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A Review of Long-Term Research in the Western English Channel

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A Review of Long-Term Research in the Western English Channel A review of long-term research in the western English Channel O Langmead1, Southward, AJ1, Hardman-Mountford, NJ2, Aiken, J.2, Boalch, GT1, Joint, I2, Kendall, M2, Halliday, NC1, Harris, RP2, Leaper, R1, Mieszkowska, N1, Pingree, RD1, Richardson, AJ3, Sims, DW1, Smith, T2, Walne, AW3 and Hawkins, SJ1 1. Marine Biological Association of the UK, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK. 2. Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK. 3. Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK. 1.Executive Summary This review aims to outline long-term research from the western English Channel undertaken by the laboratories in Plymouth. Data held at Plymouth are described, and details of survey methods, sites, and time-series are given. Major findings from long-term studies are summarized, and their limitations outlined. Current research, with recent resurgence and expansion of many sampling programmes, is presented, along with future approaches, illustrating how these important and unique data, as well as providing an environmental baseline, can aid in understanding and predicting complex ecological responses to a changing environment. Between 1888 and the present date, investigations have been carried out into the physical, chemical and biological components (from plankton and fish to benthic and intertidal assemblages) of the western English Channel ecosystem. The Marine Biological Association of the UK has collected the main body of these observations, with more recent contributions from the Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey (from 1957) and Plymouth Marine Laboratory (from 1988). Together, these constitute a unique data series, in terms of the long time span and comprehensive sampling of biological and environmental parameters of the western English Channel ecosystem. Since the termination of many of these time-series in 1987, there has been a resurgence of interest in long-term environmental change. Many programmes have been restarted and expanded with the support of DEFRA and other agencies. Key findings from these long-term research programmes are as follows: 1. Observations span significant periods of warming (1926-36; 1985-present) and cooling (1961-79). During these periods of change, the abundance of key species has undergone dramatic shifts. The first period saw changes in pelagic assemblages (zooplankton and larval fish) that culminated with the collapse of the local herring fishery. During later periods of change, shifts in species abundances have been reflected in other assemblages, such as the intertidal and benthic fauna. 2. Many of these changes are related to climate, manifest as temperature change. This hypothesis is widely supported today and has been reinforced by recent studies that show responses of marine organisms to climatic attributes such as NAO strength. 3. Long-term data yield important insights on the impacts of anthropogenic disturbances (fisheries exploitation, pollution). Comparison of demersal fish hauls over time highlights fisheries impacts, not only on commercially important species, but the entire demersal community. The impacts of acute (Torrey Canyon oil spill) and chronic (TBT antifoulants) pollution are clearly seen in intertidal records. 4. Significant advances in diverse scientific disciplines have been generated from research undertaken using these long-term data series. Many textbook models of ecological processes have originated from this work (e.g. seasonal cycle of plankton, cycling of nutrients, pelagic food web trophic interactions and the influence of hydrography on pelagic communities). Today, associated projects range from studies on marine viruses and bacterial ecology to zooplankton feeding dynamics and validation of ocean colour satellite sensors. Recent advances in technology mean these long-term programmes are more valuable than ever before. Future directions being pursued include the continued development of coupled physical-ecosystem models using western English Channel time-series data to expand relationships between surface and subsurface properties with ecosystem-wide responses to predict future changes. It also would be highly beneficial to provide more spatial and high-resolution temporal context to these data, which is fundamental to capture processes that operate at multiple scales and understand how they operate within the marine environment. This can be achieved through employment of technologies such as satellite-derived information and advanced telemetered instruments that provide real-time in situ profile data from the water column. 1 Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary ........................................................................................................... 1 2. Historical Background........................................................................................................3 3. Marine Biological Association (MBA).............................................................................. 4 3.1. ICES stations: E1, L5 and the Channel Grid............................................................... 4 3.1.1 Temperature and Salinity ...................................................................................... 5 3.1.2 Currents and circulation ........................................................................................ 5 3.1.3 Nutrients................................................................................................................ 6 3.1.4 Phytoplankton and productivity ............................................................................ 7 3.1.5 Zooplankton and post-larval stages of fish ........................................................... 9 3.2. Intertidal .................................................................................................................... 10 3.3. Demersal fish............................................................................................................. 11 3.4. Benthos...................................................................................................................... 12 4. Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) ............................................................................... 12 4.1. L4 .............................................................................................................................. 12 4.2. Bio-optics and photosynthesis................................................................................... 14 5. Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS).......................................... 14 5.1. Phytoplankton............................................................................................................ 16 5.2. Routinely identified species ...................................................................................... 17 5.3. Species not routinely identified................................................................................. 17 5.4. Plankton and mesocale hydrography......................................................................... 18 6. Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 18 7. Tables ............................................................................................................................... 22 8. Figures.............................................................................................................................. 27 9. References ........................................................................................................................ 39 2 2. Historical Background Investigations of the western English Channel began in Plymouth in 1888 when the laboratory of the Marine Biological Association (MBA) was opened. A condition attached to financial aid in the foundation years of the MBA stated that researchers should “aim at practical results with regard to the breeding and management of food fishes” (Southward, 1995). Hence as soon as the laboratory was completed in 1888 studies of eggs and larval stages of many fish species began (Cunningham, 1892a, b, c, d, e, f; Lankester et al., 1900; Garstang, 1903). Systematic collection of data on zooplankton, including fish eggs and larvae, only became possible when the MBA obtained reliable sea-going vessels: first ‘Oithona’ in 1902 then ‘Huxley’ in 1903 (Garstang, 1903). These vessels were used to carry out exploratory surveys of the Channel and continental shelf west of Plymouth and represented the UK’s contribution to the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES). Cruises were instigated upon the early recognition that continental shelf waters influenced hydrography and biological communities of the English Channel (Lankester et al., 1900). Results of this work were never published completely, although cruises continued until 1909 and provided the foundation for later studies (Southward & Roberts, 1987). Early interest by Allen (1922) regarding ‘natural fluctuations… and the conditions which influence them’, coupled with the belief that ‘life of the sea must be studied as a whole’ led to establishment of some time-series (notably by repeat sampling of ICES stations). Other studies were not designed to be the basis for long-term datasets; series evolved after early scientists recorded sampling locations, methods and findings, which were used for comparison by later workers. The benthic dataset originated in this way, with historic
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