Aedes Aegypti Distribution by State 3
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Backyard Mosquito Management Practices That Do Not Poison You Or the Environment by Becky Crouse
A BEYOND PESTlClDES FACT SHEET O A BEYOND PESTlClDES FACT SHEET O A BEYOND PESTlClDES FACT SHEET Backyard Mosquito Management Practices that do not poison you or the environment By Becky Crouse irst and foremost, let’s get a couple of things straight. (1995), pgs. 17-29). He has continually questioned the effi- Mosquito management does NOT mean dousing your- cacy of spray-based strategies against mosquitoes, conduct- Fself and your kin in your favorite DEET product and ing research for several cities in the mid-1980s. then stepping out to enjoy the local wildlife. It is not swat- ting at the suckers as they bite you. And it is not investing in Life Cycle of a Skeeter one of those full-body net suits for your next camping trip. To manage mosquitoes, you have to get rid of the situa- There are more than 2,500 different species of mosquitoes in the tions that are attracting them to your world, 150 of which occur in the U.S. property, and, if you detect any and a only small fraction of which ac- breeding activity, kill them before tually transmit disease. they become adults. That’s called Mosquitoes go through four LARVACIDE! stages in their life cycle – egg, larva, So what then do mosquitoes pupa, and adult. Eggs can be laid ei- need? Why are they finding your ther one at a time or in rafts and float backyard so darn attractive? They on the surface of the water. Culex and need suitable aquatic breeding habi- Culiseta species stick their eggs to- tats in order to complete their life gether in rafts of 200 or more, which cycle (a.k.a they need water). -
Insects Commonly Mistaken for Mosquitoes
Mosquito Proboscis (Figure 1) THE MOSQUITO LIFE CYCLE ABOUT CONTRA COSTA INSECTS Mosquitoes have four distinct developmental stages: MOSQUITO & VECTOR egg, larva, pupa and adult. The average time a mosquito takes to go from egg to adult is five to CONTROL DISTRICT COMMONLY Photo by Sean McCann by Photo seven days. Mosquitoes require water to complete Protecting Public Health Since 1927 their life cycle. Prevent mosquitoes from breeding by Early in the 1900s, Northern California suffered MISTAKEN FOR eliminating or managing standing water. through epidemics of encephalitis and malaria, and severe outbreaks of saltwater mosquitoes. At times, MOSQUITOES EGG RAFT parts of Contra Costa County were considered Most mosquitoes lay egg rafts uninhabitable resulting in the closure of waterfront that float on the water. Each areas and schools during peak mosquito seasons. raft contains up to 200 eggs. Recreational areas were abandoned and Realtors had trouble selling homes. The general economy Within a few days the eggs suffered. As a result, residents established the Contra hatch into larvae. Mosquito Costa Mosquito Abatement District which began egg rafts are the size of a grain service in 1927. of rice. Today, the Contra Costa Mosquito and Vector LARVA Control District continues to protect public health The larva or ÒwigglerÓ comes with environmentally sound techniques, reliable and to the surface to breathe efficient services, as well as programs to combat Contra Costa County is home to 23 species of through a tube called a emerging diseases, all while preserving and/or mosquitoes. There are also several types of insects siphon and feeds on bacteria enhancing the environment. -
Horse Insect Control Guide
G950 (Revised March 2006) Horse Insect Control Guide John B. Campbell, Extension Entomologist feeds on blood. The fly bites inflict pain to the animal which Insects that bother horses, and ways to treat responds by foot stamping and tail switching in an effort to them, are covered here. dislodge the fly. House flies have a sponging type mouthpart and feed only on secretions of the animal around the eyes, nostrils and Nebraskans keep horses for a number of different rea anal openings. They are annoying to the animal even though sons. Some are for 4-H projects and urban users (recreation they don’t bite. al), ranch and farm (work), breeding farms, and racing. Both these fly species can transmit a nematode parasite Some of the insect pests of horses are also pests of other (Habronema spp.) to horses. The nematode is transmitted livestock. Other insects are specific to horses, but may be either through a feeding wound, or internally if the horse pests only on farm and ranch horses. swallows a fly. The best methods of pest control vary depending upon The nematode tunnels through the skin (cutaneous the type of horse production. tissues) of the horse, causing ulcerative sores (habroneiniasis or summer sores). The sores begin as small papules which Caution become encrusted. They are most often found on the shoulders, chest, neck, and inner surfaces of the rear quarters Use only insecticides that are USDA approved and EPA and tail. registered for use on horses. Wettable powder (WP) formula Localized treatment with a phosphate insecticide labeled tions are generally preferred over emulsifiable-concentrates for use on horses usually destroys the nematode. -
Chironomid Midge and Mosquito Risk Assessment Guide for Constructed Water Bodies
Chironomid midge and mosquito risk assessment guide for constructed water bodies Chironomid midge and mosquito risk assessment guide for constructed water bodies August 2007 Chironomid midge and mosquito risk assessment guide for constructed water bodies Acknowledgments This document has been developed by representatives from the Midge Research Group of Western Australia, including people with expertise in midge and mosquito management, as well as water body design and maintenance. In particular the contribution of the following people is gratefully acknowledged. Neil Harries (City of Gosnells) Sue Harrington (Department of Health) Dr Jenny Davis (Murdoch University) Ian Barker (formerly City of Rockingham) Paddy Strano (formerly City of Cockburn) Peter Morrison (formerly City of Canning) Daniel Rajah (City of Stirling) James Henson (City of Rockingham) This document is continually being reviewed and as such we welcome your feedback. Comments can be sent to the City of Cockburn at [email protected] Additional copies of this document can be downloaded from http://www.cockburn.wa.gov.au/midges/index.html Foreword This risk assessment guide has been developed to provide assistance to Approving Agencies, Developers and Landscape Designers in assessing design characteristics of proposed and existing Constructed Water Bodies. This document has been endorsed by the Department of Water, Department of Health and the Water Corporation. It is intended to provide a balance to minimising the potential for midge and mosquito breeding whilst at the same time endeavouring to allow flexibility in design and construction options. The guide provides a risk rating to various design parameters and users should select the most appropriate description of the proposed water body. -
Aedes Aegypti (Yellow Fever Mosquito) Fact Sheet
STATE OF CALIFORNIA-HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES AGENCY California Department of Public Health Division of Communicable Disease Control Aedes aegypti (Yellow Fever Mosquito) Fact Sheet What is the Aedes aegypti mosquito? Aedes aegypti, also known as the “yellow fever mosquito”, is an invasive mosquito; it is not native to California. This black and white striped mosquito bites people and animals during the day. Why are we concerned about the Aedes aegypti mosquito in California? This mosquito is an aggressive day biting mosquito and has the potential to transmit several viruses, including dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever. However, none of these viruses are currently known to be transmitted within California. The eggs of Aedes aegypti have the ability to survive being dry for long periods of time which allows eggs to be easily spread to new locations. Where do Aedes aegypti mosquitoes lay their eggs? Female mosquitoes lay their eggs in small artificial or natural containers that hold water. Containers can include dishes under potted plants, bird baths, ornamental fountains, tin cans, or discarded tires. Even a small amount of standing water can produce mosquitoes. What is the life cycle of the Aedes aegypti mosquito? About three days after feeding on blood, the female lays her eggs inside a container just above the water line. Eggs are laid over a period of several days, are resistant to drying, and can survive for periods of six or more months. When the container is refilled with water, the eggs hatch into larvae. The entire life cycle (i.e., from egg to adult) can occur in as little as 7-8 days. -
Guidelines for Aedes Aegypti and Aedes Albopictus Surveillance and Insecticide Resistance Testing in the United States
Guidelines for Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Surveillance and Insecticide Resistance Testing in the United States Version 2, 11/9/16 Table of Contents Intended Audience ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Part 1: Guidelines for Conducting Surveillance and for Reporting Presence, Absence, and Relative Abundance of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus ...................................................................................... 1 Background .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Surveillance Aims ......................................................................................................................................... 2 CDC Surveillance Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 2 Reporting to CDC ......................................................................................................................................... 4 CDC Use of Reported Data ......................................................................................................................... 4 References ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Part 2: Insecticide Resistance Testing for Known Mosquito Vectors of Zika, Dengue, and Chikungunya -
Genetically Modified Mosquitoes Educator Materials
Genetically Modified Mosquitoes Scientists at Work Educator Materials OVERVIEW This document provides background information, discussion questions, and responses that complement the short video “Genetically Modified Mosquitoes” from the Scientists at Work series. The Scientists at Work series is intended to provide insights into the daily work of scientists that builds toward discoveries. The series focuses especially on scientists in the field and what motivates their work. This 8-minute 35-second video is appropriate for any life science student audience. It can be used as a review of the nature of science or to enhance a discussion on transgenic technology. Classroom implementation of the material in this document might include assigning select discussion questions to small groups of students or selecting the top five questions to discuss as a class. KEY CONCEPTS • Researchers genetically modified mosquitoes to help prevent the spread of a virus. • Male GM mosquitoes pass on a lethality gene to the offspring when they mate with non-GM females in the wild. CURRICULUM CONNECTIONS Standards Curriculum Connection NGSS (2013) HS-LS1.A, HS-LS3.A AP Bio (2015) 3.A.1 IB Bio (2016) 3.1, 3.5 Vision and Change (2009) CC1, CC2, CC3 PRIOR KNOWLEDGE Students should • be familiar with the idea that genes code for proteins and that genetic information can be passed to offspring. • have some understanding of transgenic technology and what it means for an organism to be genetically modified. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Mosquitoes can transmit pathogens that cause many human diseases, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, chikungunya, and Zika fever. -
Aedes Albopictus
Heredity (2002) 88, 270–274 2002 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0018-067X/02 $25.00 www.nature.com/hdy Host age effect and expression of cytoplasmic incompatibility in field populations of Wolbachia- superinfected Aedes albopictus P Kittayapong1, P Mongkalangoon1, V Baimai1 and SL O’Neill2 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; 2Section of Vector Biology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is a ments with laboratory colonies showed that aged super- known vector of dengue in South America and Southeast infected males could express strong CI when mated with Asia. It is naturally superinfected with two strains of Wolba- young uninfected or wAlbA infected females. These results chia endosymbiont that are able to induce cytoplasmic provide additional evidence that the CI properties of Wolba- incompatibility (CI). In this paper, we report the strength of chia infecting Aedes albopictus are well suited for applied CI expression in crosses involving field-caught males. CI strategies that seek to utilise Wolbachia for host popu- expression was found to be very strong in all crosses lation modification. between field males and laboratory-reared uninfected or Heredity (2002) 88, 270–274. DOI: 10.1038/sj/hdy/6800039 wAlbA infected young females. In addition, crossing experi- Keywords: Aedes albopictus; cytoplasmic incompatibility; host age; Wolbachia Introduction individuals, CI occurs if the female is uninfected with respect to the strain that the male carries. The net effect The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is is a decrease in the fitness of single-infected females, and native to Asia and the South Pacific and has been recently thus the superinfection spreads (Sinkins et al, 1995b). -
The Crane Fly Vs. the Mosquito! Mosquito Crane
The Crane Fly vs. The Mosquito! A Case of Mistaken Identity: A Crane Fly is not a Giant Mosquito! Mosquito Crane Fly It looks like a super-sized mosquito and it’s flying around your living room. Fatally attracted to light, these huge insects may cause panic upon first sight. Despite appearances, however, this seemingly dangerous insect is most likely a harmless common crane fly and not a mosquito at all. Common crane flies appear to be enlarged versions of many mosquito species, but there are several ways to tell them apart. The easiest way is by size. A mosquito is extremely small, measuring about ¼ - ½ inches in length. The common crane fly is between 1 – 1 ½ inches by comparison. Some crane fly species can even reach up to three inches! Another difference is that the crane fly will have a slender, V-shaped abdomen with long legs. This body shape makes crane flies poor fliers, and they usually wobble in the air. Mosquitoes, on the other hand, are agile and move quickly when flying. It is important to differentiate between these two bugs because mosquitoes transmit diseases like West Nile virus, encephalitis and Malaria, killing millions of people worldwide each year. Crane flies cannot bite and they do not carry diseases. As larvae, they may consume roots and vegetation while they are growing, but this is the extent of the damage they cause. In correctly called ‘mosquito eaters’ or ‘mosquito hawks’, crane flies actually feed on nectar or nothing at all in adult form. A crane fly’s sole purpose as an adult is to mate and die. -
West Nile Virus (WNV) Fact Sheet
West Nile Virus (WNV) Fact Sheet What Is West Nile Virus? How Does West Nile Virus Spread? West Nile virus infection can cause serious disease. WNV is ▪ Infected Mosquitoes. established as a seasonal epidemic in North America that WNV is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. flares up in the summer and continues into the fall. This Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on fact sheet contains important information that can help infected birds. Infected mosquitoes can then spread you recognize and prevent West Nile virus. WNV to humans and other animals when they bite. What Can I Do to Prevent WNV? ▪ Transfusions, Transplants, and Mother-to-Child. In a very small number of cases, WNV also has been The easiest and best way to avoid WNV is to prevent spread directly from an infected person through blood mosquito bites. transfusions, organ transplants, breastfeeding and ▪ When outdoors, use repellents containing DEET, during pregnancy from mother to baby. picaridin, IR3535, some oil of lemon eucalyptus or para- Not through touching. menthane-diol. Follow the directions on the package. ▪ WNV is not spread through casual contact such as ▪ Many mosquitoes are most active from dusk to dawn. touching or kissing a person with the virus. Be sure to use insect repellent and wear long sleeves and pants at these times or consider staying indoors How Soon Do Infected People Get Sick? during these hours. People typically develop symptoms between 3 and 14 days after they are bitten by the infected mosquito. ▪ Make sure you have good screens on your windows and doors to keep mosquitoes out. -
American Mosquito Control Association January 2017
BEST PRACTICES FOR INTEGRATED MOSQUITO MANAGEMENT: A FOCUSED UPDATE American Mosquito Control Association January 2017 AMCA – BEST PRACTICES FOR MOSQUITO CONTROL 2017: A FOCUSED UPDATE STEERING COMMITTEE Christopher M. Barker, PhD Kenn K. Fujioka, PhD Associate Professor District Manager School of Veterinary Medicine San Gabriel Valley Mosquito and Vector University of California, Davis Control District Davis, California West Covina, California Charles E. Collins, Jr., MS, MBA Christopher R. Lesser Executive Vice President, Market Access Manatee County Mosquito Control District ACTIVATE Palmetto, Florida Parsippany, New Jersey Sarah R. Michaels, MSPH, PhD candidate Joseph M. Conlon Entomologist Technical Advisor New Orleans Mosquito Control Board American Mosquito Control Association New Orleans, Louisiana Mount Laurel, New Jersey Bill Schankel, CAE C. Roxanne Connelly, PhD Executive Director Professor American Mosquito Control Association University of Florida Mount Laurel, New Jersey Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory Vero Beach, Florida Kirk Smith, PhD Laboratory Supervisor Mustapha Debboun, PhD, BCE Vector Control Division Director Maricopa County Environmental Services Department Mosquito & Vector Control Division Phoenix, Arizona Harris County Public Health Houston, Texas Isik Unlu, PhD Adjunct Professor Eileen Dormuth, MEd, PHR Center for Vector Biology Director of Instructional Design Rutgers University ACTIVATE New Brunswick, New Jersey Parsippany, New Jersey Superintendent Ary Faraji, PhD Mercer County Mosquito Control Manager -
Natural Infection of Aedes Aegypti, Ae. Albopictus and Culex Spp. with Zika Virus in Medellin, Colombia Infección Natural De Aedes Aegypti, Ae
Investigación original Natural infection of Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Culex spp. with Zika virus in Medellin, Colombia Infección natural de Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus y Culex spp. con virus Zika en Medellín, Colombia Juliana Pérez-Pérez1 CvLAC, Raúl Alberto Rojo-Ospina2, Enrique Henao3, Paola García-Huertas4 CvLAC, Omar Triana-Chavez5 CvLAC, Guillermo Rúa-Uribe6 CvLAC Abstract Fecha correspondencia: Introduction: The Zika virus has generated serious epidemics in the different Recibido: marzo 28 de 2018. countries where it has been reported and Colombia has not been the exception. Revisado: junio 28 de 2019. Although in these epidemics Aedes aegypti traditionally has been the primary Aceptado: julio 5 de 2019. vector, other species could also be involved in the transmission. Methods: Mosquitoes were captured with entomological aspirators on a monthly ba- Forma de citar: sis between March and September of 2017, in four houses around each of Pérez-Pérez J, Rojo-Ospina the 250 entomological surveillance traps installed by the Secretaria de Sa- RA, Henao E, García-Huertas lud de Medellin (Colombia). Additionally, 70 Educational Institutions and 30 P, Triana-Chavez O, Rúa-Uribe Health Centers were visited each month. Results: 2 504 mosquitoes were G. Natural infection of Aedes captured and grouped into 1045 pools to be analyzed by RT-PCR for the aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Culex detection of Zika virus. Twenty-six pools of Aedes aegypti, two pools of Ae. spp. with Zika virus in Medellin, albopictus and one for Culex quinquefasciatus were positive for Zika virus. Colombia. Rev CES Med 2019. Conclusion: The presence of this virus in the three species and the abundance 33(3): 175-181.