”, that is, properties (either historic or archaeological) that are eligible for the NRHP. To be eligible for the NRHP, a historic property must be significant at the local, state, or national level under one or more of the following four criteria:

A. associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history;

B. associated with the lives of persons significant in our past;

C. embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; and/or

1 Alta Vista Drive Project | November 2018

D. has yielded or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.

1.3.2 California Environmental Quality Act

The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines (§15064.5) address determining the significance of impacts to archaeological and historic resources. Cultural resources are defined as buildings, sites, structures, or objects, each of which may have historical, architectural, archaeological, cultural, and/or scientific importance (Office of Historic Preservation [OHP] 1995). Significant resources are designated as “historical resources,” and are defined per Public Resources Code 21084.1 and CEQA Guidelines, California Code of Regulations (CCR) Title 14 Section 15064.5 as follows:

• resource(s) listed or eligible for listing in the CRHR (14 CCR Section 15064.5[a][1])

• resource(s) either listed in the NRHP or in a “local register of historical resources” unless “the preponderance of evidence demonstrates that it is not historically or culturally significant” (14 CCR Section 15064.5[a][2])

• resources identified as significant in a historical resource survey meeting the requirements of Section 5024.1(g) of the Public Resources Code (14 CCR Section 15065.5[a][2])

For listing in the CRHR, a historical resource must be significant at the local, state, or national level under one or more of the following four criteria:

1. It is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of local or regional history, or the cultural heritage of California or the United States;

2. It is associated with the lives of persons important to local, California, or national history;

3. It embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of a master or possesses high artistic values;

4. It has yielded or has the potential to yield information important to the prehistory or history of the local area, California, or the nation.

Under 14 CCR Section 15064.5(a)(3), the final category of “historical resources” may be determined at the discretion of the lead agency.

All resources nominated for listing in the NRHP or the CRHR must have integrity, which is the authenticity of a historical resource’s physical identity evidenced by the survival of characteristics that existed during the resource’s period of significance. Resources, therefore, must retain enough of their historic character or appearance to be recognizable as historical resources and to convey the reasons for their significance. Integrity is evaluated with regard to the retention of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. A resource must also be judged with reference to the particular criteria under which it is proposed for nomination.

1.3.3 City of Vista General Plan

The Resource Conservation and Sustainability (RCS) Element of the Vista General Plan 2030 includes the following goals related to cultural resources:

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Alta Vista Drive Project | November 2018

• RCS Goal 11: Continue to preserve and protect places, buildings, and objects that embody the City's social, cultural, commercial, architectural, and agricultural history.

• RCS Goal 12: Acknowledge, preserve, and protect the City’s Native American Heritage.

Sub-items under Goal 12 mandate coordination with the State Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) and the San Luis Rey Band of Luiseño Mission Indians.

1.3.4 Native American Heritage Values

Federal and state laws mandate that consideration be given to the concerns of contemporary Native Americans with regard to potentially ancestral human remains, associated funerary objects, and items of cultural patrimony. Consequently, an important element in assessing the significance of the study site has been to evaluate the likelihood that these classes of items are present in areas that would be affected by the proposed project.

Potentially relevant to prehistoric archaeological sites is the category termed Traditional Cultural Properties (TCPs) in discussions of cultural resource management performed under federal auspices. “Traditional” in this context refers to those beliefs, customs, and practices of a living community of people that have been passed down through the generations, usually orally or through practice. The traditional cultural significance of a historic property, then, is significance derived from the role the property plays in a community's historically rooted beliefs, customs, and practices (Parker and King 1998). Under the guidance of the City’s General Plan, cultural resources can include TCPs, such as gathering areas, landmarks, and ethnographic locations in addition to archaeological districts. Generally, a TCP may consist of a single site, or group of associated archaeological sites (district or traditional cultural landscape), or an area of cultural/ ethnographic importance.

In addition to the historical resources described above, per Section 21084.2 of the Public Resources Code, the City must take into account the proposed project’s impacts on Tribal Cultural Resources (TCRs), separately defined in Section 21074 of the Public Resources Code. As a general concept, a TCR is similar to the federally defined TCP; however, it incorporates consideration of local and state significance and required mitigation under CEQA. To determine whether the proposed project may have an impact on tribal cultural resources, the City is conducting government-to-government consultation with California Native American tribes that have requested such consultation per Section 21080.3.1 of the Public Resources Code. Results of this consultation will be documented separately by the City as part of the CEQA process.

1.4 PROJECT PERSONNEL

Mary Robbins-Wade, M.A, RPA served as principal investigator and is the primary author of this technical report. Dominique Diaz de Leon, B.A. served as a report contributor. HELIX archaeologist Julie Roy conducted the pedestrian survey, along with Native American monitor Banning Taylor from Saving Sacred Sites. Resumes of key HELIX personnel are included as Appendix A.

3 Alta Vista Drive Project | November 2018

2.0 PROJECT SETTING

2.1 NATURAL SETTING

The project site is located in the Buena Vista area, situated to the west of the San Marcos Mountains and Buena Vista Creek and north of Agua Hedionda Creek. The elevation of the project area ranges from approximately 460 to 540 feet above mean sea level (AMSL).

Geologically, the project area is underlain by Tonalite, undivided dating to the mid-Cretaceous, described as a massive, coarse-grained, light-gray hornblende-biotite tonalite and is an unnamed Cretaceous rock of the Peninsular Ranges Batholith. (Kennedy and Tan 2007). Two soil types are mapped within the project area: Fallbrook sandy loam, 9 to 15 percent slopes, and Fallbrook sandy loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes (Web Soil Survey n.d.). The Fallbrook series consists of well-drained, moderately deep to deep sandy loams that formed in material weathered in place from granodiorite and supports a vegetation of mostly annual grasses, oak or broadleaf chaparral, and intermittent areas of chamise (Bowman 1973:46). These vegetation communities would have provided a number of plant species known to have been used by the Luiseño people for food, medicine, tools, shelter, ceremonial and other uses (Bean and Shipek 1978; Sparkman 1908). Many of the animal species found in these communities would have been used by native populations as well. Prehistorically, the nearby Buena Vista Creek and other intermittent streams would have provided an excellent seasonal water source for local Native American populations.

2.2 CULTURAL SETTING

2.2.1 Prehistoric Period

The earliest well-documented sites in the San Diego area belong to the San Dieguito Tradition, dating to over 9,000 years ago (Warren 1967; Warren et al. 1998). The San Dieguito Tradition is thought by most researchers to have an emphasis on big game hunting and coastal resources (Warren 1967). Diagnostic material culture associated with the San Dieguito complex includes scrapers, scraper planes, choppers, large blades, and large projectile points (Rogers 1939; Warren 1967). In the southern coastal region, the traditional view of San Diego prehistory has the San Dieguito Tradition followed by the Archaic Period, dating from circa 8600 Before Present (BP) to circa 1300 BP (Warren et al. 1998).

A large number of archaeological site assemblages dating to this period have been identified at a range of coastal and inland sites. These assemblages, designated as the La Jolla/Pauma complexes, are considered part of Warren’s (1968) “Encinitas tradition” and Wallace’s (1955) “Early Milling Stone Horizon.” The Encinitas tradition is generally “recognized by millingstone assemblages in shell middens, often near sloughs and lagoons” (Moratto 1984:147) and brings a shift toward a more generalized economy and an increased emphasis on seed resources, small game, and shellfish. The local cultural manifestations of the Archaic period are called the La Jollan complex along the coast and the Pauma complex inland. Pauma complex sites lack the shell that dominates many La Jollan complex site assemblages. Sites dating to the Archaic Period are numerous along the coast, near-coastal valleys, and around estuaries. In the inland areas of San Diego County, sites associated with the Archaic Period are less common relative to the Late Prehistoric complexes that succeed them (Cooley and Barrie 2004; Laylander and Christenson 1988; Raven-Jennings and Smith 1999; True 1970). The La Jolla complex tool assemblage is dominated by rough cobble tools, especially choppers and scrapers (Moriarty 1966). The

4 Alta Vista Drive Project | November 2018

La Jolla complex tool assemblage also includes manos and metates, terrestrial and marine mammal remains, flexed burials, doughnut stones, discoidals, stone balls, plummets, biface points, beads, and bone tools (True 1958, 1980).

While there has been considerable debate about whether San Dieguito and La Jollan patterns might represent the same people using different environments and subsistence techniques, or whether they are separate cultural patterns (e.g., Bull 1983; Ezell 1987; Gallegos 1987; Warren et al. 1998), abrupt shifts in subsistence and new tool technologies occur at the onset of the Late Prehistoric Period (1500 BP to AD 1769). The Late Prehistoric period is characterized by higher population densities and intensification of social, political, and technological systems. The Late Prehistoric period is represented by the San Luis Rey (SLR) complex in the northern portion of San Diego County and the Cuyamaca complex in the southern portion.

The SLR complex is divided into two phases: SLR I and SLR II. Elements of the SLR complex include small, triangular, pressure-flaked projectile points (generally Cottonwood series, but Desert Side-notched series also occurs); milling implements: mortars and pestles, manos and metates, and bedrock milling features; bone awls; Olivella shell beads; other stone and shell ornaments; and cremations (Meighan 1954; Moratto 1984; True et al. 1974). The later SLR II complex also includes several elements not found in the SLR I complex: "pottery vessels, cremation urns, red and black pictographs, and such nonaboriginal items as metal knives and glass beads” (Meighan 1954:223).

SLR I was originally thought to date from AD 1400 to AD 1750, with SLR II dating between AD 1750 and AD 1850 (Meighan 1954). However, that division was based on the assumption that the Luiseño did not practice pottery manufacture until just prior to the arrival of the Spanish. The chronology has since been revised due to evidence that pottery may have been introduced to the Luiseño circa AD 1200-1600. Ceramics were probably introduced from the Luiseños’ southern neighbors, the Kumeyaay (True et al. 1974).

2.2.2 Ethnohistory

Based on ethnographic data, including the areas defined for the Takic-speaking peoples at the time of contact, it is generally accepted that the SLR complex is associated with the Luiseño people. The term Luiseño is derived from the Mission San Luis Rey and since Spanish-Mexican colonial times has been used in reference to those Takic-speaking people associated with the mission. Although researchers use slightly different ethnographic territory boundaries, the territory of the Luiseño people is generally described as extending along the coast from Agua Hedionda Creek on the southwest, to Aliso Creek on the northwest. On the north, this boundary extended east beyond Santiago Peak to the eastern side of the Elsinore Fault Valley, continuing southeast to Palomar Mountain, then around the southern slope above the valley of San Jose. The southern boundary follows westerly to Agua Hedionda Creek (Bean and Shipek 1978; White 1963). Traditional stories and songs of the Native people also describe the extent of traditional use areas.

It must be noted that interpretations by archaeologists and linguistic anthropologists may differ from the beliefs and traditional knowledge of the Luiseño people. The Luiseño creation story indicates that the Luiseño people have always been here, not migrating from elsewhere. The creation story of the Pechanga Band of the Luiseño tells that the world was created at Temecula. “The Káamalam [first people] moved to a place called Nachíivo Pomíisavo, but it was too small, so they moved to a place called ‘exva Teméeku,’ this place you now know as Temeku. Here they settled while everything was still

5 Alta Vista Drive Project | November 2018 in darkness (DuBois 1908)” (Masiel-Zamora 2013:2). A traditional Luiseño story tells of a great flood, and the people went to higher ground, where they were saved. The San Luis Rey Band say that this higher ground where the people were saved is Morro Hill, located to the north of the project area, on the north side of the San Luis Rey River. Some Luiseño informants indicated the place in this story is a hill just east of Highway 395 in the San Luis Rey River Valley (Cupples and Hedges 1977).

2.2.3 Historical Background

While Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo visited San Diego briefly in 1542, the beginning of the historic period in the San Diego area is generally given as 1769. It was that year that the Royal Presidio of San Diego was founded on a hill overlooking Mission Valley. The Mission San Diego de Alcalá was constructed in its current location five years later. The Spanish Colonial period lasted until 1821 and was characterized by religious and military institutions bringing Spanish culture to the area and attempting to convert the Native American population to Christianity. Mission San Diego was the first mission founded in Southern California. Mission San Luis Rey, in Oceanside, was founded in 1798 and asistencias (chapels) were established at Pala in 1816 and Santa Ysabel in 1818.

The Mexican period lasted from 1821, when Mexico gained its independence from Spain, to 1848, when Mexico ceded California to the United States under the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at the end of the Mexican-American War. Following secularization of the missions in 1834, mission lands were given as large land grants to Mexican citizens as rewards for service to the Mexican government. The society made a transition from one dominated by the church and the military to a more civilian population, with people living on ranchos or in pueblos. With the numerous new ranchos in private hands, cattle ranching expanded and prevailed over agricultural activities.

The project site is located within the former Buena Vista Rancho land grant. The rancho was granted to a Luiseño Indian named Felipe Tubua (sometimes referred to as Felipe Subria) in 1845, who had first occupied the land in 1836 (Van Wormer, et al. 1988). In 1852, Jesus Machado became the next owner of the rancho, and it was the Machado family who built the original Rancho Buena Vista adobe. The rancho was sold to Lorenzo Soto and eventually became the property of Colonel Cave J. Couts, who also held the nearby Rancho Guajome, located a short distance to the north of the project site. Rancho Buena Vista was primarily used for grazing cattle and horses, but the two ranchos were also the center of much social activity, and dozens of Native Americans worked at the ranchos.

The American period began in 1848, when California was ceded to the United States. The territory became a state in 1850. Terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo brought about the creation of the Lands Commission in response to the Homestead Act of 1862, which was adopted as a means of validating and settling land ownership claims throughout the state. Few of the large Mexican ranchos remained intact, due to legal costs and the difficulty of producing sufficient evidence to prove title claims. As a consequence, much of the land that once constituted rancho holdings became available for settlement by immigrants to California. The influx of people to California and to the San Diego region resulted from several factors, including the discovery of gold in the state, the end of the Civil War, the availability of free land through passage of the Homestead Act, and later, the importance of San Diego County as an agricultural area supported by roads, irrigation systems, and connecting railways. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, rural areas of San Diego County developed small agricultural communities centered on one-room schoolhouses. Such rural farming communities consisted of individuals and families tied together through geographical boundaries, a common schoolhouse, and a church. Farmers living in small rural communities were instrumental in the

6 Alta Vista Drive Project | November 2018 development of San Diego County. They fed the growing urban population and provided business for local markets. Rural farm school districts represented the most common type of community in the county from 1870 to 1930.

2.2.4 Project Vicinity

As previously noted, the project area once was part of the Rancho Buena Vista. The rancho was granted to a Luiseño man named Felipe Tubua (some sources say Subria, but the deed of ownership lists Tubua [Van Wormer et al. 1988]) in 1845, although he first occupied the land in 1836, building a home and planting a garden there. Tubua granted the property to his daughter and son-in-law, who sold it to Jesus Machado in 1852. It was the Machado family that built the original Rancho Buena Vista adobe. The rancho was sold to Lorenzo Soto and eventually became the property of Colonel Cave J. Couts, who also held the nearby Rancho Guajome. For years the two ranchos were the center of much social activity, and dozens of Native Americans worked at the ranchos as servants or ranch hands. A historical study of Rancho Buena Vista can be found in Van Wormer et al. (1988).

Rancho Buena Vista was primarily used for grazing cattle and horses. Settlement of the area by white settlers began around 1890, and a post office, store, and station were established in the town of Vista. Intensive agriculture in the area began in 1926, when water from Lake Henshaw became available (Wallace 1960), and much of area surrounding the current project site remained in agricultural uses through the 1950s.

A survey of the Buena Vista Creek area by Wallace during the 1950s resulted in the documentation of 37 open habitation sites (recorded as campsites) within the watershed, including CA-SDI-646 and CA-SDI- 647, within the records search area for the current project, as well as CA-SDI-643, CA-SDI-648, CA-SDI- 649, and other sites, located just outside the records search radius. Wallace noted that no rockshelters, quarries, or workshop sites were found. Fifteen of the sites recorded had marine shellfish remains, but shell was abundant at only three of the sites (Wallace 1960). Most of the sites also had ground stone and flaked stone artifacts, and several had bedrock milling features. Ceramic sherds were found at three of the sites, indicating a Late Prehistoric component. Wallace noted that the sites in the Buena Vista area showed evidence of occupation during three different temporal periods. Three sites were indicative of the Late Prehistoric San Luis Rey complex. Several sites appeared to represent the Pauma complex, and several sites probably represented the La Jolla complex (Wallace 1960). The La Jolla and Pauma complexes now are generally thought to be contemporaneous (Gallegos 1987; True 1980; True and Beemer 1982). No evidence of aboriginal-European contact period material was found by Wallace, suggesting that the area was abandoned by Native Americans prior to use of the district by white settlers (Wallace 1960), although glass trade beads and other contact period materials have been recovered subsequent to Wallace’s survey (see Robbins-Wade and Gross 1996).

Oxendine (1983) indicated that an Indian village called Buena Ventura was noted near Rancho Buena Vista in 1847 by “John S. Griffin, assistant surgeon with Kearney’s Dragoons. Surveyors of the General Land Office subsequently observed a village in S 19 of T 11S, R 3W (Harvey 1974:37)” (Oxendine 1983:111). Oxendine noted that this village is probably represented by sites CA-SDI-649, CA-SDI-655, and CA-SDI-654, located north and northwest of the current project site. Although she did not give a Luiseño place name for the village, ethnographic information from Harrington on file with Pechanga Cultural Resources lists the place names Té’ ave or Tee’ evi for a village close to the Buena Vista Ranch House. The name means “belly place”: Té means belly; ave means empty. Other Luiseño place names

7 Alta Vista Drive Project | November 2018 have been recorded in the vicinity, including the name Chahu’kka Pmnnv for CA-SDI-654, known as Indian Rock. 3.0 STUDY METHODS

HELIX conducted a records search at the South Coastal Information Center (SCIC) on September 24, 2018. The records search covered a one-mile radius around the project area and included archaeological and historical resources, locations and citations for previous cultural resources studies, as well as a review of the state OHP historic properties directory. The records search summary and map are included as Confidential Appendix B to this report.

HELIX contacted the NAHC on September 24, 2018 to request a search of its SLF. NAHC correspondence is included as Confidential Appendix C.

Historic topographic maps and aerial photographs were reviewed to assess the potential for historic archaeological resources. Maps reviewed included the USGS 1893 Escondido (1:62,500), 1901 San Luis Rey (1:125,000), and 1949 and 1968 San Marcos (1:24,000) topographic maps. Government Land Office (GLO) Plat Maps were researched and downloaded from the Bureau of Land Management’s (BLM) GLO Records website. These include the survey plats from 1876 and 1900. A BLM GLO Records land patent search was also conducted to identify the historic ownership of the project area. Historic aerial photographs from 2014, 1953, 1946, and 1938 were viewed at historicaerials.com (NETR Online 2018).

HELIX archaeologist Julie Roy surveyed the project area on October 16, 2018 with Native American monitor Banning Taylor from Saving Sacred Sites (San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians/Luiseño). The parcel was surveyed using parallel transects spaced approximately 10 meters apart. 4.0 STUDY RESULTS

4.1 RECORDS SEARCH

SCIC has a record of 33 cultural resources studies conducted within one mile of the project area (Table 1, Previous Studies Within One Mile of the Project Area). The recorded studies include surveys, testing programs, monitoring projects, environmental impact reports (EIRs), and historic structures surveys. Two of these studies are overviews that cover much of the City, including the project site: A Cultural Resources Evaluation for the Vista and Buena Sanitation District (Rosenberg, Dorrler and Smith 2007), which does not appear to have included field surveys, and Historic Resource Survey, a Project of the City of Vista (Marben-Laird Associate 1987), which is an inventory of historic buildings. An adjacent property to the south was surveyed for cultural resources in 2006 with negative results (Robbins-Wade 2006). The records search summary sheet and map are included as Confidential Appendix B to this report.

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Table 1 PREVIOUS STUDIES WITHIN ONE MILE OF THE PROJECT AREA

Report No. Report Title Author, Date Report Type SD-00845 An Archaeological Survey of the Hasler Laylander, 1980 Archaeological Property in the City of Vista, California Survey SD-01107 An Environmental Impact Report Loughlin and Environmental (Archaeology) for Centurion International Neiswender, Impact 1974 SD-02916 Cultural Resources Assessment of AT&T's Peak & Cultural Resources Proposed San Bernardino to San Diego Associates, Inc., Assessment Fiber Optic Cable, San Bernardino, 1990 Riverside and San Diego Counties, California SD-03075 Historic Property Survey Report for the Carrico, Pigniolo, Historic Property State Route 78 Corridor Enhancement Glenn, and Survey Project II-SD-78, P.M. 5.3-9.8, 965100, City Crawford, 1995 of Vista, California SD-04115 Environmental Impact Report Ocean View - The City of Vista, Environmental Terrace Drive General Plan Amendment, 1978 Impact Vista, California SD-04116 Environmental Impact Report for the The City of Vista, Environmental Rancho Vista Area 1978 Impact SD-04175 Cultural Resource Evaluation Report for the Gallegos and Ni Cultural Resources Oceanside-Escondido Bikeway Project San Ghabhlain, 1999 Assessment Marcos, California SD-05078 Cultural Resources Inventory for the Taylor Robbins-Wade, Cultural Resources Street Extension and Escondido Ave. 2001 Inventory Extension, Vista, San Diego County, California SD-05577 Stephen's Property Cultural Resources Robbins-Wade, Cultural Resources Survey 2001 Survey SD-07274 Historic Property Survey Report for the Carrico, 1995 Historic Property State Route 78 Corridor Enhancement Survey Project 11-SD-78, P.M. 5.3-9.8, 965100 City of Vista, California SD-07545 Cultural Resources Inventory and Robbins-Wade, Cultural Resources Assessment of SDI-648 & SDI-649 for 1991 Inventory Creekside Terrace, Vista SD-07801 Archaeological Assessment of a 2.5 Acre White, 1991 Cultural Resources Parcel as Shown on TPM 89-132 Located Assessment Adjacent to Valley Drive in Vista, San Diego County SD-08113 Cultural Resource Assessment Cingular Duke, 2002 Cultural Resources Wireless Facility No. SD 922-01, San Diego Assessment County, California SD-08453 Request for SHPO Review of FCC Duke, 2003 SHPO Review Undertaking for Project 507 Mar Vista Dr., Vista, California SD-08546 First Supplemental Historic Property Survey Dolan, 2003 Historic Resources Report: South Santa Fe Avenue Survey Reconstruction Project

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Table 1 PREVIOUS STUDIES WITHIN ONE MILE OF THE PROJECT AREA

Report No. Report Title Author, Date Report Type SD-09180 Cultural Resources Survey Report for TPM Wright, 2004 Cultural Resources 20814, Log No. 04-08-012 West Minor Survey Subdivision APN 181-012-22, 25 Negative Findings SD-09186 Cultural Resource Survey for Monte Vista Robbins-Wade, Cultural Resources Tentative Subdivision Map 2004 Survey SD-09546 Cultural Resource Test Report for Guerrero et al., Cultural Resources Oceanside-Escondido Rail Project 2001 Test Oceanside, California SD-10082 Cultural Resources Survey for Monte Vista Robbins-Wade, Cultural Resources Drive 20-Lot TSM- Archaeology Affinis Job 2006 Survey No 2079 SD-10383 Cultural Resources Inventory of a 2.59-Acre de Barros, 2006 Cultural Resources Parcel and the Evaluation of Two Historic Inventory Structures at 1365 and 1367 Clarence Drive, Tentative Parcel Map 20993, Near Vista, San Diego County, California SD-10551 Cultural Resources Final Report of Arrington, 2006 Cultural Resources Monitoring and Findings for The Qwest Assessment Network Construction Project, State of California SD-11205 Cultural Resources Survey for 2.2-Acre McGinnis, 2007 Cultural Resources Parcel at Kilby Lane, City of Vista, California Survey SD-11228 Historic Resource Survey, A Project of The Marben-Laird Historic Resources City of Vista, California Associates, 1987 Survey SD-11524 A Cultural Resources Evaluation for the Rosenberg, Cultural Resources Vista and Buena Sanitation District 2007 Dorrler, and Assessment Sewer Master Plan Update Smith, 2007 SD-11663 Archaeological Resources Survey, Cypress Robbins-Wade Archaeological Drive Subdivision Project, PC2-103, Vista, and Sivba, 2008 Survey San Diego County, California SD-12008 Vista Inland Rail Trail Archaeological Survey Robbins-Wade, Archaeological 2008 Survey SD-12039 Cultural Resources Monitoring Report for Guerrero and Archaeological the North County Transit District (NCTD) Gallegos, 2007 Monitoring Sprinter Rail Project Oceanside to Escondido, California SD-12185 Archaeological Resources Survey, Buena Robbins-Wade, Archaeological Creek Restoration Project, Vista, San Diego 2009 Survey County, California SD-12594 Cultural Resource Records Search and Site Bonner and Said, Cultural Resources Visit Results for Clearwire Candidate CA- 2009 Assessment SDG 5317b (Cornerstone Christian Church), 1010 Crest View Road, Vista, San Diego County, California SD-12675 South Santa Fe Detention Basin Project Robbins-Wade, Archaeological Archaeological Survey 2010 Survey

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Table 1 PREVIOUS STUDIES WITHIN ONE MILE OF THE PROJECT AREA

Report No. Report Title Author, Date Report Type SD-12991 Vista Civic Center- Archaeological Robbins-Wade, Archaeological Monitoring 2011 Monitoring SD-14081 Cultural and Historical Resources Survey for Ni Ghabhlain, Cultural Resources the Downtown Vista Specific Plan Update 2009 Survey Program Environmental Impact Report SD-14596 Re: Cultural Resources Survey for 2.2-Acre McGinnis, 2007 Cultural Resources Parcel at Kilby Lane, City of Vista, California Survey

SCIC has a record of 14 resources recorded within the one-mile search radius (Table 2, Previously Recorded Resources within One Mile of the Project Area). The recorded resources consist of 10 historic buildings, two historic sites, and two prehistoric sites, CA-SDI-646 and CA-SDI-647, which were recorded as prehistoric campsites. CA-SDI-646 contained bedrock milling features along with an associated shell scatter and one artifact, a metate. CA-SDI-647 contained a large scatter of prehistoric artifacts consisting of manos, metates, mortars, and pestles. The site was noted as being situated around an adobe structure. Although Wallace only noted it as “reported to be the oldest adobe in the area”, the adobe in question is the Rancho Buena Vista Ranch House (P-37-027667). The remaining historic-period cultural resources within the search radius consist of residences and ranches, Wildwood Park (P-37-28777), which was donated to the community in 1925, and a subsurface refuse deposit dating from the 1930s through the 1980s (P-37-36435).

Table 2 PREVIOUSLY RECORDED RESOURCES WITHIN ONE MILE OF THE PROJECT AREA

Resource Resource Age and Description Recorder, Date Number Number Resources Present P-37-000646 CA-SDI-646 Prehistoric Site Campsite; bedrock milling features Wallace, 1958 (number not specified) with a total of four elements (mortars), a shell scatter, and an associated artifact (metate). P-37-000647 CA-SDI-0647 Prehistoric Site Campsite with various artifacts Wallace, 1958 consisting of manos, metates, mortars, and pestles. P-37-018184 Historic Building Single-family residence, one-story, P.S. Preservation wood-framed house. Services, 1999 P-37-027643 Historic Building Single-family residence probably built de Barros, 2006 as a dependence for a relative, servant, or houseworker associated with adjacent residence. P-37-027644 Historic Building Single-family residence, vernacular de Barros, 2006 wood frame, constructed in 1933. P-37-027667 Historic Building Rancho Buena Vista ranch house. Marben-Laird Single-story, L-shaped, Monterey Associates, 1987; architectural style adobe, constructed Allicotti, 2006 in stages between 1854 and 1904.

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Table 2 PREVIOUSLY RECORDED RESOURCES WITHIN ONE MILE OF THE PROJECT AREA

Resource Resource Age and Description Recorder, Date Number Number Resources Present P-37-028769 Historic Building Smith/S.O.S House. California Ranch Marben-Laird architectural style, constructed Associates, 1987 between 1928 and 1930. P-37-028771 Historic Building McCurdy/Morton House. Spanish Marben-Laird Colonial Revival architectural style, Associates, 1987 constructed in 1928. P-37-028773 Historic Building American Legion Post #365. Art Deco Marben-Laird architectural style, constructed in Associates, 1987 1948. P-37-028777 Historic Site Wildwood Park. Marben-Laird Associates, 1987 P-37-028780 Historic Building James Armstrong House. Spanish Marben-Laird Colonial Revival architectural style, Associates, 1987 constructed in 1936. P-37-028781 Historic Building Neva Clement House. California Marben-Laird Ranch architectural style, constructed Associates, 1987 in 1932. P-37-028783 Historic Building Spanish Colonial Home, California Marben-Laird Mission Revival architectural style, Associates, 1987 constructed in 1930s. P-37-036435 Historic Site Subsurface historic refuse deposit Davison et al., dating from 1930s through 1980s. 2017

4.2 ARCHIVAL RESEARCH

The 1876 GLO survey plat for T11S/R3W shows the “San Diego Road” running southwest of the project site, continuing northerly to the west of the project area. This map shows the eastern boundary of Rancho Buena Vista in Sections 19 and 30, to the west of the current project site. The 1900 GLO survey plat for T11S/R3W shows the project area within the Rancho Buena Vista, which was then owned by Jesus Machado. The eastern boundary of the rancho is shown on this map as in Sections 20 and 29; subsequent USGS maps show the boundary this way as well. The 1900 GLO map notes the earlier rancho boundary as “Boundaries of Rancho Buena Vista as surveyed by J.C. Hays”.

On a 1938 aerial photograph, the use of the project property and the surrounding area is shown as agricultural fields, more specifically groves. Three residences associated with the groves located immediately north and west of the project site are the only buildings in close proximity to the project area. On the 1946 historic aerial, the grove within the project site has been reduced to half of its earlier size, with only the southernmost portion remaining. Another residence appears immediately adjacent to the project site along the northeastern border on the 1953 historic aerial. More homes appear in the vicinity on the 1964 aerial, with the existing residential home located immediately adjacent to and south of the project site appearing in 1989 (NETR Online 2018). No buildings are shown within the project site itself on any of the historic aerial photographs. From 1938 to 2005, the project site is lined with heavy vegetation along the northern project boundary; by 2009 the vegetation has been cleared. The most recent historic aerial (2014) shows the project site being bounded by residential development; a small remnant of the grove remains in that aerial, consisting of a small amount of scattered vegetation with a

12 Alta Vista Drive Project | November 2018 concentration at the northwestern border of the project site, immediately adjacent to the existing neighboring residential home (NETR Online 2018).

Several major roads are shown in the vicinity on the 1893 Escondido (1:62,500) and 1901 San Luis Rey (1:125,000) historic topographic maps, the closest being a northeasterly trending road to the east of the project site. Most of this road is no longer visible on the 1949 San Marcos (1:24,000) historic topographic map, and both Alta Vista Drive and an unimproved road immediately adjacent to and east of the project site appear on this map. Beaumont School, located approximately one-quarter mile north of the project site, along Eucalyptus Avenue, first appears on the 1968 San Marcos (1:24,000) historic topographic map, along with the surrounding roads being mostly utilized for suburban development.

4.3 SACRED LANDS FILE SEARCH

A response from the NAHC was received on October 10, 2018 stating the search of the SLF was completed with positive results and recommending contacting the Pechanga Band of Luiseño Indians (Pechanga) for more information (see NAHC response letter; Confidential Appendix C). Project Principal Investigator, Mary Robbins-Wade, spoke with Tuba Ebru Ozdil of the Pechanga Cultural Resources Department about the project on October 26, 2018. Ms. Ozdil indicated that there is a property listed on the SLF located approximately three miles east of the project site; no cultural resources/TCRs are known within or in the immediate vicinity of the project area.

4.4 FIELD SURVEY

A pedestrian survey of the project site was conducted on October 16, 2018 by HELIX field director Julie Roy and Native American monitor Banning Taylor from Saving Sacred Sites. The project area is characterized by a slope of approximately 15 percent towards a modified drainage along the southwestern boundary of the project (Plate 1). The project area is highly disturbed and has been cleared and terraced by mechanical equipment. Modern trash was observed on the slope and in the drainage, and rodent holes were plentiful. No cultural resources were observed within the project site. However, bedrock outcrops with possible milling elements were observed across the drainage, southwest of the project area. Vegetation in the area included oak, sumac, and ornamental vegetation, as well as palm trees and non-native shrubbery at the edge of the drainage that appears to have been planted.

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Plate 1. Overview of project site, view to the southwest.

No prehistoric or historic cultural material was identified during the pedestrian field survey. The results of the records search indicate that no resources have been previously recorded within the project site as well. 5.0 IMPACTS AND SIGNIFICANCE

A study was undertaken to identify cultural resources that are present in the Alta Vista Drive project area and to determine if the proposed project may adversely affect any historical resources per CEQA or historic properties under the NHPA. No prehistoric or historic resources have been previously recorded within the project site, and no cultural material was identified during the pedestrian field survey conducted in 2018. Based on this, no effects to historical resources (CEQA) or historic properties (NHPA) are anticipated; however, there is a potential for subsurface cultural resources (both prehistoric and historic) to be present, given the cultural sensitivity of the general area. 6.0 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

No impacts to cultural resources have been identified; however, the general area is rich in cultural resources, both pre-contact and historic. Based on this, there is a potential for cultural resources to be encountered during grading and construction. Due to this potential, it is recommended that an archaeological and Native American monitoring program be implemented for the project. The monitoring program should include the following elements:

• Prior to issuance of grading permits, a pre-excavation agreement shall be developed among the appropriate Native American Tribe(s), the applicant, and the City, as the lead agency;

• The qualified archaeologist and the Native American representative(s) shall attend the pre- grading meeting with the contractors to explain the requirements of the monitoring program;

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• An archaeologist and a Native American monitor shall be on site during grading, trenching, and other ground-disturbing activities, including brushing/grubbing, unless otherwise agreed upon by the archaeological Principal Investigator, the Native American representative, and City staff;

• If cultural resources are encountered, both the archaeologist and the Native American monitor shall have the authority to temporarily halt or redirect grading/trenching while the cultural resources are documented and assessed. If significant resources are encountered, appropriate mitigation measures must be developed and implemented;

• If any human remains are discovered, the County Coroner shall be contacted. In the event that the remains are determined to be of Native American origin, the Most Likely Descendant (MLD), as identified by the NAHC, shall be contacted in order to determine proper treatment and disposition of the remains;

• Recovered artifactual materials shall be cataloged and analyzed;

• A report shall be completed describing the methods and results of the monitoring and data recovery program; and

• Recovered cultural material shall be curated with accompanying catalog to current professional repository standards or the collection will be returned to the appropriate Native American Tribe(s), as agreed upon by the Principal Investigator, Native American representative(s), and City staff and specified in the pre-excavation agreement.

• If cultural material will be returned to the Tribe(s) rather than curated, diagnostic artifacts or particularly good examples of specific tool types, if such are recovered, should be scanned for 3D printing, with the permission of the Tribe(s). The data from 3D scanning would be curated at an appropriate repository, such as the San Diego Archaeological Center. The cultural material can them be returned to the Tribe(s) for reburial or other treatment.

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7.0 REFERENCES

Bean, Lowell John, and Florence C. Shipek 1978 Luiseño. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 550-563. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 8. William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Bowman, Roy H. 1973 Soil Survey: San Diego Area. United States Department of Agriculture. Beltsville, MD.

Bull, Charles S. 1983 Shaking the Foundations: The Evidence for San Diego Prehistory. Casual Papers: Cultural Resource Management 1(3):15-64. Cultural Resource Management Center, San Diego State University.

Cooley, Theodore G., and Laura J. Barrie 2004 Archaeological Excavation at the Village of Pa’Mu, Ramona Valley, California. Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology 17:43–56.

Cupples, Sue Ann, and Ken Hedges 1977 San Luis Rey River Basin: Overview of Cultural Resources. San Diego State University Foundation. Prepared for US Army Corps of Engineers. Electronic document, available at http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a146300.pdf.Accessed May 16, 2018.

DuBois, Constance 1908 The Religion of the Luiseño Indians of Southern California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(3):69-186.

Ezell, Paul H. 1987 The Harris Site – An Atypical San Dieguito Site, or Am I Beating a Dead Horse? In San Dieguito–La Jolla: Chronology and Controversy, edited by Dennis Gallegos, pp. 15-22. San Diego County Archaeological Society Research Paper Number 1. San Diego.

Gallegos, Dennis 1987 A Review and Synthesis of Environmental and Cultural Material for the Batiquitos Lagoon Region. In San Dieguito-La Jolla: Chronology and Controversy, edited by Dennis Gallegos, pp. 23-34. San Diego County Archaeological Society, Research Paper 1.

Kennedy, Michael P., and Siang S. Tan 2007 Geologic Map of the Oceanside 30 x 60-Minute Quadrangle, California. Digital preparation by: Kelly R. Bovard, Rachel M. Alvarez, Michael J. Watson, and Carlos I. Gutierrez. California Department of Conservation, California Geological Survey.

Laylander, Don, and Lynne E. Christenson 1988 Results of an Archaeological Data Recovery Program, Corral Canyon Prehistoric Archaeological District, San Diego County, California. Report prepared for, and on file at, the Cleveland National Forest, Supervisor’s Office, San Diego.

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Marben-Laird Associates 1987 Historic Resource Survey, A Project of the City of Vista, California. Report submitted to City of Vista. Report on file at South Coastal Information Center, San Diego State University.

Masiel-Zamora, Myra Ruth 2013 Analysis of ‘Éxva Teméeku, A Luiseño Indian Village Site Named Temeku, Located in Temecula, California. Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, San Diego State University.

Meighan, C. W. 1954 A Late Complex in Southern California Prehistory. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 10(2):215-227.

Moratto, Michael J. 1984 California Archaeology. Academic Press, Orlando.

Moriarty, James R., III 1966 Cultural Phase Divisions Suggested by Typological Change Coordinated with Stratigraphically Controlled Radiocarbon Dating in San Diego. The Anthropological Journal of Canada 4 (4):20-30.

NETR Online 2018 Historic Aerials. Nationwide Environmental Title Research, LLC. Electronic document available at: http://www.historicaerials.com.

Office of Historic Preservation (OHP) 1995 Instructions for Recording Historical Resources. California Office of Historic Preservation, Sacramento, CA.

Oxendine, Joan 1983 The Luiseño Village during the Late Prehistoric Era. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside.

Parker, Patricia L. and Thomas F. King 1998 Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties. National Park Service, Washington, D.C.

Raven-Jennings, Shelly, and Brian F. Smith 1999 Report of Excavations at CA-SDI-4608: Subsistence and Technology Transitions during the Mid-to-Late Holocene in San Diego County. Brian F. Smith and Associates. Report prepared for the City of Poway. Report on file at the South Coastal Information Center, San Diego State University.

Robbins-Wade, Mary 2006 Cultural Resources Survey for Monte Vista Drive 20-Lot TSM- Archaeology Affinis Job No 2079. Affinis, El Cajon, CA. Report submitted to City of Vista Planning Department. Report on file at South Coastal Information, San Diego State University.

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Robbins-Wade, Mary, and G. Timothy Gross 1996 Archaeological Data Recovery at CA-SDI-649 for Creekside Terrace, Vista, San Diego County, California. (P.C. 14-035). Affinis, El Cajon, CA. Report submitted to City of Vista Planning Department. Report on file at South Coastal Information, San Diego State University.

Rogers, Malcolm J. 1939 Early Lithic Industries of the Lower Basin of the Colorado River and Adjacent Desert Areas. San Diego Museum of Man Papers No. 3. San Diego Museum of Man.

Rosenberg, Seth A., Adriane Dorrler, and Brian F. Smith 2007 A Cultural Resources Evaluation for the Vista and Buena Sanitation District 2007 Sewer Master Plan Update. Brian F. Smith and Associates. Report on file at South Coastal Information Center, San Diego State University.

Sparkman, Philip Stedman 1908 The Culture of the Luiseño Indians. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234.

True, D. L. 1958 An Early Complex in San Diego County, California. American Antiquity 23(3): 255–263.

1970 Investigation of a Late Prehistoric Complex in Cuyamaca Rancho State Park, San Diego County, California. Monograph 1. Archaeological Survey, University of California, Los Angeles.

1980 The Pauma Complex in Northern San Diego County: 1978. Journal of New World Archaeology 3(4): 1–30. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.

True, D.L., and Eleanor Beemer 1982 Two Milling Stone Inventories from North San Diego County, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4(2):233-261.

True, D.L., C.W. Meighan, and Harvey Crew 1974 Archaeological Investigations at Molpa, San Diego County, California. University of California Publications in Anthropology, Vol 11.

Van Wormer, Stephen R., Susan M. Hector, and William R. Manley 1988 Historical and Archaeological Survey of Rancho Buena Vista, Vista California. Report prepared for City of Vista. Report on file at South Coastal Information Center, San Diego State University.

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Wallace, William J. 1955 A Suggested Chronology for Southern California Coastal Archaeology. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 11:214-230.

1960 Archaeological Resources of the Buena Vista Watershed, San Diego County, California. University of California, Los Angeles Archaeological Survey Annual Report 1959- 1960:277-300.

Warren, Claude N. 1967 The San Dieguito Complex: A Review and Hypothesis. American Antiquity 32:168-185.

1968 Cultural Tradition and Ecological Adaptation on the Southern California Coast. In Archaic Prehistory in the Western United States, edited by C. Irwin-Williams, pp. 1–14. Eastern New Mexico Contributions in Anthropology 1(3). Portales, New Mexico.

Warren, Claude N., Gretchen Siegler, and Frank Dittmer 1998 Paleoindian and Early Archaic Periods. In Prehistoric and Historic Archaeology of Metropolitan San Diego: A Historic Properties Background Study. Draft. ASM Affiliates. Report submitted to Metropolitan Wastewater, San Diego.

Web Soil Survey n.d. Natural Resource Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Electronic document, available at http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/ WebSoilSurvey.aspx, accessed August 2, 2018.

White, Raymond C. 1963 Luiseño Social Organization. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 48(2):91-194.

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20 Appendix A Resumes

Mary Robbins-Wade, RPA Senior Archaeologist

Summary of Qualifications Ms. Robbins-Wade has extensive experience in both archaeological research and Education general environmental studies. She oversees the management of all archaeological, Master of Arts, historic, and interpretive projects; prepares and administers budgets and contracts; Anthropology, San designs research programs; supervises personnel; and writes reports. Ms. Robbins- Diego State Wade has managed or participated in hundreds of projects in conformance with the University, California, California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), Section 106, and the National 1990 Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). She has an excellent relationship with the local Native American community and the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC). Bachelor of Arts, Ms. Robbins-Wade has worked in Southern California archaeology for 35 years. She Anthropology, has conducted archaeological studies for numerous local agencies, water University of districts/water agencies, Caltrans, SANDAG, U.S. Navy, SDG&E, educational California, Santa institutions, non-profits, and a variety of other entities. Work for public projects has Barbara, 1981 ranged from constraints studies for pipeline alternatives to survey, testing, and monitoring programs for public projects, such as roadways, parks, and various utilities. Ms. Robbins-Wade has also managed a range of mitigation monitoring Registrations/ projects in the public sector. Certifications Register of Selected Project Experience Professional Campo Creek Bridge (2016 - 2017). Project Manager/Principal Investigator for the Archaeologists cultural resources monitoring program for this emergency bridge replacement project #10294, 1991 on SR-94 in San Diego County. The project area is very sensitive in terms of Native County of San Diego, American cultural resources, as well as historic resources. Responsible for Approved CEQA development and implementation of the monitoring and discovery plan. The project Consultant for requires effective communication and coordination with construction crews, Caltrans Archaeological staff, and Native American monitors. Work performed as a subconsultant to the Resources, 2014 general contractor, with Caltrans as the lead agency. NCTD, Roadway Lilac Hills Ranch (2014 - 2016). Project Manager/Principal Investigator of a cultural Worker ID #C02943 resources survey and testing program for an approximately 608-acre mixed-use development in the Valley Center area of northern unincorporated San Diego County. Oversaw background research, field survey, testing, recording archaeological sites Professional and historic structures, and report preparation. Responsible for development of the Affiliations research design and data recovery program, the preservation plan, and Native Society for American American outreach and coordination. Project coordination is still underway while the Archaeology project finishes the environmental review process. The proposed Specific Plan includes residential and commercial use, Town Center, park and private recreation Archaeological areas, senior center, school site, waste recycling facility, wastewater reclamation Society facility, active orchards, and other supporting infrastructure. The project also included recording historic structures, development of a research design and data recovery program for a significant archaeological site, and coordination with the Native American community and the client to develop a preservation plan for a significant Mary Robbins-Wade, RPA Senior Archaeologist

cultural resource. The project changed over time, so new survey areas were added, and a variety of off-site improvement alternatives were addressed. Work performed for Accretive Investments, Inc.

Valiano Cultural Resources (2012 - 2015). Project Manager/Principal Investigator of a cultural resources survey and testing program for a 239-acre residential planned community in the Escondido area of the County of San Diego, following a burn affecting much of the project area. Oversaw background research, field survey, testing, recording archaeological sites and assessment of historic structures, Native American outreach and coordination, and report preparation. Archaeological testing was conducted at several sites that could not be avoided through project design. The project site is in an area that is of cultural importance to both the Kumeyaay and Luiseño people; HELIX archaeologists worked with Native American representatives from both groups. Coordination was conducted to determine the feasibility of preserving bedrock milling features by moving them to open space areas within the project. Other archaeological sites were retained in open space through project design. Work performed for Integral Partners Funding, LLC.

Mission Cove Data Recovery (2014 - 2016). Project Manager/Principal Investigator for a cultural resources data recovery program at a significant archaeological site with cultural significance to the Luiseño people in the City of Oceanside. Prior to the data recovery program, worked with the client and the San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians to redesign the project (an affordable housing/mixed-use development) to avoid impacts to cultural resources to the extent feasible. Oversaw background research, excavation and related fieldwork, cataloging and analysis, coordination of ancillary studies (e.g. radiocarbon analysis and shell analysis), Native American coordination, and report preparation. Analysis and report preparation are currently underway. The data recovery program was conducted to mitigate impacts that could not be avoided through project design. Work performed for National Community Renaissance.

Mission Cove Monitoring (2014 - 2016). Project Manager/Principal Investigator of an archaeological monitoring program for the 14.47-acre Mission Cove Affordable Housing mixed-use project area in the City of Oceanside. Oversaw field monitoring and documentation of finds. A significant archaeological and cultural resource is within the project, and there is a potential for unknown buried resources, given the alluvial setting. Work performed for National Community Renaissance.

Village Park Recycled Water (2014 - 2015). Project Manager/Principal Investigator of a cultural resources study for a proposed recycled water system consisting of approximately 6.6 miles of pipelines and a pump station mainly within existing roadways in the City of Encinitas. Oversaw background research, field checks, Native American coordination, and report preparation. Work performed for Olivenhain Municipal Water District.

Mary Robbins-Wade, RPA Senior Archaeologist

Espola Road Widening and Improvements (2002 - 2010). Project Manager/ Principal Investigator for historic study, historic structures assessment, and archaeological survey for road widening and improvements under the City of Poway and Caltrans. Oversaw field survey, historic study, structures evaluation, and report preparation.

Bear Valley/East Valley Parkways Road Widening, Realignment, and Improvements (2000 - 2004). Project Manager/Principal Investigator for historic study, historic structures assessment, archaeological survey, and archaeological testing for road widening, realignment, and improvements under City of Escondido and Caltrans. Oversaw field survey, testing, historic study and structures assessment, and report preparation.

Torrey Meadows Drive Overcrossing at SR-56 (2014). Project Manager/Principal Investigator on a cultural resources survey for a proposed bridge over SR 56, which would connect two existing termini of Torrey Meadows Drive in the Carmel Valley community of the City of San Diego. The project is being undertaken by the City, but includes some Caltrans right-of-way, necessitating Caltrans encroachment permits. Oversaw survey, report preparation, and coordination with Caltrans cultural resources staff. Work performed as subconsultant for an engineering prime, with City of San Diego as lead agency.

SR-163/Friars Road Widening and Interchange Improvements (2002 - 2007). Project Manager/Principal Investigator for historic study, historic structures assessment, and archaeological survey for road widening and interchange improvements under City of San Diego and Caltrans. Oversaw field survey, historic study and structures assessment, and report preparation. Reports included Archaeological Survey Report, Historic Resources Evaluation Report, and Historic Property Survey Report for Caltrans, as well as Archaeological Survey Report and Historic Evaluation for City of San Diego.

SR-76 East Mitigation Monitoring (2015 - 2017). Project Manager/Principal Investigator for a cultural resources monitoring project for roadway improvements at the SR-76/I-15 Interchange and on SR-76 along the San Luis Rey River in the Bonsall area of San Diego County. The area along the San Luis Rey River is quite sensitive in terms of cultural resources. Overseeing field monitoring, report preparation, and monitor coordination with Caltrans field staff. Responsible for Native American coordination and coordination with Caltrans cultural resources staff. Work is being conducted for Caltrans and SANDAG.

Campo Bus Yard (2015 - 2016). Cultural Resources Task Manager/Principal Investigator for a cultural resources survey for a proposed MTS bus yard in the Campo area of the County of San Diego. The project is immediately adjacent to a County-listed and National Register-eligible historic property (Camp Lockett), and features associated with that historic district extend into the project area. Oversaw background research, field survey, coordination, Native American outreach, and report preparation. Work was conducted under an as-needed contract with SANDAG.

Mary Robbins-Wade, RPA Senior Archaeologist

Batiquitos Lagoon Double Track Project (2015). Senior Archaeologist for the addition of a second main track along a 2.7-mile-long segment of the LOSSAN Rail Corridor in Encinitas and Carlsbad. Overseeing the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Section 106 process for addition of antenna sites. Work performed for HNTB Corporation, with SANDAG as the local lead agency and Federal Transit Administration as the federal lead agency for the overall project, and FAA as the federal lead agency for the antenna sites.

Julie A. Roy Archaeologist

Summary of Qualifications Ms. Roy has over 20 years of experience as an archaeologist, field lead, and Education supervisor on more than 130 projects throughout California, Nevada, Arizona, and Master of Arts, Guam. Conducted archaeological studies for a wide variety of development and Archaeology, resource management projects including work on military installations, energy and University of transmission projects, commercial and residential developments, historic archaeology Leicester, England, projects, and water projects. Competent in all areas of archaeology and efficient in In progress report preparation for a range of cultural resource studies including monitoring projects and archaeological Phase I, II and III studies. Ms. Roy is proficient in Bachelor of Arts, laboratory activities including artifact preparation, cataloging, identification, and Anthropological illustration. Accomplished in the initiation, coordination and completion of field Archaeology, assignments including survey, site testing, dry and wet screening, and data recovery University of projects. She is also knowledgeable in the preparation of proposals and report writing California San Diego, and research, client, contractor and subcontractor correspondence, laboratory, 2002 computer software including Microsoft, Adobe, Geographic Information System (GIS)/ArcView, Computer-Aided Design and Drafting (CADD), Global Positioning Associate of Arts, System (GPS) and total-station operations, as well as in the illustration of Psychology, San archaeological features, artifacts, and burials. Ms. Roy is established as a qualified Diego City College, archaeological monitor for the City and the County of San Diego. Her experience 2000 includes working closely with representatives of San Diego County Parks and Recreation for the past 10 years and she has received accolades from numerous county representatives for her work at park facilities. For the past 4 four years, she Registrations/ has served as the monitoring coordinator for the San Diego Gas & Electric Company Certifications (SDG&E) Fire Resource Mitigation Initiative (FiRM) project, where she regularly OSHA 30-hour provided effective communication between field monitors, construction Construction Safety managers/foremen, and Principal Investigators for construction projects and assisted Training Certification in scheduling and tracking of project progress. Competent Person Selected Project Experience Certification Blythe to Eagle Mountain TLRR Survey (2017). Field Director on this Southern California Edison (SCE) Survey project, which included supervising two crews during a period of two weeks. Conducted survey, mapping, recording new cultural resources Professional and updating previously recorded sites along the transmission line corridor. Other Affiliations responsibilities included report writing and completion of site records for distribution to Society for California SCE and the South Coastal Information Center (SCIC). Archaeology

On-call Archaeological Services (Present). Archaeologist and Field Lead for Society for American SDG&E infrastructure operations and transmission line maintenance activities for over Archaeology 12 years. Projects include survey, testing, excavations, and data recovery of both historic and prehistoric resources including Native American burial sites. Approved to Association of monitor for City projects throughout San Diego and Imperial counties. Other duties include records search, survey, archaeological documentation and investigations, and Environmental Professionals

Julie A. Roy Archaeologist

preparation of reports under California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) guidelines.

Fire Resource Cultural Resources Mitigation (Present). Monitoring Coordinator and Lead Archaeologist on this FiRM project for SDG&E. Monitoring Coordinator duties consist of close communication with SDG&E supervisors and staff, liaisons, and contractors in conjunction with the coordination of FiRM project activities associated with cultural and Native American archaeological and monitoring efforts throughout San Diego and Imperial Counties. Archaeological Supervisor duties consists of record search, survey, archaeological site documentation, testing, excavations, and data recovery projects, and preparing reports following CEQA and NEPA guidelines.

Archaeological Monitoring, Bird Rock Avenue Utility Undergrounding Project (2005). Archaeological Monitor for the undergrounding of residential utilities in the Bird Rock community of La Jolla. The project was conducted under CEQA and the City of San Diego guidelines while working closely with San Diego Gas and Electric Company and the construction contractor. No cultural resources were identified during this project.

Archaeological Monitoring and Data Recovery, Princess Street Utility Undergrounding Project (2005 - 2006). Archaeological Monitor/Crew Chief for utility undergrounding project, which included trenching through a major prehistoric and ethnohistoric Indian village site (the Spindrift Site/CA-SDI-39) in La Jolla. Crewmembers worked closely with Native American representatives during the recovery of human remains. A concurrent data recovery program incorporated all cultural material recovered from the trenching activities. This project was conducted pursuant to CEQA and City of San Diego guidelines while working closely with San Diego Gas & Electric Company and the construction contractor.

Environmental Impact Statement, Southern Nevada Supplemental Airport (2007 - 2009). Archaeologist on this project that included survey and recordation of the northern portion of Ivanpah Valley from the California state line to Henderson, Clarke County, Nevada. Cultural sites located within the project area included a section of the pacific railroad, historic roads, camps, railroad and construction debris, transmission lines, trash scatters and prehistoric sites and features. The project was surveyed and recorded in compliance with the Nevada State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) guidelines.

Monitoring, Genesis Solar Power Project (2011 - 2012). Supervisor-in-Charge of over 20 cultural monitors on this solar power project located in Blythe, California. Responsible for conducting safety meetings and coordinating cultural monitors to all areas of the project site, as well as leading test excavations of discovered resources during construction activities. Also responsible for representing firm during onsite meetings with Nextera officials, Bureau of Veritas, BLM, and safety liaisons for the project. Communicated directly with Native American supervisors and monitors on a daily basis. Recorded and collected artifacts located during construction activities with the use of Global Positioning Satellite technology. Completed daily field notes and collection logs for all collected artifacts, and reviewed all staff monitoring logs prior to daily submission to the California Energy Commission (CEC). Work performed for Nextera.

Survey and Monitoring, Palen Solar Power Project (2009 - 2010). Archaeologist for survey and cultural monitoring in Desert Center, California. Monitored contract and personnel activities during traveling to and from proposed project sites, including trenching and testing within the proposed project areas. Work performed for Solar Millennium.

Julie A. Roy Archaeologist

Ridgecrest Solar Power Project (2009 - 2010). Archaeologist for surveys of the project area undertaken to determine if cultural resources are present and if there would be any project effects on these resources. Monitored contractor activities during the testing phase of the project to ensure that sites were not impacted during work activities. The project was located in Ridgecrest and work was performed for Solar Millennium.

On-Call Archaeological Services (Present). Archaeologist and Field Lead for County Parks infrastructure and maintenance activities for San Diego County Department of Parks and Recreation. Responsible for communication with County supervisors and contractors, and the coordination of project activities with cultural and Native American monitors for projects throughout San Diego and Imperial Counties. Other duties include records search, field survey, archaeological documentation and investigations including testing, excavations and data recovery projects and preparation of reports following CEQA and NEPA guidelines.

Pacifica Street Utility Undergrounding Project (2006). Archaeological Monitor/Crew Chief for residential utility undergrounding project in the community of Pacific Beach in San Diego. Trenches and cultural materials were documented in conjunction with a concurrent data recovery program. The project included working with Native American representatives and the discovery of human remains. The project was conducted under CEQA and City of San Diego guidelines while working closely with the construction contractor.

Archaeological Monitoring, 20A Julian Conversion Project (2006). Archaeological Monitor for undergrounding of utilities in the City of Julian. The project was conducted under the County of San Diego guidelines while working closely with the construction contractor.

Data Recovery, Hill Street Utility Undergrounding Project (2006). Archaeological Monitor participated in the data recovery for this residential utility undergrounding project in the community of Point Loma in San Diego. The project was conducted under CEQA and City of San Diego guidelines while working closely with the construction contractor.

Archaeological Monitoring, 30th Street Utility Undergrounding Project (2006). Archaeological Monitor for residential utility undergrounding project in the community of South Park in San Diego. The project was conducted under CEQA and City of San Diego guidelines while working closely with the construction contractor.