DOCSLIB.ORG

Antimicrobial and L-Asparaginase Activities of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Datura Innoxia and Hyoscyamus Muticus Medicinal Plants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antimicrobial and L-Asparaginase Activities of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Datura Innoxia and Hyoscyamus Muticus Medicinal Plants European Journal ISSN 2449-8955 Research Article of Biological Research Antimicrobial and L-asparaginase activities of endophytic fungi isolated from Datura innoxia and Hyoscyamus muticus medicinal plants Ahmed H. M. El-Said 1,2 , Yassmin M. Shebany 1,2 , Mohamed A. Hussein 1*, Eman G. A. El-Dawy 1 1 Botany Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt 2 Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Saudi Arabia *Corresponding author: Mohamed A. Hussein; E-mail: [email protected] Received: 21 March 2016; Revised submission: 08 June 2016; Accepted: 20 June 2016 Copyright: © The Author(s) 2016. European Journal of Biological Research © T.M.Karpi ński 2016. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.56056 ABSTRACT Keywords: Datura innoxia ; Hyoscyamus muticus ; Endophytic fungi; Antimicrobial activity; L-aspara- Thirty-six species and two varieties belonging to 16 ginase. genera of fungal endophytes were isolated from the leaves of Datura innoxia and Hyoscyamus muticus 1. INTRODUCTION plants. The most prevailing fungi were: Asper- gillus fumigatus , A. niger , A. terreus var. africanus , Endophytic fungi colonize healthy living Cladosporium cucumerinum, C. oxysporum , Penicil- plant tissues without causing visible negative lium aurantiogriseum and P. chrysogenum . Endo- symptoms [1]. Endophytic fungi are known to be phytic fungi from D. innoxia and H. muticus plants associated with medicinal plants and proved to be were tested for antibacterial and antifungal activities an important source of various secondary metabo- from which 68.98 and 78.26% respectively showed lites and bioactive compounds valuable for the antibacterial against at least one of the tested pharmaceutical industry [2-4]. Datura innoxia and microbe, but didn’t had effect on tested fungal Hyoscyamus muticus belonging to Solanaceae isolates. Aspergillus niger SVUAn1 was in the top family, medicinally and economically these plants in producing L-asparaginase among tested isolates are important as it contains widely used tropane obtained from two plants. Maximum production of alkaloids, scopolamine, hyoscyamine and atropine this enzyme obtained after 4 days of incubation with [5]. Many investigations have been carried out on culture medium containing glucose as a carbon the endophytic mycobiota associated with various source. This study indicated that the endophytic types of medicinal plants by several researches fungi from D. innoxia and H. muticus plant another [6-8]. Many problems associated with using antibio- potential source of bioactive antimicrobial and tics as antimicrobial agent including antibiotic anticancer agents. resistance, host hypersensitivity, host immune- suppression and allergic reactions. Therefore, there is a need to develop alternative antimicrobial drugs European Journal of Biological Research 2016; 6 (3): 135-144 136 | El-Said et al. Antimicrobial and L-asparaginase activities of endophytic fungi for the treatment of infectious diseases from fungi rinsed gently in running water to remove dust and [9]. Fungi are a good source of antimicrobial debris. Then, leaves were cut into 1 cm in diameter compounds used for medicine [10]. Numerous with mid rib. The surface sterilization was done investigations have been carried out on the by sequel immersion in 75% ethanol for 1 min antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi associated followed by sodium hypochlorite (5% available with various types of medicinal plants by several chlorine) for 2 min and treated with 75% ethanol researches [11-13]. for 1 min. Later the segments were rinsed three L-Asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) is a tetrameric times with sterile distilled water and dried between protein [14] belonging to amidase group that sterile filter paper. Finally, four segments were ctalyses the hydrolytic deamination of asparagine inoculated on GPY plate amended with chloram- to yield aspartic acid and ammonium ion [15]. phenicol. The plates incubated at 28±2˚C for 2-3 L-asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1), a medically important weeks then the developing fungi were counted and enzyme possesses abroad spectrum of anticancer identified morphologically, based on macro- and activity [16]. Using in treatment of different forms microscopic characters [26-30]. of cancer including acute lymphoblastic leukiemia [17]. L-asparaginase is produce by many micro- 2.3. Crude extracts from fungi organisms including fungal species [18]. Several endophytic fungi appear to be a good source of this Firstly, the endophytic fungi isolates were therapeutic enzyme including Alternaria tangelonis, grown in GPY medium at 28±2˚C for 3-5 days. Cladosporium cladosporioides, Curvularia akaii After that, 10 mm discs of the growth culture were and Fusarium subglotinans [19] and Aspergillus introduced into 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing terreus [20]. Optimization of growth parameters 50 ml of GPY broth and incubated at 28±2˚C on a increases the yield of enzyme activity; several rotary shaker at 160 rpm with normal daily light and workers have revealed that, incubation periods dark periods for 10 days. Then, the culture broth and carbon sources affecting the production of was filtrated through Whatman filter paper and the L- asparaginase by fungi [21-23]. filtrate was extracted with chloroform (1:1 v/v) This study is aimed to isolate endophytic under constant shaking. The organic phase was fungi from Datura innoxia and Hyoscyamus muticus concentrated under reduced pressure using a rotary plants, identify them, and detect their antimicrobial evaporator at 45˚C and, finally, the concentrated potential and L-asparginase activity. extract was stored in a vacuum desiccator until constant weight [31]. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 2.4. Antimicrobial assay 2.1. Collection of plant samples The antimicrobial activity test was carried out Twenty samples from each plant ( Datura by disk diffusion method [32] against the following innoxia and Hyoscyamus muticus ) were chosen to bacteria ( Enterobacter aerogenes , Enterococcus isolate endophytic fungi, which collected from faecalis , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumonia , desert habitat in Qena governorate, Egypt. Each Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Salmonella typhi , Salmo- sample was put in a sterile polyethylene bag [24]. nella typhimurium , Shigella flexneri and Staphy- Samples were transported in the same day to lococcus aureus ) and fungi ( Alternaria alternata , laboratory and were kept at 5˚C for mycological A. citri , Aspergillus niger , A. flavus , Cochliobolus analysis. spicifer , Stemphylium vesicarium and Ulocladium botrytis ). The crude extracts of endophytic fungi 2.2. Determination of Endophytic Fungi (0.001 g) dissolved with 1000 μl of dimethyl- sulfoxide (DMSO). For antibacterial test, sterile Isolation of endophytic fungi from plant parts 7 mm paper disks were impregnated with 10 μl of was done according to the method described by these extracts and placed on the Petri dishes surface Rossman et al. [25]. Firstly, the plant leaves were containing Luria Bertani agar medium [33] previou- European Journal of Biological Research 2016; 6 (3): 135-144 137 | El-Said et al. Antimicrobial and L-asparaginase activities of endophytic fungi sly spread with bacterial suspension. Subsequently, culture filtrate was used as crude enzyme to estimate the Petri were incubated at 37±2˚C and the diameter enzyme activity. of the inhibition zones was measured after 24 hr. For antifungal test, the fungal species were 2.5.2.2 Effect of carbon sources employed with GPY agar medium and the plates were incubated at 28±2˚C up to 5-7 days [34]. The basal medium of modified Czapek Dox’s Chloroamphenicol and Nystatin used as positive liquid media with pH 6.2 was supplemented with control for the bacterial and fungal isolates, 0.2% of one of the following carbon sources: respectively. carboxymethylcellulose, fructose, maltose, starch, sucrose and yeast extract, in addition to glucose as 2.5. L-asparaginase activity of fungal isolates control. After inoculation cultures were incubated at 30 ˚C for 96 h and the cultures were filtered, 2.5.1. Screening of fungal isolates for L-aspara- centrifuged and the filtrate was used for the ginase production detection of L-asparaginase activity according to method described by Imada et al. [37]. Based on isolation results Aspergillus niger was the most prevalent species. Six isolates from 3. RESULTS A. niger isolated from Datura innoxia and Hyoscya- mus muticus were chosen randomly and screened 3.1. Endophytic mycobiota of Datura innoxia and for their abilities to produce L-asparaginase as Hyoscyamus muticus plants described by Gulati et al. [35]. Modified Czapek Dox’s medium [36] contained (g/L) glucose 2.0, Thirty six and 2 varieties belonging to 16 L-asparagine 10.0, KH 2PO 4 1.5, KCl 0.5, MgSO 4. genera were collected from 40 plant samples. The 7H 2O 0.5, CuNO 3. 3H 2O 0.03, ZnSO 4.7H 2O 0.05, most prevalent genera on D. innoxia plant were FeSO 4.7H 2O 0.03, agar 18, initial pH 6.2 supple- Aspergillus and Penicillium isolated from 65% and mented with 0.09% phenol red as indicator was used 50% of the samples comprising 25.92% and 24.69 to detect L-asparaginase activity by tested isoltes. of total fungi, respectively. From these genera, The plates were inoculated with the 6 selected the most prevalent species were A. terreus var. fungal isolates and incubated at 30°C for 48 h. The africanus , P. aurantiogriseum and P. chrysogenum , developing pink zones around the fungal colonies they recovered from 25, 25 and 35% of the samples which indicated L-asparaginase production were comprising 6.17, 8.64 and 12.34% of total fungi, measured. respectively. Chaetomium and Cladosporium were the third frequent genera recovered from 30% of 2.5.2. Factors affecting L-asparaginase production the samples contributing 12.34% and 16.04 of total fungi respectively (Table 1).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • FUNGI ASSOCIATED with DECAY in TREATED SOUTHERN PINE UTILITY POLES in the EASTERN UNITED STATES1 Robert A
    1 FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH DECAY IN TREATED SOUTHERN PINE UTILITY POLES IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES1 Robert A. Zabel Professor Department of Environmental and Forest Biology. SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse. NY 13210 Frances F. Lombard Mycologist Center for Forest Mycology Research. USDA Forest Products Laboratory Madison. WI 53705 C. J. K. Wang and Fred Terracina Professor and Research Associate Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse, NY 13210 (Received July 1983) ABSTRACT Approximately 1,320 fungi were isolated and studied from 246 creosote- or pentachlorophenol- treated southern pine poles in service in the eastern United States. The fungi identified were Basid- iomycete decayers. soft rotters, and microfungi. White rot fungi predominated in the 262 Basidiomycete decayers isolated from 180 poles. The major Basidiomycetes isolated by radial position from poles of varying service ages appeared to develop initially in the outer treated zones and were often associated with seasoning checks. Some decay origins, however, appeared to be cases of preinvasion and escapes of preservative treatment. Five species of soft rot fungi comprised nearly 85% of 211 isolates obtained from 131 poles. They were isolated primarily from creosote-treated poles in outer treated zones at the groundline. Dissection analysis of 92 poles indicated that six developmental decay patterns and certain fungi were associated commonly with a pattern. The pole mycoflora isolated was relatively uniform in distribution in the eastern United States. The soft rotters and white rot group of Basidio- mycete decayers appear to be a more important component of the treated southern pine pole mycoflora than has been recognized previously.
    [Show full text]
  • Volatile Metabolites from Microorganisms in Indoor Environments - Sampling, Analysis and Identification
    Volatile Metabolites from Microorganisms in Indoor Environments - Sampling, Analysis and Identification by Anna-Lena Sunesson Akademisk avhandling som med tillstånd av rektorsämbetet vid Umeå Universitet för erhållande av Filosofie Doktorsexamen vid Matematisk-Naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, framlägges till offentlig granskning i Arbetslivsinstitutets stora föreläsningssal, Umeå, torsdagen den 30 november 1995, kl. 10.00. Fakultetsopponent: Prof. Alvin Fox, University of South Carolina, Columbia, U.S.A. Cover illustrations by VesaJussila Till Peter, Helena och Johan Mamma, Pappa och Ulf Title: Volatile Metabolites from Microorganisms in Indoor Environments - Sampling, Analysis and Identification. Author: Anna-Lena Sunesson, Umeå University, Department of Analytical Chemistry, S-901 87 Umeå and National Institute for Working Life, Analytical Chemistry Division, P. O. Box 7654, S-907 13 Umeå, Sweden. Abstract: Microorganisms are able to produce a wide variety of volatile organic compounds. This thesis deals with sampling, analysis and identification of such compounds, produced by microorganisms commonly found in buildings. The volatiles were sampled on adsorbents and analysed by thermal desorption cold trap-injection gas chromatography, with flame ionization and mass-spectrometric detection. The injection was optimized, with respect to the recovery of adsorbed components and the efficiency of the chromatographic separation, using multivariate methods. Eight adsorbents were evaluated with the object of finding the most suitable for sampling
    [Show full text]
  • SOFT-ROT CAPABILITIES of the MAJOR MICROFUNGI, ISOLATED from DOUGLAS-FIR POLES in the Robert A
    SOFT-ROT CAPABILITIES OF THE MAJOR MICROFUNGI, ISOLATED FROM DOUGLAS-FIR POLES IN THE Robert A. Zabel, C. J. K. Wang Professor Emeritus and Professor Faculty of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse, NY 13210 and Susan E. Anagnost Graduate Assistant Faculty of Wood Products Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse, NY 13210 (Received January 1990) ABSTRACT Four hundred seventeen fungi were isolated from 144 of the 163 Douglas-fir poles (ages 7 to 17 years and treatments CCA, penta and oil, or Cellon@)sampled from transmission lines or storage piles in New York and Pennsylvania. Microfungi predominated and comprised nearly 85% of all isolates. They were isolated primarily from treated zones and were most abundant in older CCA- treated poles in transmission lines. Antrodia carbonica and Postia placenta were the principal basid- iomycete decayers and isolated primarily from untreated zones in CCA-treated poles. A limited number of white-rot fungi were isolated from the treated and untreated zones of several poles. Seven of the 12 principal microfungi were established to have soft-rot capabilities. Soft rot was detected anatomically in 23 of the 144 poles in transmission lines. In most cases it was superficial and limited to several outer annual rings; however, it was severe in older CCA-treated poles and involved all of the treated zone and extended several centimeters radially into the untreated zone. Also, soft rot was detected anatomically and soft-rot fungi culturally, in 8 of 12 13-year-old CCA- treated poles that had been fumigated with Vapam 5 or 6 years previously.
    [Show full text]
  • Myooviruses in Isolates of Gaeumannomyces And
    MYOOVIRUSES IN ISOLATES OF GAEUMANNOMYCES AND PHIALOPHORA SPECIES BY Rose Mary McGinty Thesis submitted to the University of London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Biochemistry Department, Plant Pathology Department, Imperial College of Rothamsted Experimental Station, Science and Technology, Harpenden, London, Hert fordsh ire, SW7 2AZ. AL5 2JQ. 1981 To my Mother 3 MYCOVIRUSES IN ISOLATES OF GAEUMANNOMYCES AND PHIALOPHORA SPECIES By Rose Mary McGinty ABSTRACT Characterisation of virus particles from the avirulent or weakly pathogenic parasites of cereal roots, Phialophora graminicola (Pg), Phialophora species with lobed hyphopodia (P.sp.(lh)) and Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis (Ggg) is described. These fungi can cross protect cereal roots from damage caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt), the causal agent of "take-all" disease of wheat and barley. Total nucleic acid was extracted frcm the mycelium of each of 12 field isolates of the weakly pathogenic fungi. Extracts were treated with DNAse and RNAse under appropriate conditions to remove DNA and single-stranded RNA respectively, and the remaining dsRNA was then analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Eight isolates were found to contain dsRNA, with components varying from two to five in number for different isolates. Molecular weights of the dsRNA components ranged from 1x10 to greater than 6 x 10 . Isometric virus particles were extracted and purified from three of the isolates found to contain dsKNA, one each from the species Pg, P.sp. (lh) and Ggg. Evidence was obtained for the presence of two sero- logically unrelated viruses in P.sp. (lh), both of which were 35 nm in diameter.
    [Show full text]
  • A Worldwide List of Endophytic Fungi with Notes on Ecology and Diversity
    Mycosphere 10(1): 798–1079 (2019) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/19 A worldwide list of endophytic fungi with notes on ecology and diversity Rashmi M, Kushveer JS and Sarma VV* Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, Puducherry, India Rashmi M, Kushveer JS, Sarma VV 2019 – A worldwide list of endophytic fungi with notes on ecology and diversity. Mycosphere 10(1), 798–1079, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/19 Abstract Endophytic fungi are symptomless internal inhabits of plant tissues. They are implicated in the production of antibiotic and other compounds of therapeutic importance. Ecologically they provide several benefits to plants, including protection from plant pathogens. There have been numerous studies on the biodiversity and ecology of endophytic fungi. Some taxa dominate and occur frequently when compared to others due to adaptations or capabilities to produce different primary and secondary metabolites. It is therefore of interest to examine different fungal species and major taxonomic groups to which these fungi belong for bioactive compound production. In the present paper a list of endophytes based on the available literature is reported. More than 800 genera have been reported worldwide. Dominant genera are Alternaria, Aspergillus, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Phoma. Most endophyte studies have been on angiosperms followed by gymnosperms. Among the different substrates, leaf endophytes have been studied and analyzed in more detail when compared to other parts. Most investigations are from Asian countries such as China, India, European countries such as Germany, Spain and the UK in addition to major contributions from Brazil and the USA.
    [Show full text]
  • An All-Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of the Huron Mountain Club
    AN ALL-TAXA BIODIVERSITY INVENTORY OF THE HURON MOUNTAIN CLUB Version: August 2016 Cite as: Woods, K.D. (Compiler). 2016. An all-taxa biodiversity inventory of the Huron Mountain Club. Version August 2016. Occasional papers of the Huron Mountain Wildlife Foundation, No. 5. [http://www.hmwf.org/species_list.php] Introduction and general compilation by: Kerry D. Woods Natural Sciences Bennington College Bennington VT 05201 Kingdom Fungi compiled by: Dana L. Richter School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science Michigan Technological University Houghton, MI 49931 DEDICATION This project is dedicated to Dr. William R. Manierre, who is responsible, directly and indirectly, for documenting a large proportion of the taxa listed here. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 5 SOURCES 7 DOMAIN BACTERIA 11 KINGDOM MONERA 11 DOMAIN EUCARYA 13 KINGDOM EUGLENOZOA 13 KINGDOM RHODOPHYTA 13 KINGDOM DINOFLAGELLATA 14 KINGDOM XANTHOPHYTA 15 KINGDOM CHRYSOPHYTA 15 KINGDOM CHROMISTA 16 KINGDOM VIRIDAEPLANTAE 17 Phylum CHLOROPHYTA 18 Phylum BRYOPHYTA 20 Phylum MARCHANTIOPHYTA 27 Phylum ANTHOCEROTOPHYTA 29 Phylum LYCOPODIOPHYTA 30 Phylum EQUISETOPHYTA 31 Phylum POLYPODIOPHYTA 31 Phylum PINOPHYTA 32 Phylum MAGNOLIOPHYTA 32 Class Magnoliopsida 32 Class Liliopsida 44 KINGDOM FUNGI 50 Phylum DEUTEROMYCOTA 50 Phylum CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA 51 Phylum ZYGOMYCOTA 52 Phylum ASCOMYCOTA 52 Phylum BASIDIOMYCOTA 53 LICHENS 68 KINGDOM ANIMALIA 75 Phylum ANNELIDA 76 Phylum MOLLUSCA 77 Phylum ARTHROPODA 79 Class Insecta 80 Order Ephemeroptera 81 Order Odonata 83 Order Orthoptera 85 Order Coleoptera 88 Order Hymenoptera 96 Class Arachnida 110 Phylum CHORDATA 111 Class Actinopterygii 112 Class Amphibia 114 Class Reptilia 115 Class Aves 115 Class Mammalia 121 INTRODUCTION No complete species inventory exists for any area.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Diversity Is Not Determined by Mineral and Chemical Differences in Serpentine Substrates
    Fungal Diversity Is Not Determined by Mineral and Chemical Differences in Serpentine Substrates Stefania Daghino1,2*, Claude Murat3, Elisa Sizzano1, Mariangela Girlanda1, Silvia Perotto1,2 1 Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy, 2 Interdepartmental Centre ‘‘G. Scansetti’’ for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Torino, Italy, 3 Unite´ Mixte de Recherche de l’Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Lorraine Universite´ ‘Interactions Arbres/ Microorganismes’, Centre de Nancy - Champenoux, France Abstract The physico-chemical properties of serpentine soils lead to strong selection of plant species. Whereas many studies have described the serpentine flora, little information is available on the fungal communities dwelling in these sites. Asbestos minerals, often associated with serpentine rocks, can be weathered by serpentine-isolated fungi, suggesting an adaptation to this substrate. In this study, we have investigated whether serpentine substrates characterized by the presence of rocks with distinct mineral composition could select for different fungal communities. Both fungal isolation and 454 pyrosequencing of amplicons obtained from serpentine samples following direct DNA extraction revealed some fungal taxa shared by the four ophiolitic substrates, but also highlighted several substrate-specific taxa. Bootstrap analysis of 454 OTU abundances indicated weak clustering of fungal assemblages from the different substrates, which did not match substrate classification based on exchangeable macronutrients and metals. Intra-substrate variability, as assessed by DGGE profiles, was similar across the four serpentine substrates, and comparable to inter-substrate variability. These findings indicate the absence of a correlation between the substrate (mineral composition and available cations) and the diversity of the fungal community.
    [Show full text]
  • Thuja Plicata Donn)
    The Role of Extractive Depletion in the Fungal Colonization of Western Redcedar {Thuja plicata Donn) by RUSSELL JAMES CHEDGY B.Sc, University of Exeter, 1999 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE / THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Forestry) The University of British Columbia October 2006 © Russell James Chedgy, 2006 Abstract Western redcedar (Thujaplicata Donn) (WRC) is a naturally durable softwood species native to British Columbia, Canada, as well as Washington, Oregon and California in the USA. WRC wood products are valued for their durability conferred by anti-microbial extractive compounds. However, such products are still susceptible to fungal colonization that can result in decay and discoloration. The main objective of this thesis was to provide information on the relationship between durability, the change in extractives, and micro-organisms on WRC products in-service in order to help the industry to develop strategies to improve product service life. We first developed protocols to extract, separate and quantify extractives by ultra-sonication and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. We developed techniques to screen a range of fungi commonly isolated from WRC in service products for extractive-tolerance in vitro. Results indicated that the Basidiomycete Pachnocybe ferruginea exhibited the highest extractive-tolerance of the range of fungi tested. The next section of this thesis focuses on black stain of WRC siding by Aureobasidium pullulans and the role of weathering. We characterized the effect of weathering on extractives at the surface and correlated this with ability of A. pullulans to colonize. UV plus water spray treatments substantially reduced extractives but did not promote fungal colonization.
    [Show full text]
  • Esca De La Vigne Et Communauté Fongique
    Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft Station de recherche Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW Confédération suisse Directeur: Jean-Philippe Mayor • www.acw.admin.ch Confederazione Svizzera Confederaziun svizra Esca de la vigne et communauté fongique V. HOFSTETTER, L. CASIERI, O. VIRET et K. GINDRO, Station de recherche Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW, CP 1012, 1260 Nyon E-mail: [email protected] @ Tél. (+41) 22 36 34 374. Résumé Les études s’intéressant aux champignons associés au bois de vigne se limitent généralement aux parties nécrotiques de ceps atteints d’esca. Ces champignons sont nombreux et appartiennent à des groupes systé - matiques très divers. Les espèces fongiques considérées comme res - ponsables de l’esca ont également été isolées de jeunes plantes. Ces ré - sultats suggèrent que l’esca pourrait être due à un déséquilibre de la communauté fongique normalement associée à la vigne. Pour étudier cette hypothèse, la communauté fongique a été isolée de ceps apoplec - tiques et de boutures saines de Chasselas. Les isolats fongiques ont été identifiés sur la base de leur morphologie, de leur vitesse de croissance, de leur expression enzymatique et de leur séquence ITS, puis classés phylogénétiquement par analyse combinée de quatre gènes. Les com - munautés fongiques isolées de bois atteints d’esca et sains sont très semblables et toutes deux dominées par les mêmes groupes de champi - gnons, à savoir les Ascomycètes, principalement de la classe des Sorda - riomycetes (ordre des Hypocreales et Xylariales ), mais les espèces qui les composent diffèrent partiellement. Cette analyse a permis de déterminer l’emplacement phylogénétique, jusqu’à présent incertain, de Phaeomo - niella chlamydospora, Oidiodendron truncatum et Trichothecium roseum dans les Ascomycètes.
    [Show full text]
  • Biotransformation of Organic Wood Preservatives by Micro-Organisms
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2008 Biotransformation of organic wood preservatives by micro-organisms Diana Nasirumbi Obanda Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Obanda, Diana Nasirumbi, "Biotransformation of organic wood preservatives by micro-organisms" (2008). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 3883. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3883 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. BIOTRANSFORMATION OF ORGANIC WOOD PRESERVATIVES BY MICRO-ORGANISMS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In The School of Renewable Natural Resources By Diana N. Obanda B.S., Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya 1992 M.Phil., Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya 2000 M.S., Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 2007 May 2008 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am greatly indebted to my major professor Dr. Todd Shupe, for his support, advice and guidance throughout this project. Special appreciation is due to Dr. Quinglin Wu, Dr. Ramsay Smith, Dr. Margaret Reams and Dr. Brian Hales, for their valuable suggestions as my committee members. Special thanks to Dr. Grover Waldrop for guiding me through the biochemistry procedures. I also wish to thank Ms.
    [Show full text]
  • THE Etoi,'ECTS of CERTAIN WOOD PRESERVATIVES and THEIR DISTRIBUTION on SOME FUNGI CAUSING TIMBER DECAY
    THE Etoi,'ECTS OF CERTAIN WOOD PRESERVATIVES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION ON SOME FUNGI CAUSING TIMBER DECAY A thesis submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the Diploma of Membership of the Imperial College of Science and Technology by Anthony Frederick Bravery BSc (Southampton) Department of Botany Imperial College of Science and Technology London SW 7 October 1972 ABSTRACT The present study is primarily concerned with determining the fungitoxic significance of a new principle in the preservation of wood, that of introducing organic-solvent type preservatives into wood in a solvent system which penetrates the cell walls. The need for greater research effort on the inter-relationships between wood destroying fungi, wood preserving chemicals and the wood substrate itself is identified and discussed, together with the potential theoretical and practical significance of the principle forming the basis of the present study. The few previous studies in the specific field are reviewed. The study employs water-free diethylene dioxide as the non wall- penetrating solvent and hydrated diethylene dioxide as the wall- penetrating system. The three common, commercial, preservatives, pentachlorophenol, tri butyl tin oxide and copper naphthenate have been employed. The effect of these chemicals with and without wall- swelling has been studied by sequential observation on 3 permeable timbers representing hardwoods (beech - Fagus sylvatica, and birch - Betula sp) and softwoods (Scots pine - Pinus sylvestris) attacked by 3 fungi representing white rot (Polystictus versicolor) brown rot (Coniophora cerebella) and soft-rot (Chaetomium globosum). From histochemical staining techniques, scanning electron microprobe analysis, measurements of physical swelling characteristics, and chemical extraction experiments, it has been concluded that, although the particular swelling solvent system may lead to more even gross distribution of the chemicals, it does not deposit them evenly at depth across the thickness of the cell walls.
    [Show full text]
  • STUDIES on INDOOR FUNGI by James Alexander
    STUDIES ON INDOOR FUNGI by James Alexander Scott A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Mycology, Graduate Department of Botany in the University of Toronto Copyright by James Alexander Scott, 2001 When I heard the learn’d astronomer, When the proofs, the figures, were ranged in columns before me, When I was shown the charts and diagrams, to add, divide, and measure them, When I sitting heard the astronomer where he lectured with much applause in the lecture-room, How soon unaccountable I became tired and sick, Till rising and gliding out I wander’d off by myself, In the mystical moist night-air, and from time to time, Look’d up in perfect silence at the stars. Walt Whitman, “Leaves of Grass”, 1855 STUDIES ON INDOOR FUNGI James Alexander Scott Department of Botany, University of Toronto 2001 ABSTRACT Fungi are among the most common microbiota in the interiors of buildings, including homes. Indoor fungal contaminants, such as dry-rot, have been known since antiquity and are important agents of structural decay, particularly in Europe. The principal agents of indoor fungal contamination in North America today, however, are anamorphic (asexual) fungi mostly belonging to the phyla Ascomycota and Zygomycota, commonly known as “moulds”. Broadloom dust taken from 369 houses in Wallaceburg, Ontario during winter, 1994, was serial dilution plated, yielding approximately 250 fungal taxa, over 90% of which were moulds. The ten most common taxa were: Alternaria alternata, Aureobasidium pullulans, Eurotium herbariorum, Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium chrysogenum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, P. spinulosum, Cl.
    [Show full text]