Annotated Bibliography of Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Zerihun Tadele Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Switzerland September 2011 Correct citation: Zerihun Tadele. 2011. Annotated Bibliography of Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]. Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland. Printed at Stämpfli AG, 3001 Bern, Switzerland, September 2011. ISBN: 978-3-033-03119-7 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TEF iii Preface For long time, I have been interested to improve under-studied or commonly known orphan crops of Africa. Orphan crops which represent a variety of cereals, legumes and root crops play key role in feeding the population of Africa. These under- researched crops are also better adapted to extreme climatic and soil conditions than major crops of the world. Research in my group implements genetic and genomic tools in order to improve tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter], an orphan crop predominantly grown in the Horn of Africa. The crop is annually cultivated on about 2.8 mio ha of land in Ethiopia, which is equivalent to over 25% of the area allocated for cereals. Research on tef began in mid-1950s in Ethiopia. Since then, many studies were made in different disciplines and representing diverse agro-ecological regions. However, most studies were neither completed nor published. In this annotated bibliography an attempt has been made to gather all available information about tef research, development and production. The bibliography presents some comments or major findings for each literature unless the information is not currently available or accessible. The bibliography is divided into 28 chapters. The general information on the importance of the crop and research plans are presented in the first two chapters. The third chapter indicates some environmental conditions suitable for tef cultivation. Information on the history, taxonomy and germplasm are shown in Chapter 4 and 5. Studies on morphological and mechanical properties of tef are indicated in Chapter 6. Research on genetics, cytogenetics, breeding and variety development are presented in Chapters 7 and 8. The limited number of studies on physiology is shown in Chapter 9. A recent study on genomics and mapping including markers are presented in Chapter 10. Few investigations on transformation and regeneration are shown in Chapters 11 and 12. Agronomic research which includes crop management, tillage and soils studies are dealt in Chapters 13 to 15. Limited research on implements and mechanization are indicated in Chapter 16. Information on biotic and abiotic stresses are provided from Chapter 17 to 20. Studies or information related to human and animal nutrition are available in Chapter 21 and 22. Socioeconomic studies and farming systems surveys are dealt in Chapters 23 and 24. Information on production and marketing of tef is available in Chapters 25 and 26. Published information regarding closely related Eragrostis species are also provided in Chapter 28. The bibliography also contains the author index. Sites mentioned in the bibliography particularly those with extensive farming systems studies are shown in the introduction part of the Bibilography. Throughout the literature, unless otherwise mentioned yield refers to seed yield, and all literature are in English unless indicated. Research in my group is supported by Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable iv ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TEF Agriculture and University of Bern. My group collaborates with international group of scientists in the area of crop improvement and genome sequencing. Our key partner is the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research with whom we established strong collaboration in promoting the development of new cultivars and training the Institute‘s scientists at short- and long-term. At this juncture, I would like to thank all stakeholders and enthusiastic tef team in Bern. Zerihun Tadele September 2011 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TEF v Table of Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................ iii Literature Citation Guide ............................................................................................................. vii List of Acronyms ......................................................................................................................... viii Names of tef .................................................................................................................................. xi Trend of Tef Cultivation in Ethiopia ......................................................................................... xii Locations Indicated in the Bibliography ................................................................................. xiii 1. General Importance ................................................................................................................... 1 2. Research Plans and Programs ................................................................................................ 17 3. Agro-ecology ........................................................................................................................... 23 4. History, Origin and Taxonomy ............................................................................................. 27 5. Germplasm Collection and Conservation ............................................................................ 33 6. Morphology, Anatomy and Mechanics ................................................................................ 39 7. Cytogenetics............................................................................................................................. 41 8. Genetics, Breeding and Cultivars .......................................................................................... 45 9. Physiology and Biochemistry ................................................................................................ 81 10. Genomics, Mapping and Markers ....................................................................................... 87 11. Biotechnology and Transformation .................................................................................... 93 12. Regeneration and Growth Regulators ................................................................................ 95 13. Crop Management and Cropping System .......................................................................... 98 14. Tillage and Drainage .......................................................................................................... 113 15. Soils and Fertility Studies .................................................................................................. 119 16. Farm Implements and Mechanization .............................................................................. 141 17. Weeds and Control Measures ............................................................................................ 145 18. Pests and Control Measures ............................................................................................... 165 19. Diseases and Control Measures ........................................................................................ 179 20. Abiotic Stresses ................................................................................................................... 191 21. Human Nutrition and Food Value .................................................................................... 199 22. Animal Nutrition and Feed Value ..................................................................................... 215 23. Farming Systems Studies ................................................................................................... 233 24. Socio-economic Studies ..................................................................................................... 245 vi ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TEF 25. Production and Marketing ................................................................................................. 251 26. Extension and On-farm Research ..................................................................................... 265 27. Biofuel or Bioenergy .......................................................................................................... 279 28. Genus Eragrostis, Excluding E. tef ................................................................................... 281 Author Index .............................................................................................................................. 291 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TEF vii Literature Citation Guide Throughout the bibliography, the same system of literature citation is used. However, the sequences followed for articles in different types of publications (e.g., journals, newsletters, progress reports, proceedings, etc.) are indicated below: 1. For articles in Journal, Bulletins or Newsletters: author(s), year of publication, title, bulletin or journal name, volume (and number), page number. Examples: Journals Jones BMG. 1988. Endemic crop plants of Ethiopia. I. Tef (Eragrostis tef). Walia: Journal of the Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History 11:37-43. Bulletin Ebba T. 1979. Tef: the grass that provides injera. Ethiopian Grain Review 5(1):3-5. 2. For articles in Progress Report, or Book: author(s), year of publication, title of the article, page (range), editors (if any), title of the book, Publisher, place of publication. Examples: Progress Reports: Anon. nd. Summary of some