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Tesis Doctoral UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SUR TESIS DE DOCTOR EN BIOLOGÍA Estudio Sistemático de Micromicetes de la Región Andino-patagónica Romina M. Sánchez BAHIA BLANCA AR GENTINA 2011 PREFACIO Esta Tesis se presenta como parte de los requisitos para optar al grado Académico de Doctor en Biología, de la Universidad Nacional del Sur y no ha sido presentada previamente para la obtención de otro título en esta Universidad u otra. La misma contiene los resultados obtenidos en investigaciones llevadas a cabo en el ámbito del Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia durante el período comprendido entre el 2006 y el 2011, bajo la dirección de la Dra. María Virginia Bianchinotti, Universidad Nacional del Sur, y la co-dirección de la Dra. Andrea Irene Romero, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA. Firma del Alumno UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SUR Secretaría General de Posgrado y Educación Continua La presente tesis ha sido aprobada el .…/.…/.….. , mereciendo la calificación de ......(……………………). i AGRADECIMIENTOS A la Dra. Ma. Virginia Bianchinotti por su dedicación, bondad y cariño en la dirección de esta tesis, por abrirme las puertas de su laboratorio y biblioteca personal, por su confianza incondicional y su aliento permanente, y especialmente por brindarme su amistad. A la Dra. Andrea I. Romero por guiarme y alentarme en el estudio de los ascomicetes, por la lectura crítica del manuscrito y principalmente por recibirme en su laboratorio, su hogar y su familia. Al Dr. Mario Rajchenberg por su guía, su apoyo y sus consejos incondicionales, por facilitarme las instalaciones de su laboratorio y abrirme las puertas de su hogar. Al Dr. Eduardo Cáceres por permitirme utilizar su laboratorio y biblioteca personal para realizar gran parte de mi investigación, por su apoyo y consejos. A mis compañeros de laboratorio, por su ayuda y aliento constante, su confianza plena, y la buena onda y cariño que me regalaron todos estos años que disfruté al lado de ustedes: Alicia, Cecilia D., Cecilia P., Cone, Francisco, Lucas, Nora, Patricia, Paulita y Virginia. A las “nuevas adquisiciones” del LEBBAH: Belén, Guada y Naty, por el apoyo que me brindaron y por la alegría refrescante que sumaron al equipo de trabajo. A las autoridades del CERZOS por permitirme utilizar las instalaciones para el desarrollo de esta tesis, en especial a Silvia Díaz por su amabilidad y su eficiencia, y a los técnicos Ricardo y Jorge por su ayuda y buen humor. A las autoridades y el personal administrativo del Depto. de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia de la UNS. A los integrantes del laboratorio de Ecología: Ethel, Emilia, Nicolás, Pablo, Rosita y Silvana quienes me facilitaron las instalaciones de su laboratorio y me brindaron su ayuda y consejos. A la gente del laboratorio de Genética del CERZOS por prestarme las instalaciones, a las Dras. Alicia Carrera, Gabriela Luciani, Marina Días y a todos sus becarios por la ayuda y los consejos que me brindaron, y en especial a Antonio Garayalde por ayudarme en la extracción de ADN. ii A las autoridades del IADO por facilitarme el uso del microscopio de fluorescencia y a la Dra. Elisa Parodi por su intervención y por su amabilidad. A los integrantes de las bibliotecas de Agronomía y Central de la UNS. A las bibliotecarias del Instituto de Botánica Darwinion y del Depto. de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental de la FCEN-UBA. A la dirección de Parques Nacionales Delegación Regional Patagonia, por su eficacia, rapidez y amabilidad en la gestión y autorización de los permisos para los muestreos. A la Dra. Freda Anderson por el préstamo de material óptico y por permitirme el uso de las cámaras de cultivo de su laboratorio. A las Dras. Alina Greslebin y Belén Pildaín por abrirme las puertas de sus hogares, por su ayuda y guía indispensables durante la realización de mis muestreos. A la Prof. Marta Garelli por su ayuda y correcciones en la descripción latina y por sus clases casi personalizadas de latín. A la Dra. Ma. Amelia Cubitto por facilitarme material y equipos de su laboratorio para el desarrollo de algunas experiencias. A la Dra. Andrea Romero, Dr. Amy Rossman, Dr. Andrew Miller, Dr. Carol Shearer, Dra. Laura Lorenzo, Dr. Joanne Taylor, Dr. Mario Rajchenberg, Dr. McKenzie E. y Dr. Peter Johnston quienes me enviaron sus publicaciones y me brindaron consejos, y también a las Dras. Virginia Sánchez Puerta y Vanesa Negrín quienes colaboraron en la obtención de bibliografía. A los herbarios que me prestaron material fúngico, BPI (USA), NYBG (USA), LPS (Argentina), PDD(Nueva Zelanda) y W (Viena). Especialmente a la Dra. Karina M. Michetti (Cone) por la lectura crítica del manuscrito. A toda mi familia por apoyarme, valorarme y aguantarme: Jora, Patu, Ambi, Leo, Flor, Juan, Anto, Hernán, Lita y Juanca, y en especial a mis padres Mabel y Jorge. A todos mis amigos por sostenerme en los momentos difíciles y alentarme, por respetar mis tiempos y por intentar entender este proceso que significa hacer una tesis. iii RESUMEN Con el propósito de ampliar el conocimiento de la diversidad de ascomicetes en plantas nativas de los bosques andino-patagónicos, se estudió la micobiota de ascomicetes no liquenizantes ni discomicetes, asociada con muestras de corteza y madera de Austrocedrus chilensis y cinco especies del género Nothofagus. Los muestreos se realizaron de forma no sistemática entre los años 2006 y 2009. Se desarrollaron en la región comprendida por el Parque Nacional Lanín en la provincia de Neuquén, el Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi en la provincia de Río Negro y la zona periurbana de Esquel, el Parque Nacional Los Alerces y el Parque Provincial Lago Baggilt en la provincia de Chubut. Se identificaron 34 taxones fúngicos, entre los cuales se registran por primera vez para Sudamérica, seis géneros (Acanthostigma, Acarosporium, Decaisnella, Dwiroopa, Petrakia y Pseudochuppia) y tres especies (Melanomma subdispersum, Mytilinidion tortile y Monodictys paradoxa). Se documentan por primera vez para nuestro país, cuatro géneros (Asteromassaria, Dothiorina, Rebentischia y Tubeufia) y dos especies (Bactrodesmium atrum y Gilmaniella multiporosa). Se proponen once especies nuevas, tres Dothideomycetes (Acanthostigma patagonica Asteromassaria sp. nov. y Ostreichnion sp. nov.), tres Eurotiomycetes (Capronia sp. nov1., Capronia sp. nov2. y Decaisnella sp. nov.) y cinco ascomicetes mitospóricos (Dictyosporium sp. nov., Endomelanconium sp. nov., Petrakia sp. nov., Pseudochuppia sp. nov. y Trimmatostroma sp. nov.). Se encontró una ascomicobiota compuesta en su mayoría por especies de familias de la clase Dothideomycetes (38%), sobre especies de las clases Sordariomycetes (15%) y Eurotiomycetes (12%) Nothofagus obliqua aparece como el sustrato más rico en especies seguido por N. antarctica. Los sustratos con menor riqueza son N. pumilio y Austrocedrus chilensis. Las muestras con mayor riqueza específica son las provenientes del Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, seguidas por las del Parque Provincial Lago Baggilt y las que presentaron el menor número de especies son las de Esquel. En base a los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis y a su comparación con datos publicados previamente, se concluyó que en las notofagáceas de Oceanía y Sudamérica, predominan los ascomicetes en estado anamórfico por sobre los teleomórficos, siendo los mejor representados los iv de la clase Sordariomycetes, seguidos por los de las clases Dothideomycetes y Eurotiomycetes. Se determinó, que las notofagáceas de ambos continentes comparten la presencia de 41 géneros de ascomicetes y un número no muy elevado de especies (17). Seguramente debido a la influencia de factores geográficos específicos. Se encontró una mayor riqueza específica en las muestras de Nothofagus analizadas que la registrada en las nothofagáceas de Oceanía. En Sudamérica, las notofagáceas de Argentina y Chile comparten solamente la presencia de once especies (Chalara brevicaulis, C. dualis, C. nothofagi, Erysiphe nothofagi, Eurotium herbariorum var. fuegianum, Harknessia antarctica, Hysterographium flexuosum, H. subrugosum, Taphrina entomospora, Polyscytalum fuegianum y Sporocybe antarctica). v ABSTRACT With the aim of enlarge the knowledge of Ascomycetes diversity in native plants of the Andean Patagonian forest, the mycobiota in bark and wood of Austrocedrus chilensis and five species of the genus Nothofagus were studied. Pieces of bark and wood were unsystematically collected between the year 2006 and 2009. The sampling area included Lanín National Park in Neuquén province, Nahuel Huapi National Park in Río Negro Province and Esquel urban surroundings, Los Alerces National Park and Baggilt Lake Provincial Park in Chubut province. Thirty four (34) fungal taxa were identified, among them six genera (Acanthostigma, Acarosporium, Decaisnella, Dwiroopa, Petrakia y Pseudochuppia) and three species (Melanomma subdispersum, Mytilinidion tortile y Monodictys paradoxa) were registered for the first time in South America. Four genera (Asteromassaria, Dothiorina, Rebentischia y Tubeufia) and two species (Bactrodesmium atrum and Gilmaniella multiporosa) were documented for the first time in Argentina. Eleven species are proposed as new to science, three of them belong to the Dothideomycetes (Acanthostigma patagonica Asteromassaria sp. nov. y Ostreichnion sp. nov.), three to the Eurotiomycetes (Capronia sp. nov1., Capronia sp. nov2. y Decaisnella sp. nov.) and five to the mitosporic fungi (Dictyosporium sp. nov., Endomelanconium sp. nov., Petrakia sp. nov., Pseudochuppia sp. nov. y Trimmatostroma sp. nov.). The mycobiota was composed
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