DOCSLIB.ORG

Representation of Human Behavior in Military Simulations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Representation of Human Behavior in Military Simulations FFI-rapport 2008/01565 Representation of Human Behavior in Military Simulations Vidar Engmo Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt/Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) 25.08.2008 FFI-rapport 2008/01565 419801 P: ISBN 978-82-464-1415-7 E: ISBN 978-82-464-1416-4 Keywords Modellering og simulering Menneskelig atferd Agenter (Databehandling) Kognitiv teknologi Panservogner 2 FFI-rapport 2008/01565 English summary This report contains the master thesis of Vidar Engmo, which investigates human behavior representation in military simulations. The thesis reviews several agent and cognitive frameworks, and evaluates these for use in military simulations. In addition, the thesis describes a case study. The case study consists of integrating a Beliefs-Desires-Intention (BDI) agent framework with a simulation framework. The case study focused on simulating synthetic teammates in a main battle tank troop. FFI-rapport 2008/01565 3 Sammendrag Rapporten inneholder masteroppgaven til Vidar Engmo, som omhandler representasjon av menneskelig oppførsel i militære simuleringer. Masteroppgaven beskriver flere agent- og kognitive rammeverk, og evaluerer disses brukbarhet i militære simuleringer. Oppgaven beskriver også en tilfelle-studie hvor et Beliefs-Desires-Intention (BDI) agentrammeverk ble integrert med et simuleringsrammeverk. Studien fokuserte på å simulere syntetiske lagkamerater i en stridsvogntropp. 4 FFI-rapport 2008/01565 Contents Preface 6 FFI-rapport 2008/01565 5 Preface The following page contains the assignment text. The subsequent pages contain the master thesis in full. 6 FFI-rapport 2008/01565 MASTER THESIS VIDAR ENGMO 30.07.2008 Preface “Why waste time on a summer vacation, when you can spend the time on writing your master thesis!” The thought crawled in my head around midnight a Saturday evening in July, when I was still hammering away on my keyboard. What can I say? I just like it, Vidar Engmo. I would like to thank my father and mother for giving me the courage to always seek new challenges and believe in myself. I would like to thank the officers at the Norwegian Army Transformation and Doctrine Command for all the help regarding the development of the demonstration software. My visit to Rena Camp and the demonstration of the Combined Combat Simulator gave me valuable inputs on how to create simple but effective behavior in Human-in-the-Loop simulations. I would like to thank my professor at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Prof. Lill Kristiansen for the guidance and valuable feedback during the period of writing this master thesis. Finally I would like to thank my teaching supervisors, researchers Karsten Braathen and Odd-Martin Staal, at the Norwegian Defense Research Establishment for always looking out for my best interests and providing me with guidance, software and advice on how to solve the task of writing the master thesis. Vidar Engmo Wednesday, July 30, 2008 I | P a g e MASTER THESIS VIDAR ENGMO 30.07.2008 Abstract The purpose of this master thesis was to investigate the psychological and computational basis for human behavior representation (HBR) in military simulations and identify problem areas of existent software agent frameworks that provide computer generated forces (CGF) with human like cognitive abilities. The master thesis identifies psychological properties that influence human cognition in an operational environment through a theoretical study of operational and cognitive psychology. The psychological properties of human cognition are then connected to artificial intelligence through a theoretical study of agents and multi-agent systems and form the foundation for identifying general HBR properties. The HBR properties are used as evaluation markers that constitute the basis for constructing an evaluation of relevant agent frameworks thereby visualizing their strengths and weaknesses. The problem areas of incorporating artificial intelligence into CGF are further concretized by the development of a demonstrator that interacts with a synthetic environment. The demonstrator is an implementation of a tank platoon in the agent framework Jadex. The synthetic environment is provided by VR-Forces which is a product by MÄK technologies. The thesis makes a distinction between the conceptual structure of agent frameworks and their actual implementation. According to this master thesis it is the output of the agent framework that is the most important feature not how the output came into being. Producing the correct output requires the selection of the correct tools for the job. The selection of an agent framework should be taken on the background of an evaluation of the simulation requirements. A large portion of the development time is consumed by the development of application and communication interfaces. The problem is a result of lacking standardization and that most cognitive agent frameworks are experimental in nature. In addition the artificial intelligence (AI) in such simulations is often dived into levels, where the synthetic environment takes care of low-level AI and the agent framework the high-level AI. Tight synchronization between low and high-level AI is important if one wishes to create sensible behavior. The purpose of an agent framework in conjunction with CGF is thereby ensuring rapid development and testing of behavior models. III | P a g e MASTER THESIS VIDAR ENGMO 30.07.2008 Table of Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................... I Abstract .............................................................................................................................................III Table of Contents............................................................................................................................... V List of Figures .....................................................................................................................................IX List of Tables .................................................................................................................................... XIII Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................. XV Chapter 1 Introduction........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Description.................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Scope ........................................................................................................................................ 2 1.4 Structure ................................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2 The Military Domain ...........................................................................................................7 2.1 Military Levels of Command ...................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Structural Composition of a Military Force ................................................................................ 8 2.3 Military Operations ................................................................................................................... 9 2.4 Command and Control ............................................................................................................ 10 2.5 Network Based Defense .......................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 3 Background Theory ........................................................................................................... 13 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 13 3.2 Operational Psychology ........................................................................................................... 15 3.3 Artificial Intelligence................................................................................................................ 32 3.4 Distributed Artificial Intelligence ............................................................................................. 44 Chapter 4 Human Behavior Representation ...................................................................................... 47 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 47 4.2 Representing Human Behavior in Synthetic Environments....................................................... 49 4.3 Identification of HBR properties .............................................................................................. 50 4.4 Preliminary Evaluation of Agent Architectures ......................................................................... 63 4.5 Performance Moderator functions .......................................................................................... 66 4.6 Cognitive Architectures ........................................................................................................... 70 4.7 BDI Architecture .....................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Michael Espindola Araki Polymathic Leadership
    Michael Espindola Araki Polymathic Leadership: Theoretical Foundation and Construct Development Dissertação de Mestrado Dissertation presented to the Programa de Pós- graduação em Administração de Empresas of the Departamento de Administração, PUC-Rio as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Mestre em Administração de Empresas. Advisor: Prof. Flávia de Souza Costa Neves Cavazotte Rio de Janeiro April 2015 Michael Espindola Araki Polymathic Leadership: Theoretical Foundation and Construct Development Dissertation presented to the Programa de Pós- graduação em Administração de Empresas of the Departamento de Administração, PUC-Rio as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Mestre em Administração de Empresas. Prof. Flávia de Souza Costa Neves Cavazotte Advisor Departamento de Administração – PUC-Rio Prof. Ana Heloísa da Costa Lemos Departamento de Administração - PUC-Rio Prof. Lúcia Barbosa de Oliveira Faculdades IBMEC-RJ Profª. Mônica Herz Vice-Dean of Pós-Graduação of the CCS – PUC-Rio Rio de Janeiro, April 15th, 2015 All rights reserved. Michael Espindola Araki The author is graduated in Business Management from Universidade Veiga de Almeida in 2012. He has experience as a teacher, business manager, business consultant and as an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) analyst and pre-sales consultant. Bibliographic data Araki, Michael Espindola Polymathic leadership: theoretical foundation and construct development / Michael Espindola Araki; advisor: Flávia de Souza Costa Neves Cavazotte. – 2015. 203 f. : il. (color.) ; 30 cm Dissertação (mestrado) – Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Administração, 2015. Inclui bibliografia 1. Administração – Teses. 2. Polimatia. 3. Liderança. 4. Liderança polímata. 5. Grupos. 6. Equipes. 7. Teoria. 8. Quadro teórico.
    [Show full text]
  • John Bissell Carroll (1916–2003)
    John Bissell Carroll (1916–2003) John Bissell (Jack) Carroll was an early leader in the develop- the best graduate student in the country. However, Skinner’s ment of psycholinguistics and a dominant contributor to psycho- experimental work with single subjects (rats and pigeons) did not metrics and the study of individual differences in cognitive abil- fit well with Jack’s interests. Following a colloquium by Thurst- ities. His seminal work in evaluating foreign language one, Jack thought working in psychometrics with a large number proficiencies across multiple cultures combined his expertise in of tests and human participants would be much more appealing. psycholinguistics with that in psychometrics and defined funda- Thus, Skinner arranged for Jack to work with Thurstone and mental issues in the study of language acquisition. It also pro- others at the University of Chicago (summer 1940). His disser- vided a rich empirical knowledge base for teaching foreign lan- tation was completed soon after he assumed his first academic guages. The intellectual depth of his scholarly products is position, at Mount Holyoke College, and was subsequently pub- matched only by the overwhelming amount of data collection lished in Psychometrika (“A Factor Analysis of Verbal Abilities,” and analysis in which he engaged before venturing empirical 1941). It remains a cogent treatment of the structure of verbal generalizations and theoretical speculations. His career brings to abilities. mind E. O. Wilson’s idea about the creation of important scien- At Mount Holyoke, Jack met Mary Elizabeth Searle; she tific products—brains for analysis, energy for synthesis—be- was a senior when Jack arrived there.
    [Show full text]
  • Benson, NF, Beaujean, AA
    Running head: REVISITING CARROLL 1 Please use the following citation when referencing this work: Benson, N. F., Beaujean, A. A., McGill, R. J., & Dombrowski, S. C. (2018). Revisiting Carroll’s survey of factor-analytic studies: Implications for the clinical assessment of intelligence. Psychological Assessment. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/pas0000556 ©American Psychological Association, 2018. This paper is not the copy of record and may not exactly replicate the authoritative document published in the APA journal. Please do not copy or cite without author’s permission. The final article is available, upon publication, at: 10.1037/pas0000556 Revisiting Carroll’s Survey of Factor-Analytic Studies: Implications for the Clinical Assessment of Intelligence Nicholas F. Benson and A. Alexander Beaujean Baylor University Ryan J. McGill William & Mary Stefan C. Dombrowski Rider University Author note Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Nicholas F. Benson, Department of Educational Psychology, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97301, Waco, TX 76798. E-mail: [email protected] REVISITING CARROLL 2 Abstract John Carroll's three-stratum theory—and the decades of research behind its development—are foundational to the contemporary practice of intellectual assessment. The present study addresses some limitations of Carroll’s work: specification, reproducibility with more modern methods, and interpretive relevance. We re-analyzed select datasets from Carroll's survey of factor analytic studies using confirmatory factor analysis as well as modern indices of interpretive relevance. For the majority of the datasets, we found that Carroll likely extracted too many factors representing Stratum II abilities. Moreover, almost all of factors representing Stratum II abilities had little-to-no interpretive relevance above and beyond that of general intelligence.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Intelligence Assessment: the Unfinished Tapestry
    From Contemporary Intellectual Assessment: Theories, Tests, and Issues, Third Edition. Edited by Dawn P. Flanagan and Patti L. Harrison. Copyright 2012 by The Guilford Press. All rights reserved. CHAPTER 1 A History of Intelligence Assessment The Unfinished Tapestry John D. Wasserman When our intelligence scales have become more accurate and the laws governing IQ changes have been more definitively established it will then be possible to say that there is nothing about an individual as important as his IQ, except possibly his morals; that the greatest educational problem is to determine the kind of education best suited to each IQ level; that the first concern of a nation should be the average IQ of its citizens, and the eugenic and dysgenic influences which are capable of raising or lowering that level; that the great test problem of democracy is how to adjust itself to the large IQ differences which can be demonstrated to exist among the members of any race or nationality group. —LEWIS M. TERMAN (1922b) This bold statement by the author of the first of intelligence and its assessment deservedly elicits Stanford–Binet intelligence scale captures much many strong feelings. of both the promise and the controversy that have Intelligence is arguably the most researched historically surrounded, and that still surround, topic in the history of psychology, and the concept the assessment of intelligence. Intelligence tests of general intelligence has been described as “one of and their applications have been associated with the most central phenomena in all of behavioral some of the very best and very worst human be- science, with broad explanatory powers” (Jensen, haviors.
    [Show full text]
  • John Carroll's Views on Intelligence: Bi-Factor Vs. Higher-Order Models
    J. Intell. 2015, 3, 121-136; doi:10.3390/jintelligence3040121 OPEN ACCESS Journal of Intelligence ISSN 2079-3200 http://www.mdpi.com/journal/jintelligence Article John Carroll’s Views on Intelligence: Bi-Factor vs. Higher-Order Models A. Alexander Beaujean Educational Psychology Department, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97301, Waco, TX 76798, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] Academic Editor: Paul De Boeck Received: 24 July 2015 / Accepted: 8 October 2015 / Published: 14 October 2015 Abstract: The development of factor models is inextricably tied to the history of intelligence research. One of the most commonly-cited scholars in the field is John Carroll, whose three-stratum theory of cognitive ability has been one of the most influential models of cognitive ability in the past 20 years. Nonetheless, there is disagreement about how Carroll conceptualized the factors in his model. Some argue that his model is best represented through a higher-order model, while others argue that a bi-factor model is a better representation. Carroll was explicit about what he perceived the best way to represent his model, but his writings are not always easy to understand. In this article, I clarify his position by first describing the details and implications of bi-factor and higher-order models then show that Carroll’s published views are better represented by a bi-factor model. Keywords: bi-factor model; higher-order model; John Carroll; general intelligence 1. Introduction Scholars have debated theories of cognitive ability for over a century [1]. Inextricably related to these debates are debates about the how to represent the theories in a factorial model.
    [Show full text]
  • Davis Joint Unified School District
    Davis Joint Unified School District Special Report to the Board of Education on Review of the Alternative Instructional Model (AIM), 2015 September 17, 2015 (The Special Report to the Board of Education has been updated as of 09/16/2015. You can find the changes, which are tracked on pages 11-12 and Appendix K and L.) Special Report to the Board of Education on the Review of the Alternative Instructional Model (AIM), 2015 Office of the Superintendent ] I!I1 r.i.i i ir This report was produced pursuant to the Board of Education motion on June 4, 2015, directing the Superintendent to: Provide more equitable access to the AIM program, move to eliminate the use of private testing to qualify students, beginning with students who would first be admitted to the program in the 2016-17 school year. Further, direct the Superintendent to have staff review and recommend assessment protocols to be implemented in screening students beginning in the 2015-16 school year. The focus of assessment will be to identify students whose needs cannot be met in classrooms which fully implement best practices of differentiated instruction. Assessment will take into consideration multiple measures. Recommended changes will be approved by the Board, prior to implementation. Further, direct the Superintendent to develop a plan for the district which fully implements differentiated instructional practices in all classrooms. For the reader's convenience, this report contains information about and from outside organizations, including hyperlinks and URLs. Inclusion of such information does not constitute an endorsement by the Davis Joint Unified School District Superintendent Winfred Roberson and/or the school district.
    [Show full text]
  • Intelligence
    Intelligence L'intelligence est l'ensemble des processus retrouvés dans des systèmes, plus ou moins complexes, vivants ou non, qui permettent de comprendre, d'apprendre ou de s'adapter à des situations nouvelles. La définition de l'intelligence ainsi que la question d'une faculté d'intelligence générale ont fait l'objet de nombreuses discussions philosophiques et scientifiques. L'intelligence a été décrite comme une faculté d'adaptation (apprentissage pour s'adapter à l'environnement ou au contraire, faculté de modifier l'environnement pour l'adapter à ses propres besoins). Dans ce sens général, les animaux, les plantes ou encore les outils informatiques (apprentissage profond) font preuve d'une intelligence. L'intelligence peut être également perçue comme la capacité à traiter l'information pour atteindre des objectifs. L'intelligence est étudiée par la psychologie cognitive, la psychologie du développement, l'anthropologie (évolution), l'éthologie cognitive (intelligence animale), les neurosciences (biologie) ou encore la génétique. Chez les animaux ce sont les systèmes de communication endocriniens et/ou neuronaux qui produisent l’intelligence. Sommaire Étymologie et définitions Le Penseur, sculpture d'Auguste Définitions scientifiques Rodin, représente un homme en Concepts de l'intelligence selon les cultures pleine réflexion. Il semble utiliser Sources de biais dans les études scientifiques de l'intelligence toute son intelligence pour Cultures africaines résoudre un problème. Cultures musulmanes Cultures occidentales Intelligence
    [Show full text]
  • Science and Engineering Education for the 1980S and Beyond. INSTITOTICN Department of Education, Washington, D.C.: National Science Fcundation, Washington, D.C
    DOCOBENT RESUME ED 193 092 SE 033 226 TITLE Science and Engineering Education for the 1980s and Beyond. INSTITOTICN Department of Education, Washington, D.C.: National Science Fcundation, Washington, D.C. PUE CATE Oct 80 NOTE 228p. EDRS PRICE MF01/PC10 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Educational Improvement: *Educational Needs; Educational Quality: *Engineering Education: Engineers: Federal Aid: Federal Legislation: *Mathematics Education: *Science Education: Scientific Enterprise: *Scientifickiteracy: Scientific Personnel: Scientists: *Technology ABSTRACT Prepared by the National Science Foundation and the Department of Education in response tc a request by President Carter for informatics cn the condition of science and engineering Education in America, this document contains data shoving a decline in the general understanding of science and technology among secondary school students. Although scientific and technical literacy are increasingly necessary in our society, high school students are dropping out cf science and mathematics courses after the tenth grade, resulting in a citizenry lucking understanding cf the increasingly technically complex world. While data from econometric Frcjecticns indicate that, with a few exceptions, there should be adequate numbers of engineers and scientists at all degree levels to fill available positions in 1980, ccncern also needs to be given to the educaticn cf engineers, scientists, and technicians. Suggestions for acticns tc alleviate these and related problems and to refocus efforts for upgrading educaticn for the citizen as well as for the specialist are included in this report. Positive action is needed so that all citizens have the scientific and technical understanding to participate in an increasingly complex society and so that technical and Frofessicnal personnel remain cn the cutting edge of sclentific and technical progress.
    [Show full text]
  • Bsc Chemistry
    ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Subject PSYCHOLOGY Paper No and Title Paper No 1: Cognitive Science Module No and Title Module No 25: Human Intelligence - I Module Tag PSY_P1_M25 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introduction 3. What do you mean by human intelligence? 4. Theories of human intelligence 4.1. Spearman’s two-factor theory 4.2. Thurstone and the specific mental abilities 4.3. Cattell and Horn’s theory 4.4. Carroll’s Three-Stratum Model 4.5. Sternberg’s triarchic theory 4.6. Gardener’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence 4.7. Mayer-Salovey-Caruso’s structure of emotional intelligence 5. Neurocognition in intelligence 5.1. What do you understand by neurocognitive psychology? 5.2. What role does neurocognition play in intelligence? 6. Summary PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No. 1: Cognitive Science MODULE No. 25: Human Intelligence - I ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Learning 1. Learning Outcomes After studying this module, you shall be able to: Understand and define human intelligence Understand the historical perspective of intelligence Understand different theories of intelligence Understand the role of neurocognition in human intelligence 2. Introduction The moment we talk about intelligent people, Albert Einstein, Stephen Hawkins and Steve Jobs are some of the most frequently occurring names in our minds. But, how do we consider these people intelligent? What do we actually understand by human intelligence? How did the concept of intelligence come into being? What did people infer from intelligence in the historical times? What are the different theories through which we can better understand this concept? Also, what is the significant role of neurocognition in human intelligence? We will be able to fetch answers to all such questions in this module.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychologues Américains
    Psychologues américains A G (suite) M (suite) • Robert Abelson • Gustave M. Gilbert • Christina Maslach • Gordon Willard • Carol Gilligan • Abraham Maslow Allport • Stephen Gilligan • David McClelland • Richard Alpert • Daniel Goleman • Phil McGraw • Dan Ariely • Thomas Gordon • Albert Mehrabian • Solomon Asch • Temple Grandin • Stanley Milgram • Blake Ashforth • Clare Graves • Geoffrey Miller • David Ausubel • Joy Paul Guilford (psychologue) • Moubarak Awad • George Armitage H Miller B • Theodore Millon • G. Stanley Hall • James Baldwin • Daria Halprin N (psychologue) • Harry Harlow • Theodore Barber • Alan Hartman • Ulric Neisser • Gregory Bateson • Torey Hayden • Richard Noll • Diana Baumrind • Frederick Herzberg • Alex Bavelas • Ernest Hilgard O • Don Beck • James Hillman • Benjamin Bloom • Allan Hobson • James Olds • Edwin Garrigues • John L. Holland Boring • John Henry Holland P • Loretta Bradley • Evelyn Hooker • Nathaniel Branden • Carl Hovland • Baron Perlman • Urie Bronfenbrenner • Clark Leonard Hull • Walter Pitts • Joyce Brothers • Jerome Bruner J R • David Buss • Howard Buten • William James • Joseph Banks Rhine • Kay Redfield Jamison • Kenneth Ring C • Irving Janis • Judith Rodin • Arthur Janov • Carl Rogers • John Bissell Carroll • Joseph Jastrow • Milton Rokeach • James McKeen Cattell • Julian Jaynes • Eleanor Rosch • Raymond Cattell • Arthur Jensen • Marshall Rosenberg • Cary Cherniss • Frank Rosenblatt • Robert Cialdini K • Robert Rosenthal • Mary Cover Jones • Julian Rotter • Lee Cronbach • Daniel Kahneman • Paul Rozin
    [Show full text]
  • Second Edition (Kabc-Ii) – an Explo
    University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh PERFORMANCE OF GHANAIAN SCHOOL CHILDREN ON THE KAUFMAN ASSESSMENT BATTERY FOR CHILDREN – SECOND EDITION (KABC-II) – AN EXPLORATORY VALIDATION STUDY BY DEIRDRE SALLY QUARTEY 10175263 THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY IN PSYCHOLOGY DEGREE JULY, 2014 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION This is to certify that this thesis is the result of research carried out by Deirdre Sally Quartey under supervision, towards the award of the Master of Philosophy in Clinical Psychology Degree in the University of Ghana, Legon. ………………………… DEIRDRE SALLY QUARTEY (STUDENT) Date………………………… ………………………… PROF. C. C. MATE-KOLE (PRINCIPAL SUPERVISOR) Date……………………….. ………………………… DR. A. ANUM (CO-SUPERVISOR) Date………………………… i . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ABSTRACT The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-second Edition (KABC-II) is a foreign psychological test which is increasingly being employed by practitioners in Ghana in the assessment of intelligence and cognitive abilities in children although it has not been locally normed as yet. Thus, the performance of 90 school children in Ghana aged between 6 and 12 years, whose sociocultural backgrounds may differ considerably from those for whom the KABC-II were normed, was investigated in this study. Children aged between 10 years and 12 years 11months performed significantly better than those aged between 6 years and 7 years 11months on all five subscales but only on two subscales when the former age group was compared to those aged between 8 to 9 years 11 months.
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Human Intelligence
    Outline of human intelligence The following outline is provided as an overview of and 2 Emergence and evolution topical guide to human intelligence: Human intelligence – in the human species, the mental • Noogenesis capacities to learn, understand, and reason, including the capacities to comprehend ideas, plan, problem solve, and use language to communicate. 3 Augmented with technology • Humanistic intelligence 1 Traits and aspects 1.1 In groups 4 Capacities • Collective intelligence Main article: Outline of thought • Group intelligence Cognition and mental processing 1.2 In individuals • Association • Abstract thought • Attention • Creativity • Belief • Emotional intelligence • Concept formation • Fluid and crystallized intelligence • Conception • Knowledge • Creativity • Learning • Emotion • Malleability of intelligence • Language • Memory • • Working memory Imagination • Moral intelligence • Intellectual giftedness • Problem solving • Introspection • Reaction time • Memory • Reasoning • Metamemory • Risk intelligence • Pattern recognition • Social intelligence • Metacognition • Communication • Mental imagery • Spatial intelligence • Perception • Spiritual intelligence • Reasoning • Understanding • Abductive reasoning • Verbal intelligence • Deductive reasoning • Visual processing • Inductive reasoning 1 2 8 FIELDS THAT STUDY HUMAN INTELLIGENCE • Volition 8 Fields that study human intelli- • Action gence • Problem solving • Cognitive epidemiology • Evolution of human intelligence 5 Types of people, by intelligence • Heritability of
    [Show full text]