Biofilm Forming Ability and Exoproteomic Analysis of Listeria Monocytogenes

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Biofilm Forming Ability and Exoproteomic Analysis of Listeria Monocytogenes Biofilm forming ability and exoproteomic analysis of Listeria monocytogenes Tese apresentada para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Engenharia Alimentar António Clara Abreu Afonso Lourenço Orientadora: Doutora Maria Luisa Lopes de Castro e Brito Coorientador: Doutor Joseph Florian Frank Presidente: Reitor da Universidade de Lisboa Vogais: Doutor Joseph Florian Frank Professor Catedrático University of Georgia, USA Doutora Isabel Maria de Sá Correia Leite de Almeida Professora Catedrática Instituto Superior Técnico da Universidade de Lisboa Doutora Joana Cecília Valente de Rodrigues Azeredo Professora Associada Escola de Engenharia da Universidade do Minho Maria Teresa Ferreira de Oliveira Barreto Goulão Crespo Investigadora Principal Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica de Universidade Nova de Lisboa Doutora Maria Luisa Lopes de Castro e Brito Professora Auxiliar com Agregação Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade de Lisboa Doutora Paula Cristina Maia Teixeira Professora Auxiliar Escola Superior de Biotecnologia da Universidade Católica Portuguesa Lisboa 2014 1 À memória de meus Avós AGRADECIMENTOS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A realização deste trabalho contou com ajuda pessoal e/ou institucional que não posso deixar de referir e agradecer. À Professora Luisa Brito, enquanto minha orientadora, agradeço toda a confiança que depositou na minha formação, toda a disponibilidade que sempre teve e o constante incentivo ao longo de todo o trabalho. Após vários anos de intensos e rigorosos ensinamentos científicos, guardo ainda com mais apreço todos os ensinamentos de vida e a amizade com a qual, estou certo, poderei contar para a vida. To Professor Joseph F. Frank for accepting to be my co-supervisor, having received me in his laboratory and all his guidance during the thesis work. I thank all his teachings that helped me grow scientifically and broaden my horizons, allowing me to meet different people and different approaches to science. To Professor Sixue Chen, Marjorie Chow and Carolyn Diaz I thank the kind welcome in the ICBR laboratory and all the availability for teaching me. To Professor Vasquez-Boland and Mariela Scortti for the teachings and interest in my work. Ao Professor Santos Oliveira (FCT/UNL), com quem tive ainda a sorte de poder privar, pelas suas sugestões tão relevantes para este trabalho. Agradeço aos meus colegas de laboratório no ISA, com quem ao longo dos últimos anos tive a sorte de partilhar a bancada. A boa disposição e espirito de partilha em muito contribuíram para o bom decorrer deste trabalho. Não posso deixar de realçar a Ana Carla Silva, com quem muito aprendi e que pacientemente sempre esteve disponível para resolver os problemas do dia-a-dia. O seu profissionalismo e desempenho de excelência é a pedra angular deste laboratório. À Paula Cabrita pela ajuda que sempre me deu e por ser um exemplo de organização ao qual sempre aspirei. Ao meu colega de bancada, agora já Doutor, André Barata, pelo companheirismo e pela boa disposição sempre presente com quem as trocas de ideias sempre foram proveitosas. To Maesh Chandra, I thank the kind words present whenever necessary. À Ana Abrunhosa por toda a ajuda laboratorial e por ser i sempre uma fonte de motivação e boa disposição. À Patrícia Vidigal pela amizade e incentivos que souberam dar-me ânimo em momentos de maior desalento. Um especial agradecimento também pela ajuda com os tratamentos gráficos da tese. À Mara Pereira por um apoio e amizade sempre presentes. À D.ª Helena Nunes e D.ª Manuela Rodrigues pela ajuda essencial que prestaram na preparação de material e pela boa disposição com que sempre encararam os meus pedidos. To may lab mates from University of Georgia, Shawn Lyons, Chi Ching Lee, Tang yanjie, Belle Piansay, Rowaida Khalil, Ana Lucia Rodriguez, Dvijal Patel and Amudhan Ponrajan I thank the warm welcome in a foreign country, easygoing coexistence in the lab and their friendship. To Julia Vastola for our long and pleasant talks at Walker’s and to Solandre Perez, for having enriched my life. A Rosa Raudales y Cecilia Sánchez de la University of Florida, gracias por su compañía, que me hizo sentir como en casa lejos de casa. To Aitor de las Heras, Vasanthakrishnan Balasubramaniam, Jesus Navas, John Bell, Iain MacArthur, Rob Cain, Patricia Gonzalez, Sonsiray Alvarez, Alexia Hapeshi, Elisa Anastasi Ana Serrano and Victoria Avila from University of Edinburgh. I am very grateful for their help and friendship. Muchas gracias. Aos meus familiares que sempre me apoiaram nesta caminhada, em especial as minhas irmas Clara, Sonia e Ana. Ao meu Pai, a quem tudo devo, não posso deixar de pôr por escrito o meu mais profundo agradecimento e admiração. To State and Hatch funds allocated to the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations. À Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) (Grant SFRH/BD/46996/2008). ii THESIS TITLE: Biofilm forming ability and exoproteomic analysis of Listeria monocytogenes ABSTRACT The eradication from the food industry environment of the foodborne pathogenic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes requires a better understanding of its biofilm state. The susceptibility of biofilms of L. monocytogenes, in pure and in co-culture with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to commercial sanitizers was determined using the Calgary Biofilm Device (CBD). Biofilms produced at 12 ºC were generally less susceptible to sanitizers than at 37 ºC. In co-culture biofilms, L. monocytogenes although representing only 1% of the co-culture, was in the same order of magnitude as the one obtained when in pure culture (5.5 log CFU/cm2). In addition to the CBD, three other methods to assess biofilm formation (crystal violet assay, epifluorescence microscopy observation and cell enumeration on stainless steel) were compared. A significant correlation was found between methods using stainless steel, evidence that data is dependent of the surface material. These results also allowed the selection of two good biofilm producing strains to be used for exoproteome investigation. For both strains, 16 identified exoproteins were more abundantly detected in the biofilm exoproteomes compared to the planktonic counterparts. One of these proteins was the putative cell wall binding protein, Lmo2504. The construction of a deletion mutant on its coding gene, confirmed the positive role of this protein in the biofilm forming ability of the wild type strain. This is the first report on the role of the exoproteome in biofilm formation. Keywords: Listeria monocytogenes, biofilm, sanitizer susceptibility, exoproteome, Lmo2504 iii TÍTULO DA TESE: Capacidade de formação de biofilme e análise do exoproteoma de Listeria monocytogenes RESUMO A erradicação da bactéria patogénica Listeria monocytogenes, dos ambientes relacionados com as indústrias alimentares, requer uma melhor compreensão do seu estado de biofilme. A susceptibilidade, a desinfectantes comerciais, de biofilmes de L. monocytogenes, em cultura pura e em co-cultura com Pseudomonas aeruginosa, foi avaliada utilizando o Calgary Biofilm Device (CBD). Biofilmes produzidos a 12 ºC foram, em geral, menos susceptíveis a desinfectantes do que quando formados a 37 ºC. Em co-cultura, L. monocytogenes, embora representando apenas 1 % da população total, apresentou a mesma ordem de grandeza do que a obtida quando em cultura pura (5,5 log UFC/cm2). Além do CBD, foram comparados três outros métodos para avaliar a formação de biofilme (cristal violeta, observação através de microscopia de epifluorescência e enumeração de células em superfícies de aço inoxidável). Foi encontrada uma correlação significativa entre os métodos que utilizam aço inoxidável, evidência de uma dependência dos resultados obtidos do material da superfície de crescimento do biofilme. Esta análise permitiu também a selecção de duas estirpes boas produtoras de biofilme para serem utilizadas no estudo do exoproteoma. Para ambas as estirpes, foram identificadas 16 exoproteínas com maior abundância no exoproteoma do biofilme, quando comparado com o respectivo estado planctónico. Uma dessas proteínas foi uma proteína putativa de ligação à parede celular, Lmo2504. A construção de um mutante de deleção do gene que a codifica confirmou o papel positivo desta proteína na capacidade de formação de biofilme da estirpe selvagem. Este é o primeiro relato sobre o papel do exoproteoma na formação de biofilme. Palavras-chave: Listeria monocytogenes, biofilme, susceptibilibade a sanificantes, exoproteoma, Lmo2504 iv PREAMBLE For the food industries, food safety is the main concern. In order to avoid contamination of food products, the food industries relay on preventive measures such as effective hygiene to eradicate pathogens. Listeria monocytogenes is a high concern to food industry, especially in the case of ready to eat food producers. Previous work carried out from our group, has shown that, when planktonic cells were tested, neither the adaptation nor the resistance to disinfectants explained the existence of resident strains in particular food facilities. The biofilm state of L. monocytogenes has been regarded as a key factor for strain persistence and for unsuccessful disinfection treatments. The assessment of L. monocytogenes biofilm forming ability and susceptibility, in conditions similar to the industry environment, is therefore of relevance. The knowledge of the factors influencing biofilm formation is important to help target preventive solutions. In the process of biofilm development, the extracellular proteins or exoproteins, a fraction of the bacterial total proteome,
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