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Interdisciplinary Approach Tetiana V. Stepykina Iryna V. Mygovych THEORY OF COMMUNICATION: Interdisciplinary Approach Ministry of Education and Science, Youth and Sports of Ukraine State Institution “Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University” 1 Tetiana V. Stepykina Iryna V. Mygovych THEORY OF COMMUNICATION: Interdisciplinary Approach Manual for Master Students Luhansk State Institution “Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University” 2012 2 УДК 811.111’1’27 (075.8) ББК 81.2Англ – 923 С57 R e v i e w e r s: Zelenko А. S. Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Ukrainian Philology and General Linguistics, Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University. Moiseenko О. Y. Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Translation, Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University. Khomyak N. V. Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Translation of Germanic and Romanic Languages, Volodymyr Dahl East-Ukrainian National University. Stepykina Т. V., Mygovych І. V. С57 Theory of Communication : Interdisciplinary Approach : Manual for Higher Educational Institutions Master Students / Tetiana V. Stepykina, Iryna V. Mygovych ; State Institution ―Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University‖. – Luhansk : Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University Press, 2012. – 397 с. The manual ―Theory of Communication: Interdisciplinary Approach‖ is written in need to provide guidance in the theory of language and cross-cultural communication. It attempts an overview of Communicative as well as Contact Linguistics in a synchronic perspective. The main purpose of the manual is to investigate the nature of language and culture as the basic means of interpersonal and intercultural communication. It is also aimed at studying the interdependence of a human being and language as a complex mental and sociocultural construct, the various ways in which language is used among the representatives of different sociocultural communities. The structure and content of the manual correspond to the ―Language and Cross- Cultural Communication‖ course syllabus designed for master students. The manual can also be used by English language teachers, researchers, post-graduate and advanced students of English, as well as by anyone researching language from communicative and intercultural perspective. УДК 811.111’1’27 (075.8) ББК 81.2Англ – 923 Recommended for Print by Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University Teaching and Training Council (Official Record No. 6, January 11, 2012) © Stepykina T. V., Mygovych I. V., 2012 © Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University Press, 2012 3 CONTENTS Preface ……………………………………………………………………………………. 9 Part I FUNDAMENTALS OF LANGUAGE COMMUNICATION 1. The Essence of Language Communication ……………………………………….. 13 Overview ……………………………………………………………………………… 13 1.1 Communication Theory …………………………………………………………… 13 1.2 Methods & Main Lines of Research in Communicative Studies ……………… 14 1.3 Defining Communication …………………………………………………………… 16 1.4 Typology of Communication ……………………………………………………… 18 1.5 Models of Communication ………………………………………………………… 19 1.6 Ethnography of Communication …………………………………………………… 25 Summary …………………………………………………………………………… 26 Practice ……………………………………………………………………………… 27 References ………………………………………………………………………… 30 2. Language as The Medium of Human Communication ………………………… 31 Overview ……………………………………………………………………………… 31 2.1 Language from the Standpoint of Culture and Cognition ………………………. 31 2.2 Spoken versus Written Language ………………………………………………… 36 2.3 Lexical Density …………………………………………………………………….. 39 2.4 Indicating Status …………………………………………………………………… 40 2.5 Footing ……………………………………………………………………………… 41 2.6 Protecting Face ……………………………………………………………………. 42 2.7 Conversational Style ………………………………………………………………. 43 2.8 Narrative Style …………………………………………………………………….. 44 Summary …………………………………………………………………………… 45 Practice …………………………………………………………………………….. 46 References ………………………………………………………………………… 52 3. Conversational Communication and Types of Communicative Messages: Verbal, Non-Verbal …………………………………………………….. 53 4 Overview ……………………………………………………………………………… 53 3.1 The Process of Conversation …………………………………………………….. 53 3.2 Managing Conversation ……………………………………………………………. 58 3.3 Maintaining Conversation ………………………………………………………….. 59 3.4 The Nature of Verbal / Non-Verbal Messages …………………………………… 60 3.5 The Relative Importance of Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication …………. 63 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………. 65 Practice …………………………………………………………………………….. 65 References …………………………………………………………………………. 67 4. Pragmatic Aspect of Language Communication ………………………………… 68 Overview ……………………………………………………………………………… 68 4.1 Defining Pragmatics ……………………………………………………………….. 68 4.2 Cooperation and Implicature ………………………………………………………. 70 4.3 Hedges ……………………………………………………………………………… 71 4.4 Speech Acts and Events ………………………………………………………….. 72 4.5 Conditions for the Performance of Speech Acts ……………………………….. 74 4.6 Direct and Indirect Speech Acts ………………………………………………….. 76 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………... 77 Practice ……………………………………………………………………………….. 78 References …………………………………………………………………………… 84 5. Language Contact as an Outcome of Language Communication ……………. 86 Overview ……………………………………………………………………………… 86 5.1 The Subject Matter of Contact Linguistics ………………………………………… 86 5.2 History of Research on Language Contact ……………………………………….. 90 5.3 The Field of Contact Linguistics ……………………………………………………. 94 5.4 Types of Contact Situation ………………………………………………………….. 95 5.5 Language Creation: New Contact Languages ……………………………………. 101 5.6 The Social Contexts of Language Contact ……………………………………….. 104 5.7 Speech Communities and Language Contact ……………………………………. 105 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………… 108 Practice ……………………………………………………………………………….. 108 References …………………………………………………………………………… 109 5 6. Language Contact and Linguistic Variation: Style, Social Class, Sex, Gender, Ethnicity ……………………………………….. 111 Overview ……………………………………………………………………………… 111 6.1 Language and Social Class ………………………………………………………… 111 6.2 Style …………………………………………………………………………………… 116 6.3 Style as the Second Main Dimension of Linguistic Variation …………………… 118 6.4 Function versus Structure …………………………………………………………... 120 6.5 Overview of Approaches to Style ………………………………………………….. 121 6.6 Language and Gender / Sex ……………………………………………………….. 126 6.7 Simple Sex-Linked Patterns in Linguistic Variation ……………………………… 130 6.8 Language and Ethnicity …………………………………………………………….. 133 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………… 138 Practice ……………………………………………………………………………….. 138 References …………………………………………………………………………… 149 7. Language Contact and Linguistic Convergence ………………………………… 151 Overview ……………………………………………………………………………… 151 7.1 Sprachbund: Contact Across Contiguous Speech Communities ………………. 151 7.2 Substratum, Superstratum, Adstratum ……………………………………………. 152 7.3 Balkanisms as an Example of Language Convergence 153 (Balkan Sprachbund) ……………………………………………………………….. 7.4 Language Contact and Phonological Change ……………………………………. 157 7.5 Suprasegmental System of Language (on the base of Estonian) ……………… 159 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………… 161 Practice ……………………………………………………………………………….. 163 References …………………………………………………………………………… 163 8. Results of Language Contact: Pidgins, Creoles ………………………………… 165 Overview ……………………………………………………………………………… 165 8.1 Defining Pidgin …………………………………………………………………......... 165 8.2 Social Contexts of Pidgin Formation ………………………………………………. 168 8.3 Structural Characteristics of Pidgins ………………………………………………. 170 8.4 Processes of Pidgin Formation …………………………………………………….. 173 8.5 Common Traits among Pidgins …………………………………………………….. 174 6 8.6 Creole Language …………………………………………………………………….. 175 8.7 Creole Formation & Classification …………………………………………………. 176 8.8 The Creole Prototype ……………………………………………………………….. 181 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………… 182 Practice ……………………………………………………………………………….. 183 References …………………………………………………………………………… 185 Part II FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 1. Intercultural Communication: The Basics ……………………………………….. 188 Overview ……………………………………………………………………………… 188 1.1 Why to Study Intercultural Communication? ……………………………………… 188 1.1.1 The Technological Reason ………………………………………………. 190 1.1.2 The Demographic Reason ……………………………………………….. 194 1.1.3 The Economic Reason ……………………………………………………. 195 1.1.4 The Self-Awareness Reason …………………………………………….. 196 1.1.5 The Ethical Reason ……………………………………………………….. 197 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………… 198 Practice ……………………………………………………………………………….. 198 References …………………………………………………………………………… 199 2. Culture, Communication, Context, and Power ………………………………….. 200 Overview ……………………………………………………………………………… 200 2.1 What is Culture? ……………………………………………………………………... 200 2.1.1 High Culture and Low Culture ……………………………………………. 202 2.1.2 Shared and Learned Patterns of Belief and Perception ………………. 203 2.1.3 Culture as a Contested Zone …………………………………………….. 205 2.2 The Relationship between Culture and Communication ………………………… 206 2.2.1 How Culture Influences Communication ………………………………... 207 2.2.2 Value Orientations and Cultural Conflict ………………………………... 211 2.2.3 How Communication Influences Culture ……………………………….. 214 2.3 The Relationship between Communication and Context ………………………... 215 2.4 The Relationship between Communication and Power …………………………. 215 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………… 218 7 Practice ……………………………………………………………………………….. 218 References …………………………………………………………………………… 219 3. Identity and Intercultural Communication ……………………………………….. 221 Overview ………………………………………………………………………………
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