A Bright Future for Glass-Ceramics

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bulletinemerging ceramics & glass technology OCtober/november 2010

A bright future for glass-ceramics

Cost-efficient nanofabrication of high-temperature superconducting ceramic wire • Materials mingle for mini windmill • Rustum Roy remembered • MS&T’10 Final Program • ICACC’11 (Daytona Beach) & Electronic Materials and Applications 2011 meetings previews •

contents October – November 2010 • Vol. 89 No. 8 feature articles A bright future for glass–ceramics ...... 19 Edgar Dutra Zanotto The impressive range of properties and exciting potential applications ensure that the prospects for glass–ceramics are very high. Thermochemical nanofabrication of high-temperature superconducting ceramic and multistrand electric wire ...... 28 Anatol Rokhvarger Researchers demonstrate cost-efficient production of reliable, third-generation superconducting round wire. cover story Small-scale modular windmill ...... 34 Wide horizons remain for Scott Bressers, Dragan Avirovik, Chris Vernieri, Jess Regan, Stephen Chappell, Mark glass–ceramics Hotze, Stephen Luhman, Mickaël Lallart, Daniel Inman and Shashank Priya Spread of applications and new Virginia Tech researchers have created and tested a mini wind turbine capable of recharg- products continues – page 19 ing small electronic devices and powering remote networks. Cover photo: Ceran glass-ceramic cooktop, ACerS Corporate Technical Achievement Awards ...... 41 courtesy of Schott North America Corning’s Gorilla Glass brings King Kong strength to high-tech electronics . . . 41 Novel GE scintillator delivers CT scanning imaging revolution ...... 43 MS&T 2010/ACerS Annual Meeting Final Program ...... 45 Plenary session ...... 46 ACerS lectures ...... 47 MS&T’10 and ACerS 112th Annual Meeting program overview ...... 47 ACerS activities ...... 48 Facilities map ...... 49 MS&T’10 program-at-a-glance ...... 50 MS&T’10 exhibitors ...... 51 Featired ceramic-related exhibitors ...... 52 ACerS early-2011 meetings previews ...... 54 Cost-efficient production Electronic Materials and Applications 2011 of superconducting wire Plenary speakers ...... 54 Nanolithography allows rapid pro- Schedule ...... 55 totyping of electronics – page 28 35th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites Plenary speakers ...... 56 Schedule ...... 57 Exhibition information ...... 57 departments News & Trends ...... 4 • Missouri S&T gets funding to develop battlefield “smart dust” • Coating that makes glass less lethal to birds gets design award • Band excitation scaning probe microscopy innovation wins accolades ACerS Spotlight ...... 7 Mini windmill enabled by • Rustum Roy 1924–2010 materials mashup • “Additives for Monolithics” symposium scheduled Ultra-low-power energy scaveng- • 2011 award nomination deadline approaching ing for electronics – page 34

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY contents bulletin October–November 2010 • Vol. 89 No. 8

Executive Staff Scott Steen, Executive Director and Publisher departments, continued [email protected] ACerS Spotlight (continued) Editorial and Production • Calling all potential Emeritus members Peter Wray, Editor ph: 614-794-5853 fx: 614-794-4505 • Visit the new ACerS Career Center [email protected] • ACerS 2010 division award winners announced Ann Spence, Assistant Editor ph: 614-794-5825 fx: 614-794-5822 • GOMD 2011 call for papers [email protected] • PACRIM 9 call for papers Michael Greenman, Contributing Editor Tess M . Speakman, Graphic Designer • Upcoming short courses Editorial Advisory Board • In memoriam James C . Marra, Chair, Savannah River National Lab Kristen Brosnan, General Electric People in the Spotlight ...... 10 Alexis Clare, Alfred University • Day receives Phoenix Award from glass industry Olivia Graeve, Alfred University Linda E . Jones, Alfred University • Brundage takes new ceramic industry position Venkat Venkataramani, GE Research Ceramics in the Environment ...... 11 Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 301-206-9789 • Brazil group sees “hygroelectricity” as a new renewable energy source [email protected] • “Personalized energy systems” predicted after catalytic oxygen leap Address 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210 • Mars cleaning technology applicable to Earth-bound solar panels Westerville, OH 43082-6920 Advances in Nanomaterials ...... 14 • Flexible cellulose aerogel overcomes brittleness Advertising Sales • Nanowires boost efficiency of ultra-low-cost, stable solar cells [email protected] • Nanosandwiching method to improve transistors National Sales Patricia A . Janeway, Associate Publisher Ceramics in Energy ...... 16 [email protected] ph: 614-794-5826 fx: 614-794-5822 • A123 spins off new low-cost flow battery project: “24M” Europe • FuelCell Energy and G3 Power Systems tapping egg-farm waste Richard Rozelaar [email protected] ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Research Briefs ...... 17 • Less platinum, better efficiency for fuel cells • Electron irradiation minimizes loops in graphene • Catalysts for lithium–air batteries, photocatalysts developed resources Classified Advertising ...... 58 Calendar ...... 63 Officers Display Advertising Index ...... 64 Edwin Fuller, President Marina Pascucci, President-elect John Kaniuk, Past President Arun Varshneya, Treasurer American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics Scott Steen, Executive Director community and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering and marketing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2010. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published Board of Directors monthly, except for February, July and November, as a “dual-media” magazine in print and electronic format (www.ceramicbulletin.org). Rajendra K . Bordia, Director 2008-2011 Editorial and Subscription Offices: 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Subscription included with William G . Fahrenholtz, Director 2009-2012 American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year Carol A . Handwerker, Director 2007-2010 $75; international, 1 year $131.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Michael J . Hoffmann, Director 2008-2011 Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, e-mail delivery subscription for $75. Linda E . Jones, Director 2009-2012 Single issues, January–November: member $6.00 per issue; nonmember $7.50 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, William Kelly, Director 2008-2011 nonmember $25. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. James C . Marra, Director 2009-2012 David A . Payne, Director 2007-2010 POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Kathleen Richardson, Director 2008-2011 David W . Johnson Jr ., Parliamentarian Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 89, No. 8, pp 1–64. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents.

2 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 See Us at MS&T’10, Booth 312 | See Us at ICACC, Booth 200 news & trends

Missouri S&T gets funding to develop battlefield ‘smart dust’ A significant trend in electronics chemicals, electronic technology is the increasing ability to signatures and human provide adaptive features into smaller activity. and smaller electronic devices. An Jagannathan example of this technology trend is Sarangapani, a profes- electronic “motes.” Electronic motes sor of electrical and are devices that can computer engineering • Support the collection and inte- at S&T and principal gration of data from a variety of minia- investigator for the ture sensors; project, says the motes • Analyze the sensor data as speci- are capable of shar- fied by system level controls; and ing information with • Wirelessly communicate the each other and even results of their analyzes to other motes, interacting with exist- system base stations and the Internet as ing Wi-Fi networks to specified by system automation. spread messages. In the Motes are also sometimes referred to battlefield, the motes as smart dust. One mote is composed of would be deployed in (Credit: University of California Berkeley Robotics and Intelligent Machines Lab.) a small, low-powered and inexpensive dangerous areas to effectively “listen in the motes in a certain area. Moreover, processor connected to several sen- the wind” for evidence that someone is they can be used in agriculture to give sors and a radio transmitter capable of in a sensitive or restricted area. a clear picture of the temperature, forming ad-hoc networks. The proces- The sensor side of motes is pretty humidity, water level, etc., for a given sor monitors the different sensors in a well figured out. However, because location. Motes can be embedded into mote. These sensors can measure light, Sarangapan and others at Missouri structures to give constant or periodic acceleration, position, stress, pressure, S&T selected to work on this project reports on structural integrity, such humidity, sound and vibration. Data are all experts in electrical and comput- as salt content levels in concrete. gathered are passed on to the radio link er engineering, that suggests the hurdles Furthermore, motes can be used in for transmission from mote to mote until now have to do with how to actually traffic management and monitoring by data reaches the transmission node. power the sensors, securely network placing these devices on major intersec- One of the original developers of them and extract useful real time data. tions and streets. motes was DARPA. The defense angles That’s no small task. S&T will also be One of the limiting factors in the are pretty obvious. For example, motes working with two small businesses to development of motes is the battery. sprinkled over a region can be used in help make the technology more feasi- Although a bigger battery would mean conjunction with a remotely piloted ble: KalScott Engineering in Lawrence, a longer life for the mote and farther vehicle, a GPS sensor, a magnetom- Kan., and Avetec in Springfield, Ohio. transmission capabilities for its radio eter and a radio transmitter to give a The former is experienced in remote link, smaller motes with smaller batteries battlefield commanders a clear picture sensing and delivering unmanned aerial are usually more versatile and flexible. n of the field and enemy location. Other vehicle data; the latter brings expertise potential applications include intruder in computer modeling and integrating surveillance, robot-based sensor col- complex systems. UV coating that makes lections and manufacturing process The ideas for possible application transparent architectural glass surveillance. and use of motes in just about any To further military surveillance field are limitless. They can be used in less lethal to birds gets technology, Missouri S&T has been conjunction with power meters, water Red Dot design award awarded $4.465 million through the meters and other utility meters to According to German glassmaker U.S. Army Research Laboratory. The transmit data automatically to a central Arnold Glas (Arnold Glaswerke), bird- funds will be spent developing motes node or to an electromagnetic truck on-window collisions happen about that can detect the presence of various capable of temporarily powering up 250,000 times a day in Europe alone.

4 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 It’s easy to imagine that this scenario Band excitation scanning probe Asylum and ORNL have partnered gets played out millions of times a day microscopy innovation earns on several spectroscopy innovations, around the world. including Piezo Force Module and Arnold Glas’s solution is to treat award for ORNL, Asylum Switching Spectroscopy PFM. glass panels with a special UV reflective The Microscopy Society of America’s “We believe band excitation will be coating visible to birds (which can see a magazine, Microscopy Today, announced the harbinger of a new family of SPMs,” broader UV spectrum than humans) but it has given its 2010 Innovation Award predicts Sergei Kalinin, coinventor is otherwise invisible to the naked eye. to the combined efforts of Oak Ridge and a specialist in nanoscale functional The coating creates a weblike pattern of National Lab and Asylum Research for imaging at the Center for Nanophase lines for the birds that looks like a form their new “band excitation” scanning Materials Sciences at ORNL. “This of netting. The company calls this line force microscopy innovation that can method provides an alternative to well- of glass products Ornilux. make data measurement 100 times faster. known lock-in-based detection meth- Ornilux isn’t exactly a new line of According to information from ods and can revolutionize this field by glass, but described as newly recognized. ORNL, the BE method is based on providing the potential for quantitative Arnold Glas says it first used the glass the excitation and detection of a sig- and artifact-free dissipation imaging. in 2006 in a modernization of a cen- nal having a finite amplitude over a We are looking forward to developing tury-old swimming pool in the city of selected region in the Fourier domain, new applications for BE through our Plauen, in the German State of Saxony. allowing simultaneous determination partnership with Asylum Researchs,” This summer, a particular product of amplitude, resonance and Q-factor. says Kalinin, an ACerS member. in the line, Ornilux Mikado, received a The lab says BE SPM offers high-speed Stephen Jesse, another coinventor prestigous Red Dot design award from acquisition of the local spectral response from ORNL/CNMS, says the technology points in an important direction Design Zentrum Nordrhein Westfalen in in applications that require electrome- forward. “The speed and flexibility of Essen, Germany, a center that has been chanical and mechanical imaging and the latest generation of Asylum SPM lauding international product designs and force–distance spectroscopy. controllers permit, the fine tuning and design agencies for nearly six decades. In other words, BE SPM allows fast acquisition of data streams needed Visit: www.ornilux.de n researchers to characterize a sample’s electrical, magnetic, mechanical energy to take us from mere imaging to an conversion and dissipation properties at arena of information-rich insight into much faster imaging rates. cantilever-surface interactions and BE instruments achieve this by excit- material functionality,” he says. ing and detecting the tip dynamics at Last week, MSA also gave Kalinin many frequencies simultaneously, using its Burton Medal, an award that honors a synthesized digital signal that spans distinguished contributions to the fields a continuous band of frequencies and of microscopy or microanalysis of a sci- monitors the response within entist less than 40 years of age. n the same frequency band. ORNL and Asylum officials say BE allows about 100 times improvement in data acquisition speed (compared with currently available commercial technologies) without decreasing the signal-to- noise ratio. They also say that BE will (Credit: Asylum Research.) be an important technology A 15 X 15 micrometer band excitation acoustic force in understanding energy dis- microscopy scan of a polymer blend from which the (Credit: Ornilux.) sipation in a diverse range of Q-factor has been extracted. Contrast can be seen A solution to bird-on-window collisions between the different constituent materials. The graph, is to treat glass panels with a special UV technologies, including elec- right, indicates the average transfer functions over the reflective coating visible to birds, but is tronics, information, energy regions indicated by blue and red dots on the map. otherwise invisible to the public. storage and transport.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 5 acers spotlight

Rustum Roy 1924–2010 One of the Member in 1993. He had also spon- site, one of Roy’s colleagues, Carlo legends of materi- sored one of the most anticipated annu- Pantano, had this to say: als science and of al lectures of ACerS: The Frontiers “Rustum Roy made a difference science in gen- of Science and Society Rustum Roy for the field of materials science and eral, Rustum Roy, Lecture series that has been a fixture of for Penn State. He had a tremendous passed away on the Society’s Annual Meetings. publication record extending back 60 August 26, 2010. Roy authored or coauthored hun- years that people still refer to in their Although he was dreds of papers, founded and edited research. At every step of the way he a stellar researcher, numerous newsletters and journals seemed to be ahead of the curve, in he considered in materials science and engineering research as well as in the way he man- himself to be a citizen-scientist and education. One of his recent papers aged the scientific enterprise. He was urged his colleagues to deeply consider appeared in the first issue of ACerS’ well-known to be an enthusiastic and how science, society, art and education new International Journal of Applied provocative lecturer by students and can interact in productive and nonpro- Glass Science, “Glass Science and colleagues alike. His crystal chemistry ductive ways. Glassmaking: A Personal Perspective,” course was on every graduate student’s It is difficult to summarize Roy’s which represents something of a tour de course list, in addition to numerous influence on the world of science, let force of his career: special topics courses he created in con- alone just the fields of ceramics and “This paper demonstrates how glass cert with the latest and hottest research glass. He held five professorships: three has provided one of the earliest, and topics in materials science.” at Pennsylvania State University; one still rare, examples of controlled use Roy was interested in science at Arizona State University; and one of science at the nanolevel in a well- policy as much as science, itself, and at the University of Arizona. He was established gigatechnology. This paper he served as a science policy fellow at a 32-year member of the National describes the evolution of the under- the Brookings Institution from 1982 Academy of Engineering, with the rare standing of nanoheterogeneity of the to 1983 and was a visiting fellow at distinction also of having been elected structure (and composition of virtually the Institute for Policy Studies in to the National Academies of Science/ all useful glasses) that has been the key Washington, D.C., from 1980 to 1985. Engineering of Russia, Japan, Sweden evolutionary ‘invention’ in this process. He was also a lay preacher and and India. It then makes the case that glass (and served on the board of the National In 2003, the Institute for Scientific polymer) technology has an enormous Council of Churches and helped found Information ranked Penn State’s advantage over all of the nanomaterial the Sycamore Community Church. Materials Research Laboratory, which technologies that are confronted with Finally, it is important to note Roy’s he founded in 1962 and directed for a the enormous barrier of assembling long-time marriage to fellow materials quarter century, first in the world on large numbers of very small particles scientist Della Martin Roy, another leg- the basis of the number of highly cited into useful products on a large scale, endary figure in the world of materials scientists in the lab. as recognized by the recently anointed science and policy. n Roy left a permanent mark on the patron saint of the present nanofever, materials field, starting with its most Richard Feynman, in his only paper fundamental base: phase diagrams and in the field. Finally, this paper intro- All ACerS members are invited crystal chemistry. His discovery and duces glass scientists to a radically new to remember Rustum Roy at a championing new materials of a meth- opportunity via a totally new way to special reception from 4:00 – 5:00 od — the sol–gel process — has been convert crystalline matter into glasses p.m. on Sunday afternoon, Oct. utilized (not only cited) in more than (noncrystalline solids) – for all scien- 17, at Convention Center Room 50,000 papers. His work in hydrother- tists interested in the glassy state.” 351 A/B, prior to the Frontiers mal reaction, microwave processing, Roy also chaired the Science of Science and Society – Rustum nucleation in glass, radioactive wastes, Advisory Committee of the Friends of Roy Lecture. An opportunity will nanocomposites and superconductors Health, a nonprofit group that exam- be provided to share memories have also left a permanent legacy. ines a range of disruptive innovations of Roy in an informal gathering Roy became a Fellow of The in human healing based on materials of friends and colleagues. Light American Ceramic Society in 1961 science and physics. refreshments will be served. and was elevated to Distinguished Life In an obituary on Penn State’s web-

6 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 ‘Additives for Monolithics’ MS&T’11 is coming up. Jan. 15, 2011, ous membership in ACerS. If you meet symposium is the date that nominations are due both of these qualifications, you may be for awards, including Kingery, Jeppson, eligible for Emeritus grade. The St. Louis Section and the Coble, Distinguished Life Member and Emeritus members’ dues are waived, Refractory Ceramics Division of The many more. Get those nominations and they get reduced meeting regis- American Ceramic Society will spon- started now so that you don’t have to sor the 47th Annual Symposium on the tration rates. To find out more about work on them over the holidays! theme “Additives for Monolithics” on Emeritus membership, please contact For more information, visit the March 23–24, 2011. The meeting will Marcia Stout at 614-794-5821 or email be held in St. Louis, Mo., at the Hilton ACerS website and the individual her at [email protected]. St. Louis Airport Hotel. Coprogram award pages at www.ceramics.org/ ACerS will be contacting members in n chairs are Dave Tucker of CE Minerals awards. September and October who, according and Ben Markel of Resco Products. For the Society’s records, meet these require- more information, visit www.ceramics. Calling all potential Emeritus ments. But as a double-check, those org/sections/st-louis-section. n members who think they are eligible may contact Marcia for confirmation. n It’s that time of year when the Society award nomination Society reaches out to long-time mem- deadline: Jan. 15, 2011 bers to see if they qualify for Emeritus Visit the new ACerS Career The deadline for Society awards that membership. Members qualify for Center today will be presented to deserving winners Emeritus rank if they, by Jan. 1, 2011, ACerS just launched a more robust in October 2011 in Columbus, Ohio, will be 65 years or older and will have online Career Center at www.careers. at the ACerS 113th Annual Meeting/ completed 35 or more years of continu- ceramics.org. The redesigned site allows

See Us at MS&T’10, Booth 325 | See Us at ICACC, Booth 201

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 7 acers spotlight

job seekers to create a profile, upload encourage everyone in the ACerS com- tor the activity in both places. And for résumés and apply for posted jobs. A munity to become a member of The those companies that wish to display major difference between the new site American Ceramic Society group on their open jobs more prominently with and the old (aside from a completely LinkedIn. ACerS will allow companies banner ads on www.ceramics.org or on new look) is that hiring companies will with open jobs in the materials indus- the Ceramic Tech Today blog, please now be able to post their open jobs on try to post them on the online Career contact Nick Schafer at nschafer@ the site free of charge. Center, on our LinkedIn profile, or on ceramics.org n In addition to this, we want to both. Job hunters are urged to moni- GOMD 2011 call for papers Division Awards Join the Glass & Optical Materials Several ACerS Divisions will present awards at the ACerS 112th Annual Division in Savannah, Ga., for a pro- Meeting in Houston, Texas in October 2010. Congratulations to the follow- gram involving the physical properties ing deserving winners. and technological processes important to glasses, amorphous solids and all Electronics Division Awards optical materials. The meeting will fea- Edward C. Henry Award: ture four symposia – Glass Science, The Winning paper: Subcoercive Cyclic Electrical Loading of Lead Zirconate Amorphous State, Optical Materials Titanate Ceramics II: Time-Resolved X-Ray Diffraction and Devices and Glass Technology. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 92 [10] 2300-2310 (2009) Sessions headed by technical leaders by Abhijit Pramanick, John E. Daniels and Jacob L. Jones from industry, government laboratories and academia will cover the latest Lewis C. Hoffman Scholarship: advances in glass science and technol- Guy Guday, University of Washington ogy. The poster session will highlight Glass & Optical Materials Division Awards late-breaking research as well as the annual student poster contest. Submit Alfred R. Cooper Scholars Award Winner: your abstract today! Visit www. ceram- Marie-Christin Machalett ics.org/gomd2011 n Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany “Concepts for Beam Guiding Elements for a Microoptical Sensor” PACRIM9 call for papers Cooper Session Distinguished Speakers: Submit your abstract for the 9th Richard K. Brow International Meeting of Pacific Rim Missouri University of Science & Technology Ceramic Societies by Dec. 15, 2010. “Structural Chemistry and the Properties of Low-Temperature Phosphate PACRIM9 offers you the unique Glasses” chance to present your work, network Uwe Hoppe with leading world experts and visit Rostock University, Germany the technical exhibition while enjoy-

“Structure of Binary Phosphate Glasses – P2O5 and a Further Network- ing the spectacular scenery around Forming Oxide as the Second Component” Cairns, Australia. Next year’s event (July 10–14, 2011) incorporates the 9th Joshua Otaigbe International Conference on Advances University of Southern Mississippi in the Fusion and Processing of Glass. “New Low-Tg Phosphate Glass/Polymer Hybrids – Current Status and From biomaterials and fuel cells to Future Prospects” high-temperature superconductivity XiangHua Zhang and applications of glass, PACRIM9 University of Rennes, France, and University of Arizona covers the breadth of ceramic and glass “Tellurium and Selenium-Based Glasses for Infrared Applications” materials science. Review the technical program or Nuclear & Environmental Technology Division Award submit your abstract today by visiting D.T. Rankin Award Winner: www.materialsaustralia.com.au n William R. Jacoby

8 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 Upcoming short courses Society members can further their knowledge and careers by participating in one of the upcoming ACerS Short Course offer- ings. For more information, visit ceramics.org/shortcourses.

Sintering of Ceramics Date: Oct. 21–22, 2010 Instructor: Mohamed N. Rahaman, Missouri University of Science and Technology Course site: Held in conjunction with MS&T’10 in Houston, Texas This course will follow the key topics of the textbook, Sintering of Ceramics, by M.N. Rahaman, CRC Press, and will be supplemented by detailed case studies of the sintering of specific ceramics and systems. Student will develop sufficient background in the principles and practice of sintering to be able to do sintering to achieve specified target microstructures, understand the dif- ficulties encountered in practical sintering and take practical steps to rectify the problems encountered in producing required target microstructures. ACerS member – $675, nonmembers – $765, students – $225, course plus membership – $795.

Mechanical Properties of Ceramics and Glass Date: Jan. 27–28, 2011 Instructors: George D. Quinn, NIST, and Richard C. Bradt, University of Alabama Course site: Held in conjunction with ICACC’11 in Daytona Beach, Fla. This course will teach the fundamentals of mechanical properties of ceramics and glasses for elastic properties, strength measurements, fracture parameters and indentation hardness; fundamentals of properties for each topical area; relate properties to structure and crystal chemistry of the materials; and standard test methods. Students will be exposed to how the structures of ceramics and glasses determine those properties. Students will become acquainted with the standard test methods for the listed mechanical properties and be able to complete those tests, understanding the results. (Continuous-fiber ceramic-matrix composites are not included.) They will learn how the results of some tests may be used to design with ceramics and glasses as well as learn about postmortem analyses of failures. Students will gain a basic understanding of the mechanical properties of ceramics and their measurement. ACerS member – $675, nonmembers – $765, students – $225, course plus membership – $795. n

In Memoriam

Roy E. Gorton 1936–2010 Robert J. Hawkins 1925–2010 Rustum Roy 1924–2010 James Welterlen 1929–2010

Some detailed obituaries also can be found on the ACerS website, www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 9 people in the spotlight Former ACerS president Delbert Day receives Phoenix Award Delbert Day, was given the 2010 Phoenix Award as “Glass Person of the Year,” the glass industry’s top honor. The Phoenix Award Del Day received the 2010 Phoenix Award is given annually to Day for his development of a living person who radioactive glass micro- has made outstanding contributions to spheres. With Day is the glass industry. John Brown, technical Day, a past president of ACerS, was director of the Glass presented with the award Friday, Sept. Manufacturing Industry 17, during a banquet in his honor in St. Council. Louis. Day played a pivotal role in developing radioactive glass microspheres that are being used at more than 100 sites around the world to treat patients with inoperable liver cancer. Day was also instrumental in forming Mo-Sci Corp. Engineering at Missouri University of individuals who have made significant in Rolla, Mo. The company manufac- Science and Technology contributions in the fields of science, tures glass microspheres and other glass The Phoenix Award was established manufacturing or education. Day is products used primarily in the health in 1971 by companies serving the glass only the third person from academia to n care industry. industry for the purpose of recognizing be honored with the award. The company was founded in 1985, and found much success in using a different type of glass microspheres to ACerS member Brundage appointed new business deliver tiny amounts of strong radiation in cancer treatment. Mo-Sci’s spheres development director of Anderman Ceramics have been particularly successful in the treatment of cancerous liver tumors ACerS member Jeff Brundage has (the precursor of where the spheres can be targeted fairly been appointed new business develop- the Center for precisely to deliver radiation – and ment director of Anderman Ceramics. Advanced Ceramic have the secondary benefit of blocking He brings 22 years of experience as Technology), ILC the blood supply to tumors. sales manager at Superior Technical Space Systems Mo-Sci has worked with medical Ceramics Corp. to the effort of devel- (supporting institutions, such as the Cleveland oping key global markets. NASA’s require- Clinic and the Georgia Institute of The appointment is a result of ments for advanced Technology’s medical school. a joint venture between Superior ceramic materi- Brundage Day holds 53 U.S. and foreign pat- Technical Ceramics and Anderman als) and General Ceramics Corp. is ents. He directed the first U.S. glas- Ceramics. The objective of the joint National Beryllia Division. smelting experiments in microgravity venture is to integrate and capitalize Brundage is currently president of (conducted aboard a NASA space on opportunities utilizing a network of the American Association of Ceramic shuttle). He is also a coinventor of technology, materials and manufactur- Component Manufacturers, an asso- Glasphalt, a method to use recycled ing skills. ciation of technical ceramic manu- glass as part of the aggregate in asphalt Brundage graduated from Alfred facturers. He was recently asked to in place of rock. University majoring in ceramic engi- participate in The American Ceramic Day is a member of the National neering. His career spans stints working Society’s Strategic Planning for Academy of Engineering and profes- for Corning Glass Works, the Alfred Emerging Opportunities Committee. sor emeritus of Materials Science nd University Research Foundation n

10 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 ceramics in the environment

Brazil groups sees ‘hygroelectricity’ as new renewable power source, lightning preventer (Credit: Catalin Fatu/Wikimedia Commons.) A Brazilian research group thinks an air-based power source can be harnessed into a significant supply of electricity for a variety of consumers and lessen the dangers of lightening.

A report presented at a recent sci- that silica becomes negatively charged Galembeck says. “We certainly have a ence meeting in Boston describes in high humidity and aluminum phos- long way to go. But the benefits in the technology that could capture large phate becomes more positively charged. long range of harnessing hygroelectric- amounts of electrical energy from the The group also found “clear evidence ity could be substantial.” air, energy that is normally manifest as that water in the atmosphere can accu- Visit: www.fgq.iqm.unicamp.br n lightning. mulate electrical charges and transfer A research group from the them to other materials it comes into With leap in catalytic oxygen University of Campinas (Brazil) led by contact with. We are calling this Fernando Galembeck thinks this air- ‘hygroelectricity,’ meaning ‘humidity production, Nocera predicts based power source can be harnessed electricity,’” says Galembeck. new era of ‘personalized energy into a significant supply of electricity Some of the group’s work is dis- systems’ for a variety of applications and, at the cussed in a letter in a recent edition of Daniel Nocera likes it when he is same time, and lessen the dangers of Langmuir. called a revolutionary. “Yes, sure I am!” lightening. “Our research could pave Galembeck describes the concept of he responds when a writer from the the way for turning electricity from the special photovoltaic-like collectors that Nachricten aus der Chemie journal asks if atmosphere into an alternative energy could capture hygroelectricity and route “revolutionary” is an accurate descrip- source for the future,” says Galembeck. it to homes and businesses. He adds tion of him. To be sure, the journal “If we know how electricity builds up that hygroelectrical panels would work probably anticipated this response, and spreads in the atmosphere, we can best in geographic regions with high given that he is head of MIT’s Solar also prevent death and damage caused humidity. Revolution Project. by lightning strikes.” He delivered the His group also envisions using the That revolutionary reputation has report at a meeting of the American panels to prevent the formation of been enhanced after he announced that Chemical Society. lightning. They believe that hygroelec- his research group had achieved a major Electricity in the air is formed when trical panels on tops of buildings could milepost, in a field often described as water vapor collects on microscopic drain electricity out of the air, and pre- artificial photosynthesis, that Nocera particles of dust and other airborne vent the build up of electrical charge believes puts the world, especially the materials. Galembeck has been studying that is released in lightning. developing world, on the brink of the electricity in the air for some time. He says the next step is to find mate- era of “personalized energy systems.” Recently, his group used particles rials with the greatest potential for use. Nocera and his fellow researchers of silica and aluminum phosphate, “These are fascinating ideas that new have been working on a system whose both common in the atmosphere, and, studies by ourselves and by other sci- main elements are according to Galembeck, found that entific teams suggest are now possible,” • Rooftop solar energy panels to

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No.8 11 ceramics in the environment

based on expensive platinum or toxic coating to photocatalyze organic dust chemicals. that is then washed away by humidity Details about the composition of the and rain. However, for some dusty (e.g., oxygen catalyst aren’t available yet. nonorganic) materials, even this self- The new catalyst is being licensed to cleaning system doesn’t work. a spin-off company founded by Nocera, The cost and performance problems Sun Catalytx. with these existing systems are unfor- ARPA-E has also given Nocera’s tunate, especially when it comes to team a grant to find similar compounds photovoltaic solar panels and mirrors, and believes that nickel borate belongs particularly when one considers that to a family of materials that can be many utility-scale solar energy systems optimized for efficient and long-term are being located in desert areas that energy storage applications. are prone to large amounts of non- Visit: http://web.mit.edu/chemistry/ organic dust. In some of these regions, dgn/www/index.shtml n even dragging out a hose or water truck to rinse off PV panels and mirrors is Mars cleaning tech offers neither practical nor economically feasible. method to sweep dust off The effect of the dust on these solar Earth’s solar panels energy systems is tangible. “A dust

(Credit: Donna Coveney/MIT.) Self-cleaning surfaces aren’t a par- layer of one-seventh of an ounce per MIT professor Daniel Nocera, pictured ticularly novel idea, and self-cleaning square yard decreases solar power con- here, says his research team has found glass commercial products made by version by 40 percent,” explains MIT a new nickel borate catalyst that boosts visiting professor Malay K. Mazumder. catalytic oxygen production by 200-fold. companies, such as Saint Gobain, have been around in various products for “In Arizona, dust is deposited each at least five years – but at a premium month at about four times that amount. produce electricity for heating, cooking, price. These technologies use a TiO Deposition rates are even higher in the lighting and to charge the batteries on 2 the homeowners’ electric cars; • An electrolyzer to use excess solar energy and a special catalyst to convert ordinary water into hydrogen and oxygen; • Storage tanks for the hydrogen and oxygen; and • A fuel cell to convert the gases back into clean electricity. Nearly all of the above pieces of such a personalized system have been ready to go for some time – with the main exception being a good catalytic material in the electrolyzer for the production of oxygen. That’s why Nocera’s report is raising eyebrows. He says they have found a new nickel borate catalyst that fills the missing materials gap and boosts oxygen production by 200-fold. Performance isn’t the only consideration. From a cost containment point of view,

Nocera’s announcement is a break- (Credit: NASA.) through because he says the new cata- Dust clouds like this one over the Red Sea can cut solar power output if dust accumulates lyst eliminates the need for catalysts on the panels. New technology that cleans the dust off might help.

12 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No.8 Middle East, Australia and India.” Mazumder knows something about dust. He has worked with NASA on a similar but more difficult problem: extraterrestrial dust. When the problem is dust on surfaces somewhere lacking Earth’s atmosphere and weather – say, Mars or the moon – terrestrial technology just won’t cut it. Lunar dust was difficult for astro- nauts to deal with and is described as tiny, sharp and interlocking pieces of glass or coral that is everywhere on the lunar surface. According to the NASA website, Mars dust isn’t quite so bad, but still a big problem. “Dust is also ubiquitous on Mars, although Mars dust is probably not as sharp as moon dust. Weathering smoothes the edges. Nevertheless, Martian dust storms whip these particles 50 meter per second (100+ miles per hour), scouring and wear- ing every exposed surface. As the rovers Spirit and Opportunity have revealed, Mars dust (like moon dust) is probably electrically charged. It clings to solar panels, blocks sunlight and reduces the amount of power that can be generated for a surface mission.” NASA knew that dust interference with solar panel function could be catastrophic for Mars missions. Working with the agency, Mazumder and other researchers developed a novel self-cleaning solar panel technology for use in lunar and Mars missions. Now, Mazumder says the time has come to apply the same technology on Earth. “Solar panels powering rovers and future manned and robotic [NASA] missions must not succumb to dust deposition. But neither should the solar panels here on Earth,” he says. Mazumder describes the technology he has in mind as having three parts. The first part is thin layer of transparent, electrically sensitive material on the glass or plastic covering of a solar panel. The second part is a sensor to monitor dust levels on the surface of the panel. The third part is a system to send brief electric charges over the surface of the panel. Because, like the dust on moon and Mars, most Earth dust carries an electrical charge, delivering alternating electric fields acting through the thin layer on the panel dislodges, carries and deposits dust particles off and away from surfaces. Mazumder says a two-minute process removes about 90 percent of the dust deposited on a solar panel. Further, his approach requires only a small amount of the electricity, which can easily be supplied by the panel. Visit: science.nasa.gov/science-news n

See Us at ICACC10, Booth 320 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No.8 13 advances in nanomaterials

Flexible cellulose aerogel Researchers first soaked it in a solution overcomes brittleness of two metal compounds, iron sulfate and cobalt chloride. While the cel- A team of researchers has created lulose soaked, tiny nanoparticles of the a new cellulose aerogel. Their find- metals would stick to the cellulose and ings were recently published in Nature remain even after drying, so it could be Nanotechnology. used as a magnet if desired. Then they The team, composed of scientists freeze-dried the cellulose, leaving noth- from the Department of Fibre and ing but a web of pure, solid fibers. The Polymer Technology, Royal Institute gel was highly porous and mostly air at of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, this point, and yet could still sustain soaked cellulose in a metal compound much weight. solution and freeze-dried it, removing Once the cellulose was freeze-dried all the moisture and leaving behind an aerogel in the form of solid fibers. The (Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.) into an aerogel, the researchers found Researchers developed a cellulose aero- resultant substance was flexible, unlike it was capable of two different applica- gel that could be used in fuel cells and in tions. One involved crushing most of typical aerogels, and could be formed the study of materials science. into a flat piece of magnetic nanopaper the air out of it, resulting in a small, that was capable of supporting extreme- Although current forms have many flat piece of magnetic “nanopaper” ly heavy weight. uses, this group of scientists decided that could support 400,000 pounds per Researchers who developed this cel- that overcoming their characteristic square inch. lulose aerogel believe that it could find stiffness could open up a whole new But, as a regular aerogel, its prop- its use in fuel cells and in the study of range of uses. erties were still highly unusual: The materials science. When looking for a material to use aerogel was flexible and could bend in By now, aerogels are sort of old news to circumvent the stiffness, the authors half and twist easily. Normally, aerogels in the materials science community. decided to try a type of cellulose. are brittle and fracture under too much Nanowires boost efficiency of ultra-low-cost, stable solar cells One of the ways of ensuring a sus- tainable solar cell industry is to make inexpensive and stable cells, using abundant and environmentally friendly materials. However, until now, many such solar cells, particularly those made from copper oxide and zinc oxide, have had their performance (Credit: Schmidt-Mende.) Researchers were able to assemble light-absorbing copper oxide and zinc oxide limited by the poor collection of pho- nanowire arrays to form solar cells with continuous, interdigitated and nanoscopic togenerated charges from these materi- interfaces. als. A new study in Advanced Materials shows how the problems of high cost scopic interfaces. They achieved a five- significantly. and long fabrication times associated fold improvement on the efficiency of The materials used in these solar with the deposition the most efficient electrodeposited inorganic solar cells. In cells are inexpensive and stable, mak- nanostructured inorganic solar cells doing so, they found that high-quality ing them promising for use in low-cost can be overcome. interfaces are vital for the production of solar panels. The electrodeposition Using a simple, fast electrodeposition efficient nanowire solar cells, showing method is scalable. Therefore, the method, professors Lukas Schmidt- that nanoassembly of the active layers ability to coat these cells on virtually Mende, Judith MacManus-Driscoll, tackles the limited charge collection in any conducting surfaces makes them Christina Scheu and their co-workers inorganic solar cells electrodeposited of great interest for integrating energy were able to sequentially assemble light- from low-temperature solutions. This harvesting capabilities into building absorbing copper oxide and zinc oxide is shown in their results: The charge materials and consumer products. nanowire arrays to form solar cells with collection efficiency and light absorp- Visit: www.hybrid-nanostructures. continuous, interdigitated and nano- tion in their device structure increased physik.lmu.de n

14 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 force, but the cellulose version could stand twice as much strain as a regular aerogel. The scientists found that they could also use the flexible aerogel as a tiny sponge. Because its volume was almost 99 percent air, it could absorb water and then be wrung out, while still retaining its shape and magnetic properties. A 60-milligram patch of aerogel could hold about a gram of water. The very fine structure of cellulose aerogel will allow it to be used in tiny pieces while retaining its characteristics – very stiff and magnetic, or magnetic, flexible, and absorbent – depending on the properties needed. The authors speculate that their aerogel could find wide use in materials science, because its components, are inexpensive. In the future, it is likely to play the role of a tiny actuator or appear in microfluidic devices used in fuel cells, and for studying the physics of cells. Visit: www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v5/n8/abs/ nnano.2010.155.html n

Nanosandwiching method to improve transistors Researchers at Polytechnic Univer- sity (Hong Kong) demonstrated that sandwiching a simple layer of silver nanoparticles significantly improves (Credit: PolyU.) the performance of Sandwiching a layer of silver nanopar- transistors found in ticles can improve the performance of consumer electron- transistors found in consumer electronics. ics. The findings were published in Applied Physics Letters. Paddy Chan Kwok-Leung, assistant professor of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, and his co- researchers found that the thickness of the nanoparticle layer changes the memory device performance in a more predictable way, thereby optimizing transistor performance to meet application requirements. According to a PolyU press release, transistors made with a 1-nanometer nanoparticle layer have stable memory that lasts for three hours, making it suitable for memory buffers. Transistors with a 5-nanometer-thick layer can retain their charge for a much longer time. With the appropriate use of nanotechnology, the performance of transistors can be improved, and their size can be made thinner. The technology is compatible with the low- cost, continuous roll-to-roll fabrication techniques used to make electronics. Because of the flexibility and low cost of manufacturing, these transmiters, researchers anticipate the technology can be adopted for their use in memory devices. Visit: www.polyu.edu.hk n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 15 ceramics in energy

A123 eyes lower costs, spins off concentration of redox species in the tem actually reduces the overall power new lithium flow battery storage compound. requirements of the ranch, because it In a recent conference call with eliminates the need for a separate boiler project: ‘24M’ investment analysts, A123 officials to provide heater for the digester. Battery-maker A123 Systems recent- described the new battery design as a Olivera Egg Ranch is a third-gener- ly announced it is working with venture “significant long-term project” and a ation family farm producing approxi- investors on spin-off project to develop “significant change from lithium-ion mately 14 million cartons of eggs per a new lithium-based battery design on technology.” year for stores and restaurants in San flow battery principles. The new busi- They said they spun off the new Francisco. The French Camp Ranch ness is called 24M Technologies. company to “get enough focused man- was founded in 1949, and it has two According to a story by Technology agement time and funding to get it to other locations producing and distribut- Review, the name is a reference to 24 move aggressively to marketplace. By ing chicken, duck, quail and goose eggs. molar, a “concentration level that [Yet using VC funding and management There is no word if fuel cell systems are Ming] Chiang calls ‘technically signifi- approach, probability of success will be contemplated at the other two facili- cant’ to the company.” much greater in a short period of time.” ties. Chiang, an ACerS member and One surprise, however, is that they Energy benefits aside, this is prob- cofounder of A123, tells TR that the see the new flow battery not just for ably a smart public relations move by new battery technology – initially electric vehicles, but, more importantly, Olivera. Although owner Ed Olivera developed at A123 and improved upon as a low-cost energy storage solution for says, “This pioneering fuel cell power at MIT – involves a semisolid design the electric grid. plant project demonstrates my commit- that could cut production costs by 85 The new company has already ment to the environment,” his envi- percent. received $10 million in funding from ronmental commitment might be chal- Chiang also tells TR that the battery private investors and $6 million from lenged by some of his neighbors and the design incorporates some concepts and ARPA-E. n Humane Society of America who are elements of traditional batteries, fuel suing Olivera, because the stench (and cells and flow batteries. He is quoted FuelCell Energy, G3 Power insects) coming from the open lagoon as saying, “In a typical rechargeable where the aforementioned wastes are battery, only half of it is actual energy- Systems and egg-ranch owner stored. storing materials. The rest is supporting team up to power fuel cell with A news release says the sale of this materials. ... That’s a problem I’ve been fowl gas power plant represents the first order by thinking about for years – how do you G3 under an agreement with FuelCell No need to ask which came first improve the efficiency of the design?” Energy. The latter will service the – the fuel cell or the egg? The waste Chiang and three others at MIT filed power plant under a five-year agree- byproducts of a California egg factory a patent in 2009 regarding a design of ment. farm were already a problem before a “redox flow” battery with a semisolid “We have identified a number of Olivera Egg Ranch got together with electrode. The patent describes a device opportunities in agriculture along with G3 Power Systems to discuss the idea that includes a storage tank for a flow- other commercial opportunities that are of using fuel cell technology powered able semisolid or condensed-liquid ion- well suited for fuel cell applications and by the farm’s biogas to provide power storing redox composition. look forward to developing our relation- and heat for an egg facility near French The storage tank is in “flow com- ship with FuelCell Energy to grow the Camp, Calif. Now, Olivera has in the munication” with the redox flow energy market for fuel cells in California and works a 1.4-megawatt molten carbon- storage device using a peristaltic pump other western states,” says Ray Brewer, ate system manufactured by FuelCell to transport the fluid. The patent notes G3 president. Energy that will be powered by meth- that a semisolid redox flow battery FuelCell Energy has been having ane generated by an anaerobic digester, that supplies a 200-mile range might a fairly successful summer. In June, which is in turn optimized by waste weigh only 225 to 300 kilograms, much the company announced a $12.6-mil- heat from the fuel cell. less than the mass (and volume) of lion deal to provide 2.8 megawatts The group says they hope to have advanced lithium-ion batteries provid- to PG&E, a 300-kilowatt project for the fuel cell–digester system running in ing the same range. a food processor in South Windsor, about a year, when they say the fuel cell The patent seems to address the Conn., and a 600-kilowatt project for should be able to provide most of the mystery of the “24M” name, indicating the Navy at a Groton, Conn., base. n that it is probably the optimal molar power needs of the egg ranch. The sys-

16 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 research briefs

Less platinum, better efficiency for fuel cells Brown University researchers have created a unique core- and-shell nanoparticle that uses less platinum yet performs more efficiently and lasts longer than commercially available pure-platinum catalysts at the cathode end of some fuel cells. A redox reaction takes place at the fuel cell’s cathode, where up to 40 percent of a fuel cell’s efficiency is lost. Therefore, “this is a crucial step in making fuel cells a more competitive technology with internal combustion engines and batteries,” says Shouheng Sun, professor of chemistry at Brown and coauthor of the study. The research team, which includes ACerS member and Oak Ridge National Lab researcher Karren L. More, Brown graduate student Vismadeb Mazumder and other investigators from ORNL, created particles with a 5-nanometer-wide palladium core encircled by a 1-nanometer shell consisting of iron-platinum. The trick, Mazumder says, was in molding a shell that would retain its shape and require the smallest amount of platinum to pull off an efficient reaction. The researchers already have a way (Credit: Sun/Brown University.) to create a shell that uses only 30 percent platinum, although Brown researchers have found a way to create a larger active surface area with palladium nanoparticles to catalyze energy- they expect to make thinner shells and use even less. producing reactions in a fuel cell. In laboratory tests, the palladium/iron-platinum nanoparticles generated 12 times more current than commercially available pure-platinum catalysts at the same catalyst weight. The output also remained consistent over 10,000 cycles, at least 10 times longer than commercially available platinum models that begin to deteriorate after 1,000 cycles. “This is a very good demonstration that catalysts with a core and a shell can be made readily in 0.5-gram quantities in the lab. They’re active, and they last,” Mazumder says. “The next step is to scale them up for commercial use, and we are confident we’ll be able to do that.” According to Sun, it is uncertain if the concept of enhanced catalysis from core/shell nanoparticles can be applied to a wide range of reactions seen in fuel cells. “Different fuel cells work in different conditions. I know our core/shell particles are good under the PEMFC conditions, but they may not survive the high operating temperature used in SOFCs.” The findings have been published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society. Visit: http://news.brown.edu n

Electron irradiation to minimize loops in graphene Researchers at Oak Ridge National Lab have discovered how loops develop in graphene, an electrically conductive high-strength low-weight material that resembles an atomic- scale honeycomb. The nanoscale simulations are bringing scientists closer to using graphene in electronic applications. “Graphene is a rising star in the materials world, given its potential for use in precise electronic components like transistors or other semiconductors,” says Bobby Sumpter, a staff scientist at ORNL.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 17 research briefs

on advances in catalysts for alternative restricted to batteries: Strong conver- fuel development sion rates for the atmospheric oxidation Lithium batteries that utilize oxygen of toluene (a notoriously difficult liquid as the cathode material are very prom- phase toluene oxidation process) are ising because of their extremely high also reported. theoretical capacity of almost 12,000 Featured in the September issue of watt-hoursper kilogram. In these Li–air the nanotechnology journal, Small, batteries, oxygen is adsorbed directly Suib describes another method devel- from the atmosphere when required oped for the production of a nanosized rather than being stored in the battery crystalline material that can potentially

(Credit: ORNL.) itself. In practice, a combination of car- be used for energy conservation. Loops (seen above in blue) between bon powder, oxygen, oxygen-reduction The material, sized at 100 nanome- graphene layers can be minimized using catalyst and a binder is used in the air ters, consists of two materials, one a electron irradiation (bottom). cathode. Rechargeability of the bat- template and the other a material that Structural loops that sometimes form tery is dependent on the catalyst, and can grow around it in a well-ordered during a graphene cleaning process can another important parameter, the spe- array. The growth can be controlled, and render the material unsuitable for elec- cific capacity, is sensitive to the nature its photocatalytic properties may be use- tronic applications. of the catalyst. Hence, identification of ful to drive reactions such as the split- However, when graphene is sub- suitable catalyst materials is crucial to ting of water into hydrogen and oxygen. jected to electron irradiation with a achieving desirable performance char- According to Suib, the material transmission electron microscope, it acteristics close to the theoretical limit. could be a component of paint or could is prevented from forming loops. The The promising new oxygen reduc- be applied to a surface, and it may be simulations showed that by injecting tion catalyst is composed of octahedral useful in solar applications. electrons to collect an image, the elec- molecular sieves of the the gamma form “It’s very hard to make materials this trons are simultaneously changing the of manganese oxide (δ-MnO2) and a size,” Suib says, “as small antennas come material’s structure. small amount of titanium. Synthesized in and out of a surface that small.” “Taking a picture with a TEM is not via a simple one-step precipitation Visit: www.chemistry.uconn.edu/ merely taking a picture,” Sumpter says. method, in which the titanium acts as a suib.html n “You might modify the picture at the morphology-direct- same time that you’re looking at it.” ing agent, research- Graphene is only as good as the uni- er can create formity or cleanliness of its edges, which hollow spheres with determine how effectively the material High-charge a high surface area storage can transmit electrons. ORNL’s Vincent and enhanced cata- capacity can Meunier says the ability to efficiently lytic activity. They be achieved clean graphene edges is crucial to using also demonstrate in Li–air bat- the material in electronics. that a high-charge teries using Recent experimental studies have manganese storage capacity oxide. shown that the Joule heating process (2.3 ampene-hours can lead to undesirable loops that per gram of carbon) connect different graphene layers. can be achieved in Joule heating is a process that cleans Li–air batteries uti- graphene edges by running a current lizing this material. through the material. The team can Although often now show how electron irradiation used in traditional from a transmission electron micro- batteries, this is scope can prevent loop formation. the first time that Visit: www.ornl.gov n δ-MnO2 materials Hollow have been applied rods of Catalysts for Li–air batteries, in this manner to titanium Li–air batteries. oxide with photocatalysis developed the solid The advantageous manganese The University of Connecticut’s Ste- properties of this oxide core ven Suib and co-workers are reporting material are not removed. (Credit: UConn.)

18 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 A bright future for glass-ceramics From their glorious past, starting with their accidental discovery, to successful commercial products, the impressive range of properties and exciting potential applications of glass-ceramics indeed ensure a bright future!

by Edgar Dutra Zanotto

lass-ceramics were discovered – somewhat accidently G – in 1953. Since then, many exciting papers have been published and patents granted related to glass-ceramics by research institutes, universities and companies worldwide. Glass-ceramics (also known as vitro- cerams, pyrocerams, vitrocerâmicos, vitroceramiques and sittals) are produced by controlled crystallization of certain glasses – generally induced by nucleating additives. This is in contrast with spontaneous surface crystallization, which is normally not wanted in glass manufacturing. They always con- tain a residual glassy phase and one or more embedded crystalline phases. The crystallinity varies between 0.5 and 99.5 percent, most frequently between 30 and 70 percent. Controlled ceramization yields an (Credit: Schott North America.) array of materials with interesting, sometimes unusual, combinations of properties.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 19 A bright future for glass-ceramics

Unlike sintered ceramics, glass- ceramics are inherently free from porosity. However, in some cases, bubbles or pores develop during the latter stages of crystallization. Glass-ceramics have, in principle, several advantages. • They can be mass produced by any glass-forming technique. • It is possible to design their nano- structure or microstructure for a given application. Fig. 1. Standing, from left to right, TC-7 members Ralf Muller, Guenter VoelKsch, Linda • They have zero or very low porosity. Pinckney, Edgar Zanotto, Wolfgang Pannhorst, Takayuki Komatsu, Miguel Prado, • It is possible for them to combine Michael Budd, Joachim Deubener, Wolfram Hoeland and Ian Donald. Sitting are distin- a variety of desired properties. guished guests George Beall and Donald Stookey. Picture taken in Jackson Hole, Wyo., One example of the fourth advan- September 2006. tage is combining very low thermal hot-pressing techniques. The sintering (114 articles), Schott Glaswerke (69), expansion coefficient with transparency route also is attractive to produce glass- IBM (65), Nippon Electric Glass Co. in the visible wavelength range for ceramics from reluctant glass-forming (30), Ivoclar Vivadent AG (29), NEC cooking ware. Another is combining compositions, which could be made as Corp. (24), Aerospace Corp. (20) and very high strength and toughness with a “frit,” molded and sinter-crystallized. Toyota TI (18). translucency, biocompatibility, chemi- Commercial applications of sintered There are far too many papers cal durability and relatively low hard- glass-ceramics include devitrifying frit and patents to be cited in this short ness for dental applications. solder glasses for sealing TV tubes, “insight” article. Thus, we will direct Glass-ceramics are normally pro- cofired multilayer substrates for elec- the interested reader to a limited num- duced in two steps. First, a glass is tronic packaging, marblelike floor and ber of key books and papers, including formed by a standard glass-manufactur- wall tile (Neopariés and similar brands) some of our own. The fundamentals ing process. Second, the glass article and some bioactive glass-ceramics. behind the understanding and control is shaped, cooled and reheated above References 1–6 provide a list of recent of glass crystallization concern the its glass transition temperature. The articles and reviews on the fundamen- mechanisms, thermodynamics and second step is sometimes repeated as a tals of the sinter-crystallization process. kinetics of crystal nucleation, growth third step. In these heat treatments, the and overall crystallization. Several article partly crystallizes in the interior. Patents and papers groups have focused on such studies In most cases, nucleating agents (e.g., An idea of the scientific and com- during the past century. Interested noble metals, fluorides, ZrO2, TiO2, mercial importance of glass-ceramics readers are invited to check References P2O5, Cr2O3 or Fe2O3) are added to the comes from a search on Free-patents 7–9 for reviews on the basics of inter- base glass composition to boost the Online, which comprises granted pat- nal and surface nucleation in glasses. nucleation process. ents or applications in the United Readers are referred to classical text- A less frequently used method is to States, Europe and Japan. About 2,400 books in References 10–12 and review induce and control internal crystalliza- granted or filed U.S. patents appear articles in References 13–16 for more tion during the cooling path of a molten with the keywords “glass ceramic” in detailed information on glass-ceramics. viscous liquid. This process is used some- the abstract. There also are about 1,500 times to form relatively coarse-grained European and 2,700 Japanese patents. Discovery of glass-ceramics glass-ceramics from waste materials to be There is some overlap in these num- Natural glass-ceramics, such as used in the construction industry. bers, because the same patent is often some types of obsidian, “always” have Glass-ceramics also can be produced deposited in different countries. existed. Synthetic glass-ceramics were by concurrent sinter-crystallization of A similar search for published papers serendipitously discovered in 1953. glass-particle compacts. In this case, in the Scopus database with the same Stanley Donald Stookey, then a young crystallization starts at glass–particle keywords yields about 10,000 articles. researcher at Corning Glass Works, interfaces. A main advantage of the These are very impressive numbers for meant to anneal a piece of a lithium sinter-crystallization process is that such a narrow field within all the numer- disilicate glass with precipitated silver nucleating agents are not necessary, ous materials classes and types. This sug- particles (meant to form a permanent because the particle surfaces provide gests that plenty is already known about photographic image) in a furnace at nucleation sites. A disadvantage of this glass-ceramics technology. A similar 600°C. He accidentally overheated the method is 0.5 to 3.0 percent residual search in Scopus indicates that, since glass to about 900°C. “Damm it, I’ve porosity. However, this can be some- 1960, the most prolific companies in ruined a furnace!” Stookey thought. times minimized or even eliminated by glass-ceramics research are Corning Inc. Instead of a melted pool of glass, the

20 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 astonished Stookey observed a white modern and very inter- material that had not changed shape. esting glass-ceramics, He then accidentally dropped the is represented by piece on the floor, but it did not shat- Corning’s Fotoceram ter, contrary to what might normally (also invented by have been expected from a piece of Stookey) and Schott’s glass! He was surprised by the unusual Foturan. These glass- toughness of that material. Stookey ceramics can be pat- had accidentally created the first glass- terned by ultraviolet Fig. 2 Glass-ceramic teeth. 17 ceramic, denominated Fotoceram. light and selectively crystallized by ther- with TiO2 are the most commonly used In their book, Volfram Hoeland and mal treatments. The crystallized regions nucleation agents. The main crystalline George Beall mention that “knowledge then are completely dissolved by acid phase is a β-quartz solid solution, which of the literature, good observation skills etching. The patterned glass can be used is highly anisotropic and has an overall and deductive reasoning were clearly as-is or can be heated once more to form negative TCE. LAS glass-ceramics can evident in allowing the chance events polycrystalline glass-ceramic plates that sustain repeated and quick tempera- to bear fruit.” This glass-ceramic was have high-precision holes, channels or ture changes of 800°C to 1000°C. The later known also as Pyroceram. This first any desired intricate pattern. The prod- dominant crystalline phase of these synthetic glass-ceramic eventually led ucts are used in electronics, chemistry, glass-ceramics, β-quartz solid solution, to the development of CorningWare in acoustics, optics, mechanics and biology has a strong negative CTE. 1957.17 It also influenced the develop- in applications that include microchan- Keatite solid solution (β-spodumene) ment of Vision, a transparent cookware. nels in optical fibers, ink-jet printer also has a negative CTE, higher than CorningWare entered the consumer heads, substrates for pressure sensors and β-quartz solid solution. The negative marketplace in 1958 and became a mul- acoustic systems in head-phones.10–12 CTE of the crystal phase contrasts timillion dollar product. with the positive CTE of the residual The scientific and commercial Consumer products glass. Adjusting the proportion of these importance of glass-ceramics was recog- Corning, Schott, St. Gobain, phases offers a wide range of possible nized by the International Commission Nippon, Ohara, Ivoclar and few others CTEs in the finished composite. For on Glass, which established TC-7, presently produce commercial glass- most current applications, a low or zero the “Nucleation, Crystallization and ceramics for consumer and special- CTE is desired. A negative CTE also is Glass-Ceramic Committee” (www.icg. ized markets. We could not confirm possible. At a certain point, generally group.shef.ac.uk/tc7.html) about three whether Fuji Photo, Japan; Pittsburg between 60 and 75 percent crystallin- decades ago. Figure 1 shows some past Plate Glass, U.S.; NGK Insulators, ity, the overall negative expansion of and present TC-7 members and guests. Japan; Sklo Union, Czech Republic; the crystal phase(s) and the positive CBP Engineering, U.K.; International expansion of the residual glass phase Commercial glass-ceramic Ceramics, U.K.; and Konstantinovskii, cancel each other. Thus, the glass- products Russia; remain active in the glass- ceramic as a whole has a TCE that is The first commercially viable glass- ceramic business.11 very close to zero. But such a balance ceramic was developed in the aerospace A range of commercially successful is not straightforward, because the rela- industry in the late 1950s as radomes glass-ceramics for consumer applica- tive stiffness of the glass and crystal to protect radar equipment in the tions include famous brands of low- phases also is important. nosecones of aircraft and rockets. Glass- expansion products that are resistant Glass-ceramics also can be adjusted ceramics used in these applications to thermal shock: CorningWare; and to match the CTE of the material to must exhibit a challenging combina- Vision – a transparent glass-ceramic. which they will be bonded. LAS glass- tion of properties to withstand critical Cooktop plates, such as Schott’s Ceran, ceramics were originally developed conditions resulting from rain erosion Eurokera’s Kerablack and Nippon for use in mirrors and mirror mounts and atmospheric reentry: homogeneity; Electric Glass’ Neoceram also are avail- of astronomical telescopes. They now low dielectric constant; low coefficient able. These products rely on their rela- have become known and have entered of thermal expansion; low dielectric tively high toughness (compared with the domestic market through their use loss; high mechanical strength; and glasses), appealing aesthetics and very in cooktops, cookware and bakeware as high abrasion resistance. Glass-ceramics low thermal expansion coefficient. well as high-performance reflectors for now are used in nosecones of high- The most important system commer- digital projectors. Other well-known performance aircraft and missiles. No cially is the Li2O–Al2O3–SiO2 (LAS) brands of these low-expansion glass- glass, metal or single crystal can simul- system with additional components, ceramics are Ceran, Kerablack and taneously meet all of these relevant such as CaO, MgO, ZnO, BaO, P2O5, Neoceram (cooktops); and Robax, 10 specifications. Na2O and K2O. Fining agents include Keralite and Neoceram (stoves and fire-

Another class of traditional, but still As2O5 and SnO2. ZrO2 in combinations places). Nippon Electric Glass’s related

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 21 A bright future for glass-ceramics

voltages, various frequencies and high temperatures. When properly baked out, machinable glass-ceramics will not out- gas under vacuum environments. They can be machined to complicated shapes and precision parts with ordinary metal- working tools, quickly and inexpensively. Machinable glass-ceramics require no postfiring after machining. This means that specifications can be met without having to resort to costly machining with diamond tools. Typical Macor applications include insulators and supports for vacuum environment feed-troughs; spacers, headers and windows for microwave tube devices; sample holders for micro- scopes; aerospace components; welding nozzles; fixtures; and medical equipment. Some dental and some bioactive glass- ceramics also are machinable using mod- Fig. 3. Micrographs of open and partially blocked dentin tubules by Biosilicate glass- ern CAD–CAM techniques.10–12 cermic powder. RHS – results of a clinical study of dentin sensitivity level of 160 teeth: Initial and after 1 to 6 applications of Biosilicate. (Reprinted from a research report for Vitrovita – Glass-Ceramic Innovation Institute.) Construction materials Several authors, especially in the products in this area include Firelite applications include precision optics, United Kingdom, Eastern Europe, fire-rated glass. The same class of mate- mirror substrates for large astronomi- Cuba, Italy and Brazil have developed rial was also used until the late 1990s cal telescopes, mirror substrates for many glass-ceramics made from a wide as CorningWare dishes, which could X-ray telescopes, optical elements for variety of waste materials, such incin- be taken from the freezer directly to comet probes, ring laser gyroscopes erator ashes, blast furnaces slags, steel the oven with no risk of thermal shock and standards for precision measure- slags and sugar-cane ashes. Their com- damage. These low-CTE glass-ceramics ment technology. Other great low-CTE position and predominant crystal phases are the most successful commercial glass-ceramics success stories are Ceran vary widely. These low-cost, dark- glass-ceramics thus far developed.10–12 panels for cooktops and Robax for fire- colored (because of the high level of places and stoves.10–12,14 transition elements in wastes) materials Thermal uses of glass-ceramics Another relevant thermal property are generally strong, hard and chemi- Another particularly important mate- of glass-ceramics is their limiting use cally resistant. Their intended use is for rial is Zerodur, a semitransparent, non- temperature. Because of their residual abrasion and chemically resistant parts porous glass-ceramic made by Schott. glass phase, most glass-ceramics flow and or floor and wall tile used in chemi- Zerodur has an extremely low CTE (0.00 deform at relatively low temperatures, cal, mechanical and other heavy-duty ± 0.02 × 10–6/K between 0°C and 50°C), typically below about 700°C. However, industries or construction. which can even become zero or slightly some notable exceptions exist. An A high-end-use construction and negative in some temperature ranges. example is a celsian glass-ceramic in the architecture glass-ceramic is Neopariés, which was pioneered by Nippon Another unique characteristic of this SrO–BaO–Al2O3–SiO2 system, which glass-ceramic is its exceptionally good has use temperatures as high as 1,450°C Electric Glass about 20 years ago and homogeneity. Even in large material and CTEs that match silicon, SiC and continues to be used. This glass-ceramic is one of the few commercial products blocks, it is almost impossible to mea- Si3N4. This material is meltable at com- sure the fluctuations in mechanical and mercial temperatures (1,650°C).18 made by sintering, and its main crystal thermal properties. Its good transparency phase is wollastonite (calcium metasili- in the range 400 to 2,300 nanometers Machinable glass-ceramics cate). Neopariés is a pore-free, partially allows a verification of internal quality. Macor, Dicor, Vitronit, Photoveel crystallized material with a soft rich Therefore, it can be ensured that neither and other brands of machinable glass- appearance similar to marble and gran- bubbles nor inclusions go undetected. ceramics rely on mica crystals in their ite. However, it has none of the main- Because of its unique properties, microstructure. Their high CTE readily tenance problems of natural stone and Zerodur is a preferred material for matches most metals and sealing glasses. is an attractive material for exterior and lightweight honeycomb mirror mounts They exhibit zero porosity and, in gen- interior building walls and table tops. made for satellite mirrors. Other typical eral, are excellent insulators at high Because of the growing concern

22 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 about sustainability and exhausting conductivity makes Table I. Relevant properties of bioactive glass-ceramics reserves of natural stones, the use of them comfort- Glass-ceramic glass-ceramics as a construction materi- able in the mouth. —————————————————————— al deserves much attention. References Moreover, the mate- Highly bioactive Property Cerabone Bioverit I glass ceramic 11 and 19–21 discuss these uses further. rial is extremely † † ‡ durable, and it is Bioactivity class B B A High-strength glass-ceramics relatively easy to Machinability Low Good Fair Density (g/cm3) 3.1 2.8 2.6 The average fracture strength (Sf ≈ manufacture to cus- Three-point flexural strength (MPa) 215 140–180 210 100–250 MPa) and toughness (KIc ≈ tomized units. All- 1/2 1–2.5 MPa∙m ) of most glass-ceramics ceramic restorations Young’s modulus (GPa) 120 70–90 70 are generally higher than those of com- can be used to cover Vickers hardness (HV) 680 500 600 mercial glasses (S 50–70 MPa; K 1/2 f ≈ Ic even dark tooth Toughness (MPa∙m ) 2.0 1.2–2.1 0.95 0.7 MPa∙m1/2). Glass-ceramics with ≈ cores (e.g., if the Slow crack growth index 33 especially high strength and tough- tooth is severely dis- †Biomaterial class B bonds only to bone. ‡Biomaterial class A bonds to hard (bone) and soft (cartilage) ness have been reported by George colored or a titanium tissues. Beall and colleagues10 for canasite abutment is used). glass-ceramic (Sf ≈ 300 MPa; KIc ≈ 5 MPa.m1/2). Somewhat smaller but Current lithium disilicate glass-ceram- in Table I. still impressive values of strength and ics – e.g., Ivoclar’s IPS e.max – are ideal Cerabone – developed by Tadashi for fabricating single-tooth restorations Kokubo and produced by Nippon toughness (Sf ≈ 350–400 MPa; KIc ≈ 2.3–2.9 MPa∙m1/2) have been reported (Fig. 2). This innovative glass-ceramic Electric Glass Co. Ltd. – is prob- for the lithium disilicate IPS e.max produces highly esthetic results. Its hard- ably the most widely used bioactive Press developed by Wolfram Hoeland ness is similar to that of natural teeth, glass-ceramic for bone replacement. and other Ivoclar researchers.10 The and it is two to three times stronger than Numerous clinical trials have shown common feature of these glass-ceramics other dental glass-ceramics. The mate- intergrowth between this glass-ceramic is their lath-shaped crystals that lead to rial can be either pressed or machined and human bone. Tadashi informed us crack deflection and toughening. to the desired shape in the dental labo- in 2009 that about 50,000 successful Other successful strategies to implants already have been made using ratory. Because of its high strength (Sf increase strength and toughness include Cerabone. Bioverits are machineable ≈ 360–400 MPa) and toughness (KIc ≈ fiber reinforcement, chemical strength- 2.3–2.9 MPa∙m1/2(single-edge V-notched glass-ceramics that are very useful, ening by ion-exchange methods and beam)), restorations fabricated with this because they can be easily modified development of a thin surface layer material can be cemented by various during clinical procedures. Bioverit II is with a lower thermal expansion than techniques. These glass-ceramics possess especially good in this respect.10,11,25–27 the interior to induce a compressive true-to-nature shade behavior, natural- A different type of highly bioactive surface layer. All these concepts have looking esthetics, natural-looking light glass-ceramic was developed by Peitl et been demonstrated for a few glass- transmission, versatile applications and a al.28 in 1995. This is a low-density glass- ceramic compositions. However, they comprehensive spectrum of indications. ceramic in the Na-Ca-Si-P-O system are far from being fully explored, and, that has a Young’s modulus closer to thus, there is much scope for further Bioactive glass-ceramics that of cortical bone and much higher research. Another important aspect bioactivity than previous bioactive glass- that needs further study is effect of Bioactive glass-ceramics form in-situ the type (compressive versus tensile) a biologically active layer of hydroxy- ceramics. This particular combination of and magnitude of the internal residual carbonate apatite (the mineral phase of properties is desired for several applica- stresses that are always present and are bone and teeth) that bonds to bone and tions. This glass-ceramic is about 30 to maximum at the crystal–glass inter- teeth and sometimes even to soft tissue. 50 percent crystalline, and its main phase faces. Values of 0.1 to 1.0 gigapascals Moreover, load-bearing applications is Na2O∙2CaO∙3SiO2. The first clinical have been reported in some glass- require excellent mechanical properties. trials for middle-ear bone replacements ceramics. These stresses certainly affect Many products have reached commer- in 30 patients yielded very positive the overall mechanical performance of cial success: Cerabone A-W (apatite– results. Table I summaries the main prop- the material. A few papers have dealt wollastonite), Ceravital (apatite–devit- erties of some bioactive glass-ceramics. with residual stresses in glass-ceramics, rite), Bioverit I (mica–apatite), Bioverit A new glass-ceramic based on the including References 16 and 22–24. II (mica) and Ilmaplant L1 and AP40. same Na-Ca-Si-P-O system (Biosilicate) They have been used as granular fillers, but with some compositional modifica- Dental glass-ceramics artificial vertebrae, scaffolds, iliac spac- tions and greater than 99.5 percent All-ceramic dental restorations are ers, spinous spacers, intervertebral spac- crystallinity recently was developed by attractive to dentists and patients, ers, middle-ear implants and as other Zanotto and colleagues.29–32 This glass- because they are biocompatible, have types of small-bone replacements. Some ceramic is as bioactive as the “gold stan- superior aesthetics and their low thermal of their interesting properties are listed dard” bioglass 45S5 invented by Larry

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 23 A bright future for glass-ceramics

sated by additional Li+ ions, leading to

the Li1+xMxTi2–x(PO4)3 system. Some authors claim that the main advantage of obtaining such materials by the glass-ceramic route would be a decreased porosity if compared with ceramic materials obtained by the classical sintering route. However, one feature that has been scarcely explored, is that, if the parent glass presents internal nucleation, one may easily and effectively control, for instance by double-heat treatments, the microstructure of the glass-ceramic to further increase its conductivity.36 Solid oxide fuel cells are ceramic solid-state energy conversion devices Fig. 4. From left to right: parent glass, glass-ceramic with 97 percent crystallinity that produce electricity by electrochemi- and glass-ceramic with 50 percent crystallinity. Grain size is about 20 micrometers. cally combining fuel (e.g., hydrogen gas or natural gas) and oxidant (e.g., air) Hench. Clinical tests of treatment with route for tumor treatment has been fol- gases across an ionic conducting oxide at Biosilicate powder for dentin hypersensi- lowed by several authors. Several other operating temperatures of about 800°C. tivity in 160 sensitive teeth conducted by compositions have been and are pres- The planar SOFC configuration provides dentist Jessica Cavalle are shown in Fig. ently being tested in various laboratories. a simple manufacturing process and high 3. After the first treatment, one-third current densities, but it requires hermetic of the teeth lost their sensitivity. After Electrically conducting and sealing to prevent fuel–oxidant mixing six applications of Biosilicate powder, insulating glass-ceramics and to electrically insulate the stack. 94 percent of the teeth were cured. This Electrically insulating materials, such A suitable sealing material must powdered glass-ceramic also can be use- as spinel–enstatite, canasite and lithium meet several criteria: chemical stability ful for making small sintered bones and disilicate glass-ceramics (made by at 800°C under oxidizing and reducing bioactive scaffolds, such as those shown Corning) as well as TS-10 glass-ceramic wet atmospheres (air, hydrogen gas); in the studies of Enrica Verné33 and Aldo substrates (made by Ohara) are used electrically insulating; chemical com- Boccaccini34 and their colleagues. in magnetic media disks for hard disk patibility (i.e., must not poison other Another interesting class of bioactive drives. These materials offer the key cell components); ability to form a seal glass-ceramics is heat-generating bioac- properties necessary for today’s higher at about 900°C that results in a her- tive or biocompatible glass-ceramics areal density, smaller, thinner drive metic bond with high strength; CTE of intended for use for hyperthermic treat- designs. These glass-ceramics have 10–12 ppm/K; and long-term reliability ment of tumors. For instance, in one high toughness, provide low surface during high-temperature operation and study by Koichiro et al.,35 glass plates of roughness and good flatness, ultralow during thermal cycles to room temperature. In the scientific literature phos- the chemical composition CaO–SiO2– glide heights and excellent shock resis- 10 phosilicate, boron-free alkaline-earth Fe2O3–B2O3–P2O5 were ceramized. The tance. resulting glass-ceramic containing mag- On the other hand, lithium-ion- silicates and borosilicate glass-ceramics, netite and wollastonite crystals showed conducting glass-ceramics are promising for instance SrO–La2O3–Al2O3–B2O3– high-saturation magnetization. This solid electrolytes for lithium batteries. SiO2, have been suggested for SOFC glass-ceramic formed a calcium- and Sufficiently high conductivity at ambi- sealing applications.37 Several research phosphorous-rich layer on its surface and ent temperature (10–3 (Ω∙cm)–1) has groups in the world are attempting to tightly bonded with bone within about been demonstrated when precursor develop such materials. eight weeks of implantation. The par- glasses crystallize in the highly conduc- Some groups have experimentally ent glass did not form the calcium- and tive nanoscale application specific inte- demonstrated the possibility of produc- phosphorous-rich layer and did bond grated circuit structure. Systems derived ing glass fibers of the famous BISCO with bone at 25 weeks. Under an exter- (Bi Sr CaCu O ) system – which are not from the LiTi2(PO4)3 composition have 2 2 2 8 nal magnetic field, granules of this glass- been extensively studied. In fact, partial superconducting – and then crystallizing ceramic filled in rabbit tibias heated substitution of Ti4+ by a trivalent cation, them to produce glass-ceramic supercon- surrounding bone to more than 42°C M3+, such as Al3+, Ga3+, In3+, Sc3+, Y3+, ductors.38 and maintained this temperature for 30 La3+, Cr3+ or Fe3+, generates a deficiency Last, but not least, several glass- minutes.35 Since then, this promising in positive charges, which is compen- ceramics-containing piezoelectric and

24 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 ferroelectric phases have been studied. als that absorb UV, reflect IR and are less than about 200 nanometers and has These areas for glass-ceramics applica- transparent to visible light; materials a small or moderate crystallized frac- tions have not yet been fully explored. that absorb UV and fluoresce in red/IR; tion of 1 to 70 percent. However, an substrates for arrayed waveguide grat- interesting new discovery was recently Transparent glass-ceramics ing; solid-state lighting – white light; reported by Berthier da Cunha and Some successful and many trial opti- and laser pumps. Ohara’s WMS-15 colleagues.42,43 They developed a large- cal applications have been proposed for glass-ceramic substrates, a commer- grain (about 10–50 micrometer), highly transparent glass-ceramics: cookware cially available product, have improved crystalline (97 percent) and transparent (Vision) that allows continuous visual- transmittance and exceptionally low glass-ceramic, as shown in Fig. 4. ization and monitoring of the cooking surface roughness values. They enable Mark Davis16 mentions in his 2008 process); fireplace protection; transpar- manufacturers to produce leading-edge review paper that “many of the exotic ent armors for visors or vehicle windows; dense wavelength division multiplexer optical features now demonstrated in substrates for LCD devices; ring laser and gain-flattening filters. The WMS glass-ceramics (e.g., SHG, lasing, elec- gyroscopes; missile noses; fiber grating substrates facilitate the production of trooptical effect) have not yet been athermalization; precision photolithog- special filters.10,11 made into a commercial product.” raphy; printed optical circuits; and small One interesting case of optical appli- or very large telescope mirrors (Zerodur). cation is the photothermal refractive Glass-ceramic armor In this last example, the telescope’s glass-ceramic produced by photother- Some patents have been filed and optical components are required to over- mo-induced crystallization. PTR glass, others have been granted for inven- come distortions caused by temperature invented by Stookey, is an iron bro- tions related to armor materials for fluctuations. Therefore, glass-ceramics mine sodium zinc aluminosilicate glass the protection of people or equipment with zero expansion are highly suitable. doped with silver, cerium, tin or anti- against high-speed projectiles or frag- The keen interest in glass-ceramics mony that can be locally crystallized ments. Ceramic materials are used for optical applications is caused by by UV exposure in selected regions fol- particularly in armors for which low their advantages over glasses, single- lowed by heat-treatment above its glass weight is important: bullet-proof vests; crystals and sintered transparent transition temperature. and armor for automobiles, aircraft and ceramics. Unlike glasses, glass-ceramics However, PTR glass-ceramic has helicopters, especially in cockpits or demonstrate properties similar to those reached the consumer market during seats and for protection of functionally of single crystals. In contrast with the past 15 years thanks to the develop- important parts. The first and still-used single crystals or sintered ceramics, ment of Bragg gratings and other types ceramic armor materials consist of high- glass-ceramics can be made in intricate of volume holograms for laser devices modulus and hard Al2O3, although its shapes and sizes by fast and cost-effi- (narrow-band spectral and angular fil- density is quite high, about 4 grams per cient glass-manufacturing processes. ters, laser beam deflectors, splitters and cubic centimeter. Other very hard, but Transparent glass-ceramics based on attenuators). Leon Glebov and his team less dense materials, such as SiC and fluoride, chalcogenide and oxyfluoride at the College of Optics and Photonics B4C, can be produced only at very high doped with rare-earth ions have been (CREOL), University of Central Florida, temperatures by costly manufacturing successfully used for wavelength up- have been responsible for this develop- processes and are, hence, expensive. conversion devices for europium-doped ment. At least two companies produce Most glass-ceramics have lower hard- waveguide amplifiers. Transparent such Bragg gratings. This glass-ceramic ness and Young’s modulus than the mullite-, spinel-, willemite-, ghanite- is interesting because of the low amount above-described ceramics, but have and gelenite-based glass-ceramics of its crystal phase, less than 1 percent the great advantage of low density doped with transition-metal ions have of nanosized NaF, and the intricate pho- and much lower cost. Moreover, glass- been developed for use in tunable and tothermal crystallization mechanism of ceramics can be transparent to visible infrared lasers, solar collectors and PTR glass is yet scarcely known!40–41 light. Alstom’s Transarm, a transparent high-temperature lamp applications. To be transparent in the visible glass-ceramic armor is based on lithium Glass-ceramics that exhibit second har- range, a glass-ceramic must have one or disilicate. It originally was developed for monic generation and materials with a combination of the following charac- protective visors for bomb disposal work. high Kerr constant for electrooptical teristics: the crystal size must be much Another example is Schott’s Resistan, devices have been developed as well. less than the wavelength of visible a range of low-expansion glass-ceramics The combination of several properties light (i.e., less than 200 nanometers); that can be opaque or transparent and is the hallmark for their success.39 and the birefringence must be very low are intended for substrates for vehicular Other optically active applications or there must be negligible difference and personal armor systems. include luminescent glass-ceramics for between the refractive indexes of the Little has been published and patent- solar concentrators, up-conversion and residual glass matrix and the crystals. ed on this particular use of glass-ceram- amplification devices; illumination The vast majority of existing transpar- ics, compared with other applications, devices using IR; heat-resistant materi- ent glass-ceramics relies on crystal size because of the sensitive nature of this

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 25 A bright future for glass-ceramics military-related research. For more infor- • Optical properties: Articles are listed above (and not listed) and their mation the reader is referred to patents translucent or opaque, opalescent, fluo- exciting potential applications, glass- granted to Michael Budd and colleagues. rescent, and colored and photo-induc- ceramics have indeed a bright future! n tion nucleations are possible. Concluding remarks Mark Davis mentions in his review Editor’s note An impressive variety of glass- article, that “… as George Beall pointed All of the glass-ceramic products ceramics has been developed during the out to me some years ago, although the cited in this article have registered past six decades. Yet, many others with number of glass-ceramics in total that trademarks held by the companies that unusual and unforeseen properties and [make it] into commercialization is quite produced them. applications are likely to be discovered small, once they do make it, they exist in the future. as a viable product typically for decades.” About the author Glass-ceramics possess many favor- This is certainly true: From several Edgar Dutra Zanotto is chair of the able features. thousand patents, only a few dozen glass- Nucleation, Crystallization and Glass- • Composition: 1052 compositions ceramics products have reached the mar- Ceramics Committee (TC 7) of the can, in principle, be vitrified by com- ket. However, most of them – or their International Commission on Glass bining and varying by 1 mole percent updated versions – remain there, and and head of the Vitreous Materials of all the 80 “friendly” elements of the some have sold millions! Laboratory, Department of Materials periodical table, which could then be Much is already known about glass- Engineering, Universidade Federal crystallized to form a glass-ceramic.44 ceramic technology, but many challeng- de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil es in glass-ceramic research and devel- • Forming: Articles of any shape (www.lamav.ufscar.br). opment are ahead. They include the can, in principle, be made by rolling, search for new compositions (and there casting, pressing, blowing, drawing or Acknowledgments are many alternatives to explore), other by any other glass-processing method I am indebted to Donald Stookey and more potent nucleating agents, and that already exists or may be invented. for discovering glass-ceramics! I also new or improved crystallization pro- • Thermal treatment: Crystallization deeply thank my former and present cesses. Challenges include microwave TC-7 colleagues and friends – from is induced on the cooling path, in one heating, biomimetic microstructures, step or multiple steps. whom I learned much about the intri- textured crystallization demonstrated by cacies of glass crystallization, proper- • Microstructure: Articles can Christian Russel of the OSI in Jena and ties and applications of glass-ceramics be engineered from nanograins, laser crystallization demonstrated by during the past three decades: Peter micrograins or macrograins; low or high Taka Komatsu of Tohoku University in James, Mike Weinberg, Stvan Szabo crystallinity; zero, low or high porosity; Japan. A deeper understanding and con- (all deceased), Tadaski Kobubo, one or multiple crystal phases; random trol of photothermal-induced nucleation Klaus Heide, Wolfgang Pannhorst, or aligned crystals; and surface-induced associated or not with chemical etch- Linda Pinckney, Ian Donald, Guenter or internal crystallization. ing; the development of harder, stiffer, Volsksh, Taka Komatsu, Akihiko • Thermal properties: Thermal stronger and tougher glass-ceramics; and expansion can be controlled – nega- glass-ceramics with increased transpar- Sakamoto, Michael Budd, Maria tive, zero or highly positive; stability can ency or conductivity are also timely. Pascual, Miguel Prado, Vlad Fokin, Jeri range from about 400°C to 1,450°C; and A wide range of potential properties Sestak, Mark Davis, Gilles Querel, Jojo low thermal conductivity is common. of glass-ceramics is possible because Deubener, Ralf Mueller, Falk Gabel and • Mechanical properties: Articles of the ability to design their composi- Robert Hill. have much higher strength and tough- tion, thermal treatment and resulting Thanks also to Christian Ruessel for ness than glasses, but the limits are far microstructure. This, combined with hosting several dozen internship students from being reached, possibility to be the flexibility of high-speed hot-glass from LaMaV at the famous Otto-Schott further strengthened by fiber addition, forming will ensure continued growth Institute in Jena. To Leon Glebov, chemical and thermal methods. They of glass-ceramic technology. As in their Larissa Glebova, Julien Lumeau, Vlad are hard, some are machinable. serendipitous discovery, “luck” based on Fokin, Gui Parent and all the members • Chemical properties: Articles are systematic exploratory research, solid of the photothermo-induced nucle- resorbable or highly durable. understanding of glass structure, relaxation research team. To Larry Hench, • Biological properties: Articles are ation, crystallization and properties, as Oscar Peitl, Murilo Crovacce, Renato biocompatible (inert) or bioactive. well as knowledge of the vast literature Siqueira, Alex Fraga, Marina Ismael • Electrical and magnetic properties: and deductive reasoning, may allow and Bruno Poletto – LaMaV’s bio glass- Articles have low or high dielectric other great inventions to bear fruit. ceramics team. To Miguel Prado, Ralf constant and loss, high breakdown volt- From their glorious past, starting with Muller, Catia Fredericci, Edu Ferreira, age, ionic conducting or insulating, their accidental discovery, to their very Anne Barbosa, Vivi Oliveira and Rapha superconducting, piezoelectric and fer- successful commercial products as well (Bode) Reis – the sinter-crystallization romagnetic properties. as their impressive range of properties team of LaMaV. To Ana Rodrigues, JL

26 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 and their students – the ionic conduct- 12P.W. Mc Millan, Ed., Glass Ceramics, 2nd ed. Biomed. Mater. Res., 82A, 545–57 (2007). ing glass-ceramics team of LaMaV. To Academic Press, New York, 1979. 32C. Tirapelli, H. Panzeri, E.H.G. Lara, R.G.Soares, Vlad Fokin, Juern Schmelzer, Dick 13P.F. James, “Glass-Ceramics: New Compositions O. Peitl and E.D. Zanotto, “The Effect of a Novel and Uses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 181, 1–15 (1995). Crystallised Bioactive Glass-Ceramic Powder on Brow, Joe Zwanziger, Aldo Boccacini, 14W. Pannhorst, “Glass-Ceramics: State-of-the- Dentine Hypersensitivity: A Long-Term Clinical Alicia Duran, M.J. Pascual, Marcio Art,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 219, 198–204 (1997). Study,” J. Oral Rehab., (2010), accepted for publica- Nascimento, Mariana Villas Boas, tion. 15G.H. Beall and L.R. Pinckney, “Nanophase Glass- 33 Daniel Cassar, Leo Gallo, Tiago Mosca, Ceramics,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 82, 5–16 (1999). C. Vitale-Brovarone, F. Baino and E. Verné, “High-Strength Bioactive Glass-Ceramic Scaffolds Diogo Alves and all past collaborators 16 M.J. Davis, “Practical Aspects and Implications for Bone Regeneration,” J. Mater. Sci.-Mater. Med., on fundamental studies on nucleation of Interfaces in Glass-Ceramics: A Review,” Int. J. 20, 643–53 (2009). Mater. Res., 99, 120–28 (2008). and crystallization. To Gui Parente, 34O. Bretcanu, C. Samaille and A.R. Boccaccini, Michael Budd, Mark Davis and George 17S.D. Stookey, Ed., Explorations in Glass. American “Simple Methods to Fabricate Bioglass®-Derived Beall for their valuable critical review Ceramic Society, Westerville, Ohio, 2000. Glass-Ceramic Scaffolds Exhibiting Porosity 18 of this manuscript. Finally, I thank the G.H. Beall, “Refractory Glass-Ceramics Based on Gradient,” J. Mater. Sci., 43, 4127–34 (2008). Alkaline-Earth Aluminosilicates,” J. Eur. Ceram. 35 Brazilian funding agencies Capes, CNPq O. Koichiro, I. Minoru, N. Takashi, Y. Takao, Soc., 29, 1211–19 (2009). E. Yukihiro, K. Tadashi, K. Yoshihiko and O. and Fapesp for continuously supporting 19E.B. Ferreira, E.D. Zanotto and L.A.M. Scudeller, Masanori, “A Heat-Generating Bioactive Glass- the vitreous materials research group of “Nano Glass-Ceramic from Steel-Making Slags,” Ceramic for Hyperthermia,” J. Appl. Biomater., 2, UFSCar during the past 34 years. Quim. Nova, 25, 731–35 (2002). 153–59 (1991). 20C. Fredericci, E.D. Zanotto and E.C. Ziemath, 36(a)A.M. Cruz, E.B. Ferreira and A.C.M. References “Crystallization Mechanism and Properties of a Rodrigues, “Controlled Crystallization and Ionic Blast Furnace Slag Glass” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 273, Conductivity of a Nanostructured LiAlGePO4 1M.O Prado, M.L.F. Nascimento and E.D. Zanotto, 64–75 (2000). Glass-Ceramic,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 355, “On the Sinterability of Crystallizing Glass 2295–301 (2009). (b)J.L. Narvaez-Semanate and 21R.D. Rawlings, J.P. Wu and A.R. Boccaccini, Powders,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 354, 4589–97 A.C.M. Rodrigues, “Microstructure and Ionic “Glass-Ceramics: Their Production from Wastes – (2008). Conductivity of Li + xAl Ti (PO ) NASICON A Review,” J. Mater. Sci., 41, 733–61 (2006). x 2–x 4 3 2M.J. Pascual, A. Durán, M.O. Prado and E.D. Glass-Ceramics,” Solid State Ionics, (2010), accepted 22J.W. Zwanziger, U. Werner-Zwanziger, E.D. Zanotto, “Model for Sintering Devitrifying Glass for publication. Zanotto, E. Rotari, L.N. Glebova, L.B. Glebov Matrix with Embedded Rigid Fibers,” J. Am. 37V. Ley, M. Krumpelt, R. Kumar and I.J.H. Meiser, and J.F. Schneider, “Residual Internal Stress in Ceram. Soc., 88, 1427–34 (2005). “Glass-Ceramic Sealants for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Partially Crystallized Photo Thermorefractive Part I. Physical Properties Bloom,” J. Mater. Res., 3M.O. Prado, E.B. Ferreira and E.D. Zanotto, Glass: Evaluation by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 11, 1489–93 (1996). “Sintering Kinetics of Crystallizing Glass Particles: Spectroscopy and First Principles Calculations,” J. A Review”; presented at the 106th Annual Meeting Appl. Phys., 99, 083511–083523 (2006). 38E.D. Zanotto, J.P. Cronin, B, Dutta, B. of The American Ceramic Society, Symposium No. Samuels, S. Subramoney, G.L. Smith, G. Dale, 23V.R. Mastelaro and E.D. Zanotto, “Anisotropic 26, Melt Chemistry, Relaxation and Solidification T.J. Gudgel, G. Rajendran, E.V. Uhlmann, M. Residual Stresses in Partially Crystallized LS2 Kinetics of Glasses, 2004. Denesuk, B.D. Fabes and D.R. Uhlmann, “Melt Glass-Ceramics,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 247, 79 Processing of Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu-O Superconductors”; 4M.O. Prado, C. Fredericci and E.D. Zanotto, (1999). “Isothermal Sintering with Concurrent pp. 406–18 in Proceedings of the 90th Annual 24V.R. Mastelaro and E.D. Zanotto, “Residual Crystallization of Polydispersed Soda–Lime–Silica Meeting of American Ceramic Society, Special Stresses in a Soda–Lime–Silica Glass-Ceramic,” J. Superconductivity in Ceramics Symposium Glass Beads,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 331 [1–3] Non-Cryst. Solids, 194, 297–304 (1996). 145–56 (2003). (Cincinnati, Ohio, 1988). 25L.L. Hench, D.E. Day, W. Hoeland and R.V.M. 39 5M.O. Prado, C. Fredericci and E.D. Zanotto, O.S. Dymshits, “Optical Applications of Glass- Reinberger, “Glass and Medicine,” Int. J. Appl. “Non-isothermal Sintering with Concurrent Ceramics,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, (2010), accepted Glass Sci., 1, 104–17 (2010). Crystallization of Polydispersed Soda–Lime–Silica for publication. Glass Beads,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 331 [1–3] 26T. Kokubo, Bioceramics and Their Clinical 40V.M. Fokin, G.P. Souza, E.D. Zanotto, et al., 157–67 (2003). Applications. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, “Sodium Fluoride Solubility and Crystallization in U.K., 2008. 6M.O. Prado and E.D. Zanotto, “Glass Sintering Photo-Thermo-Refractive Glass,” J. Am. Ceram. 27 , , 716–21 (2010). with Concurrent Crystallization,” C. R. Chim., 5, L.L. Hench and J. Wilson, An Introduction to Soc. 93 773–86 (2002). Bioceramics. World Scientific, Singapore, 1993. 41J. Lumeau, A. Sinitskii, L. Glebova, L.B. 7K. Kelton and A.L. Greer, Nucleation in Condensed 28O. Peitl, E.D. Zanotto and L.L. Hench, “Highly Glebov and E.D. Zanotto, “Spontaneous and Photo-induced Crystallisation of Photo-Thermo- Matter. Elsevier, New York, 2010. Bioactive P2O5–Na2O–CaO–SiO2 Glass-Ceramics,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 292, 115–26 (2001). Refractive Glasses,” Phys. Chem. Glasses: Eur. J. 8V.M. Fokin, E.D. Zanotto, N.S. Yuritsyn and Glass Sci. Technol., B48, 281–84 (2007). J.W.P. Schmelzer, “Homogeneous Crystal 29V.M. Roriz, A.L. Rosa, O. Peitl, et al., “Efficacy 42 Nucleation in Silicate Glasses: A Forty Years of a Bioactive Glass-Ceramic (BiosilicateR) in T. Berthier, V.M. Fokin and E.D. Zanotto, “New Large-Grain, Highly Crystalline, Transparent Perspective,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 352, 2681–714 the Maintenance of Alveolar Ridges and in Osseo (2006). Integration of Titanium Implants,” Clin. Oral Glass-Ceramics,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 354, 1721– Implants Res., 21, 148–55 (2010). 30 (2008). 9R. Müller, E.D. Zanotto and V.M. Fokin, “Surface 43 Crystallization of Silicate Glasses: Nucleation Sites 30R.N. Granito, D.A. Ribeiro, A.C.M. Renno and T.B. Da Cunha, J.P. Wu, O. Peitl, V.M. Fokin, E.D. Zanotto, L. Iannucci and A.R. Boccaccini, and Kinetics,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 274, 208–31 E.D. Zanotto, “Effects of Biosilicate and Bioglass (2000). 45S5 on Tibial Bone Consolidation on Rats: A Mechanical Properties and Impact Resistance of Biomechanical and a Histological Study,” J. Mater. a New Transparent Glass-Ceramic,” Adv. Eng. 10W. Hoeland and G.H. Beall, Eds., Glass-Ceramic Sci.-Mater. Med., 20, 2521–26 (2009). Mater., 9, 191–96 (2007). Technology, 2nd ed. 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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 27 Thermochemical nanofabrication of high- temperature superconducting ceramic and multistrand electric wire

Researchers demonstrate cost-efficient production of third- generation superconducting ceramic Nobel Prize of 1986 was awarded to round wire that is as A Bednorz and Muller1 for their discovery of high-temperature superconducting reliable and workable ceramic oxide particles. The most market- as copper wire but able and anticipated product from these carries substantially ceramics is HTS electric wire, which would (using inexpensive, inflammable and envi- more electricity. ronmentally friendly liquid nitrogen coolant) conduct through the same wire cross section much more electric power than conducted by copper wire. The long-term scientific and engineering goal is the transfer of superconducting electromagnetic properties of nanosized HTS ceramic crystal grains and microparticles to HTS multiscale ceramics2,3 by Anatoly Rokhvarger and shaped electric leads, including continuous, flexible, reliable and workable electric wire. Surprisingly, during the past 25 years, most specialists, in order to process HTS ceramic oxides and produce HTS electric wire, have been using mechanical engineering techniques. They are developing a metal-jewelry-like technique or an oxide- powder-loaded-in-silver-tube method, or

28 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 first-generation (1G) HTS wire technol- The third requirement is to avoid air- ultrasonic desegregation of microsized ogy and then a semiconductor-like pro- steam-induced degradation of chemi- raw ceramic particles to nanosized par- cessing technique or ceramic-film-on- cally active HTS ceramic oxide crystals ticles and homogenization of a nanosus- metal-template-deposition method, or during their storage and technological pension mixture of 95 weight percent second-generation HTS tape tech-nolo- treatment, which causes change to the YBCO ceramics (the major component) gy. After the first 12 years of efforts, 1G crystals morphology and corresponding and 2–3 percent silver additive nano- HTS wire was determined to be inher- loss of their electric conductivity. sized particles that are mixed with the ently inefficient. After 12 more years, Electrical conductivity of the formed silicone rubber polymer emulsion, HO–

2G HTS tape also has not appeared on HTS granular or polycrystalline ceramic [–Si(CH3)2O–]–H in a toluene solvent. the market because of high production leads can be increased by 50–100 times This does not react with the YBCO and costs and unavoidable reliability, dura- by uniformity of the crystal orientation in prevents their contact with air. bility and usability drawbacks compred an electric flux direction by a – b crystal • There are three consequent opera- to copper or aluminum wire. axis planes. This is the fourth requirement. tions of the forming process: either In contrast, we successfuly processed Moreover, HTS electric wire must be pressing or extruding of the condensed raw HTS ceramic microparticles, apply- flexible even though brittleness is a spe- mass or slip-casting or dip-adhesion ing ceramic engineering techniques cific characteristic of ceramic materials coating ceramic suspension on a sub- and thermochemical methods, and in and products. strate strand moving through a vessel December 2009, we received a U.S. with YBCO–ceramics–silver silicone patent.4 3G HTS nanotechnology suspension; This article summarizes the results of Developers of 2G HTS wire technolo- • Crystal grain orientation in a–b experiments that have been conducted gies have solved problems by deposition crystal lattice planes, using an approxi- at Polytechnic Institute of New York of the YBCO crystals on a specially mately 0.3-tesla permanent magnet, University, tested and evaluated by prepared multilayer metal template. which makes within the green ceramic qualified experts, and described in four Meanwhile, the vertical forces of the flat coating layer the expected electric cur- U.S. patents and two international pat- templates effect about a 0.3 micrometer rent flux direction; and ent applications,4–10 six publications11–15 height. The remaining 1–2 micrometers • Material polymerization heating, and 12 oral presentations. of the deposited (coated) HTS film which results in YBCO grain organiza- thickness works as a ballast. For the 2G tion by a three-dimensional honey- Preconditions of superconductivity HTS tape, a cross-section ratio of the comb-like polymer cross-linked uniform of ceramic leads useful HTS film layer to other template and homogeneous matrix working as a and cover metals (including silver and nanoscaffold within a hardened ceram- Superconductivity of HTS ceramic rare-earth metals) can be about 1:1000, ic–polymer composite. leads depends on technological fulfill- which results in inherent cost incom- • Thermochemical treatment of the ment of four specific phenomenological patibility with copper electric wire. YBCO-ceramic-coated strand, which requirements that affect the nanosize Moreover, superconductivity of HTS film continuously moves in an electric level and define the intergrain supercon- can be breached at any time by innate tube furnace channel with a multistep ductivity of the multiscale ceramic leads. quench effects. Also, the tape form of 2G programmable control for the thermo- The first requirement was formulated HTS wire incurs two unavoidable draw- chemical ceramic processing, comprised by Nobel Prize laureates Ginzburg and backs: high resistance and overheating in of seven consecutive steps: toluene Abrikosov.2,3 They stated that to be splicing areas of electrical wire segments evaporation (drying); organic burn out; superconductive, a ceramic lead has to be and impossibility of transmission of alter- fast heating; incongruent-melt-ceramic- a two-phase composition of HTS ceramic nating current. sintering at a certain temperature crystal grains (the basic superconductor As opposed to 2G HTS techniques, accompanied by formation of a metal– phase) and inorganic nanosized impuri- to meet the above mentioned require- ceramic bonding layer; fast cooling; ties (the supporting or additive phase, ments, we applied ceramic engineering thermal oxygenation or crystal stoichi- which provides vortex-pinning centers). techniques and provided thermo- ometry rebuilding; and final cooling. The two phases have to be homoge- chemical nanofabrication of multiscale YBCO composite suspension can neously and uniformly mixed. HTS ceramics. We used off-the-shelf coat other surfaces of strand substrates The HTS granular macroceramics YB Cu O superconductor ceramic fine made from silver, NiCr-alloy, alumina and leads cannot have “weak-linkages” 2 3 7–x powder.18 Meanwhile, our patented 3G ceramics, quartz glass and glass-carbon. that interrupt an electrical current flux HTS nanotechnology allowed the use The microsized and nanosized HTS in grain-boundary areas. Therefore, the of any oxide or non-oxide nanosized ceramic and silver particles and the second requirement is crystal grain align- ceramic particles, for example, MgB2 or glue property of the silicone additive ment17 or complete grain density pack- iron-pnictides. provide the adhesion effect. aging to make available the Josephson Our nanotechnology is comprised of The thickness of the ceramic coating junctions of electrons between HTS typical ceramic engineering stages: layer is controlled by the diameter and ceramic crystal grains. • Wet ceramic preparation includes the material of the selected substrate

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 29 Thermochemical nanofabrication . . . strand and by the concentration of the inorganic nanophase, uniformly raw-material solid components in a tolu- and homogeneously distributed in ene solvent (viscosity of the suspension), grain-boundary areas of the fully time period of the adhesion exposure, or dense sintered HTS ceramics with movement velocity of the coating strand uniformly oriented YBCO grains. going through a vessel with the raw Our DTA study of heating suspension. After incongruent melt sin- 10,12 behavior of YBCO crystal grains Fig. 1. Photograph of a 3G HTS composite tering and following cooling shrinkages, shows that when YBCO ceramic strand, where a part of the 10-micrometer-thick the YBCO ceramic composite coating crystals are heated above 400°C, YBCO sintered layer coating a 0.127-millimeter- layer has an 8–11 micrometer thick- they lose about 2.2 weight percent diameter silver substrate strand was intentional- ness, including about a 1–2 micrometer because of evaporation of one ly removed to demonstrate strand construction. thickness of the metal–ceramics bonding oxygen atom in YBa2Cu3O7 crys- layer, as shown in Fig.1. tals. This process is reversible at The thermochemical treatment of 420°C–460°C during the cooling the HTS adhesion-coated strands was of the already sintered HTS ceram- performed in an electric-tube furnace ics when we insert oxygen back with a programmable controller and into YBCO crystals, which rebuilds an oxygenation system blowing oxygen their perovskite morphology and from the right end to the opposite of corresponding superconductivity. the moving direction of the processed We used atomic force micros- ceramic coating strand, as shown in copy to observe the nanostructural Fig. 2. This laboratory system can be evolution of HTS ceramics induced considered as an in-lab prototype of the by our invented nanotechnological Fig. 2. Laboratory prototype of the tubelike conveyor line for reel-to-reel produc- processing.4,10–13 The polymerized furnace used for thermochemical reel-to-reel tion of 3G HTS continuous strands. silicone polymer material has the processing of 3G HTS strands. 3D cross-linked honeycomb-like Physical–chemical phase transfor- uniform backbone matrix. This mation, nanostructural evolution matrix works as a 3D scaffold, Differential thermal analysis, X-ray which guides the uniformity of the and microscopy studies4,10–14 show that ceramic grain organization in a the organic part of the silicone polymer polymerized composite. AFM sur- binder is burned out while the inor- face images of the formed, polym- ganic part of the silicone provides erized and sintered samples of our –Si–O– residual forms that locate HTS ceramic composite material in the grain-boundary areas. These show honeycomb-like uniform and residual forms at or about 1020°C homogeneous nanoarchitecture momentarily react with YBCO crystals at other microscale and nanoscale and produce less than 1.5 weight per- AFM image magnitudes (from a Fig. 3. Atomic force microscopy surface image of an Al O ceramic substrate adhesion coated cent liquid eutectics, including Ba SiO few nanometers to a few microm- 2 3 2 4 and sintered 3G HTS ceramics. silicate glass. The nanothick films and eters), as shown in Fig. 3. nanodots of liquid-polymer component The fully dense sintered 3G provides the Abrikosov/Josephson mag- silicate glasses fill the grain-boundary HTS ceramics have homogeneous netic flux vortex-pinning center2,3 net- nanothick gaps, which induce the cap- honeycomb-like nanoarchitecture of work and makes possible Josephson and illary forces to join together the YBCO the uniformly aligned HTS crystal weak tunneling,19 electrical percola- grains, thus shrinking and sintering the grains (major nanophase) and uniform tion,20 gossamer superconductivity21 and material body and making it fully dense and homogeneous cross-linked network proximity22 intergrain superconducting and integrated. of the silicate glass and silver nanoim- effects that cause multiscale supercon- Optical and scanning-probe-electron purities (minor and thinner nanophase) ductivity of the sintered polycrystalline microscopy show no nanovoids and posed in grain-boundary areas. The sin- (granular) 3G HTS ceramic leads. microvoids or pores in the sintered tered and oxygenated 3G HTS ceramics The goal was to produce from HTS ceramic body. This prevents an inter- also keep perovskite crystal morphology ceramic particles 3G HTS macroceram- ruption of the electric current flux and can have HTS crystal orientation ics that retains the superconductivity of between ceramic crystal grains within in the required electric flux direction. raw HTS ceramic particles and realizes the HTS ceramic material. Nanothick The nanofabricated superconduc- the above-mentioned intergrain super- films and nanodots of hardened silicate tive nanoarchitecture of sintered HTS conducting effects. In other words, we glasses provide the second or minor mesoscale and macroscale ceramics had to thermochemically nanofabricate

30 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 the specific superconducting ceramic crystal grains. This demonstrates nanoarchitecture (described in our the quality of the invented and patent, “Sintered Ceramic Composite developed 3G HTS nanotechnol- Lead with Superconductive Nano- ogy and demonstrates extraordinary Architecture”4). high superconductivity of 3G HTS ceramic leads. Superconductivity of 3G leads 3G HTS ceramic tablets and The HTS ceramic crystal grains are pellets demonstrate the supercon- the second type of superconductors ducting Meissner magnetic levita- that change from nonsuperconductor tion effect, as shown in Fig. 4. to superconductor state within a transi- This effect can be used for unique tion temperature zone.2,3 Sintered 3G propulsion/levitation systems, HTS composite ceramic leads and sub- including energy storage flying strate-coated 3G HTS strands demon- wheels, gyroscopes and magnetic Fig. 4. Photograph of a 5-millimeter-diameter strated4,10,15 superconductive change of levitation (Mag-Lev) trains. Large- rare-earth magnetic disk levitating in air about electric current resistance and magnetic sized and curved substrate surfaces 7 millimeter above a dry-pressed and sintered sustainability within the transition zone that are coated by sintered 3G HTS 30-millimeter-diameter and 4-millimeter-thick 3G 84K–91K. This is slightly different from ceramics can be used for broadband HTS ceramic tablet immersed in liquid nitrogen. this zone for raw YBCO grains2,3,18 and antennas and electromagnetic still higher than boiling temperature of wave-shielding systems. The Electric Power Research Institute, the used liquid nitrogen cooler, 77K. in Palo Alto, Calif., recommends the We show that the YBCO grains, Superconductivity of 3G strands 2 range JE = 10–20 kA/cm as the most sintered 3G HTS ceramic leads and 3G We applied the four-points method, efficient for electrical engineering HTS strands with, for example, very which is recommended for electri- applications of HTS wire. resistant NiCr substrate, demonstrate cal and electronic engineers by the at room temperature silverlike metal American Standard Testing Methods Flexibility, reliability, workability and –6 –6 conductivity, 0.6 × 10 –0.7 × 10 / and International Electrotechnical cost efficiency of 3G electric wire cm∙ohm. This can be used for express Commission, to measure voltages of Ceramic and glass fibers are flex- quality control of the leads and strands. the tested electric wire that depend on ible and provide, without cracking, It also increases their usability and reli- increased direct current. As the result, large bending radii when their diam- ability if there is a lack of coolant or we determined engineering densities of eters are less than 30–40 micrometers. these leads and strands became over- the electric current transmitted through Therefore, 3G HTS strands with 8–11 loaded by electric current. the entire 3G HTS strand cross section micrometer thickness of the sintered An application of the magnetoopti- (J , in amperes per square centimeter) E HTS ceramic coating layer are as flex- 23 cal visualization technique allowed at corresponding voltages. ible as metal substrate strands. the determination of light refraction We compared J of copper wire and E At an equal cross section, round as a function of the penetration of the two 3G HTS strands measured at the form of electric wire provides about 5 raised magnetic field in the sintered 3G same dc voltages and small heat losses times higher magnetic susceptibility HTS ceramic samples at cryogenic tem- normally applied in electrical engineer- than tape forms. Therefore, as opposed peratures. The maximum magnetic field ing and electronics end-use systems to 2G HTS tape, 3G HTS round 11 is directed perpendicular to the HTS and devices. The tested samples of strands can efficiently transmit direct ceramic sample plane and does not 3G HTS strands demonstrated at liquid or alternating currents and can be eas- penetrate the sample. It corresponds nitrogen temperatures 140–170 times ily used for cables and coils of electric to the maximum magnetic susceptibil- greater J values, as shown in Table I. E motors, transformers and generator ity and critical value (at practically no At liquid nitrogen temperature, 3G rotors. They also can be used for unique resistance of the microceramic sample) HTS strands change from superconduc- superconductor magnetic energy storage of electric current (J , in amperes per tor state to metal state within a certain C systems that can assure the functioning square centimeter) carrying though 3G range or superconducting transition of smart electric grids and result in very HTS ceramic cross-section. zone of the raised values of the electric short electrocar recharging time. Our study showed slightly inho- current. The upper threshold of this 3G HTS round wire can provide, as mogeneous magnetic susceptibility zone4,15 is J = 20 kA/cm2. At J = 10 E E does electric copper wire, transmission 2 for centimeter-sized 3G HTS ceramic kA/cm , the electric current heat losses of ac power with plates where micrometer-sized areas had of the 3G HTS strands are decreased by • Coils for electric motors, trans- J = 100,000 kA/cm2.10 This value of J 30–50 percent in comparison with cop- C C formers and generator rotors; is close to the maximum magnetic sus- per cable transmitting the same amount • Overall diameters of cable pack- ceptibility of the single YBCO ceramic of electricity at room temperature. ages and consumption of 3G HTS

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 31 Thermochemical nanofabrication . . . wire length of 2–5 times less than for Table 1 Comparison of J of copper wire† and two 3G HTS strands‡ measured at the same 2G HTS tape, which must be woven E direct-current voltages normally applied in engineering systems around the inner pipe; Electronics • Electromagnetic self-shielding of Electrical applications, superconductor current; and engineering including • Ability to splice electric wire seg- Property applications packaging ments without incurring resistive joints. Typically used voltage in engineering systems (V/cm) 0.005 0.0005 Innate quench effects or spontane- Typically applied electric current density transmitted 200 200 through ordinary copper wire (A/cm2) ous and unavoidable losses of super- Measured density of electric current transmitted 33,536 4,090 conductivity can occur at any time in through a 3G HTS strand with a silver substrate (A/cm2) any nanothick electric flux channel of Measured density of electric current transmitted 28,644 3,643 the HTS ceramic lead.24 This induces through a 3G HTS strand with a NiCr substrate(A/cm2) a heating avalanche, which converts †At room temperature. ‡At liquid-nitrogen temperature. 0.3-micrometer-thick superconducting film of 2G HTS tape into an insulator fully mechanized thermochemical con- thermochemical methods and ceramic state. Heat propagation takes time. In veyor (reel-to-reel) nanofabrication of engineering techniques. We invented, contrast with 2G HTS tape, a quenched 3G HTS strands are relatively small developed, tested and in-lab prototyped nanothick transmission channel within and 5–7 times less than for 1G or 2G cost-efficient 3G HTS nanotechnology, the 6–9-micrometer “workable” thick- HTS wire production costs. For NiCr shaped and sintered 3G HTS ceramic ness of the 3G HTS ceramic coat- substrate strands with a diameter of 40 leads, continuous 3G HTS strands and ing layer of a 3G HTS strand will be micrometer, the cross-section ratio of multistrand 3G HTS electric wire.4–15 momentary replaced by the adjacent the substrate strand and 3G HTS coat- The developed 3G HTS strands nanochannels. Additional quench pro- ing layer is 1:1, which is very efficient look similar to metal strands and have tection provides continuous surface con- from an electrical engineering point of similar mechanical, reliability and tacts of the plurality of the noninsulated view. The cost of YBCO raw ceramic workability characteristics. However, contiguous 3G HTS strands. These nanoparticles would be about 80 per- they conduct through their entire cross make 3G HTS multistrand woven-wire cent of the production cost of 3G HTS section 50–100 times more electricity. quench resistant and reliable. multistrand wire. The 3G HTS strands can be woven During four years, we repeatedly pro- The important marketing and con- into multistrand 3G HTS round wire as vided volt–ampere measurements of the sumer characteristic of electric wire is is done with multistrand copper wire. same 3G HTS strand samples that were the cost:performance ratio (which is 3G HTS wire is as durable, reliable, stored on open shelves in our lab and used for electrical engineering design of flexible and usable/workable a mate- immersed in liquid nitrogen coolant on all electricity transmission and distribu- rial as is multistrand copper wire for all multiple occasions. All measurement tion systems, cables, generator rotors, electrical engineering and electronics results for these samples were virtually electric motors and transformers). applications. Moreover, the lower C:P identical, which demonstrates their According to our calculations, C:P of makes 3G HTS wire very competitive chemical corrosion resistance, reli- 3G HTS wire should be less than $8.00 with copper electric wire and can, by ability and durability in air and liquid per kiloampere∙meter. This is less than two or three times, decrease the overall nitrogen environments. the C:P of electric copper wire, i.e., costs, weights and diameters of cables, Our self-controlled thermochemi- $15.00–$55.00 per kiloampere∙meter electric motors, transformers and gen- cal reel-to-reel nanofabrication process (depending on strand diameters and erator rotors. n assures repeatability and stability of all other quality characteristics) and 8–12 quality characteristics of continuous 3G times less than what is achievable for About the author HTS strands and multistrand 3G HTS the C:P of 2G HTS tape. This dem- For 12 years, Anatoly Rokhvarger has electric wire. Therefore, we can make onstrates the electrical engineering developed for environmental protec- continuous 3G HTS strands of auto- efficiency, competitiveness and market- tion and profit three sets of cost-efficient matically woven (twisted) multistrand ability of 3G HTS electric wire. electricity-related thermochemical tech- 3G HTS round wire. This can lead to, nologies and advanced ceramic products. for example, 7- or 49-strand construc- Mission accomplished He has authored eight books and 186 tions similar to multistrand copper wire We eliminated the technological articles and has received six U.S. patents. now used for various electrical engi- barriers described in the literature25,26 He holds M.S., Ph.D. and D.Sc. degrees neering applications. Because 3G HTS concerning the quality, reliability in chemical-ceramic engineering. He and electric wire works at cryogenic temper- and workability drawbacks of 1G and his colleagues would welcome a license atures, we offer inexpensive and reliable 2G HTS wires. We followed selected or sponsor to implement their invention. silicone rubber insulation material.9 superconductor scientific suggestions ([email protected]). Capital and operational costs of and innovatively applied advanced

32 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 References 10A. Rokhvarger and L. Chigirinsky, “Design and Superconductivity Physics and Applications. Edited by Nanofabrication of Superconductor Ceramic K. Fossheim and A. Sudbo. Wiley, England, 2004. 1 J.G. Bednorz and K.A. Muller, “Possible High-TC Strands and Customized Leads,” Int. J. Appl. Ceram. 17Superconductivity Components Inc., 10th Superconductivity in the Ba-La-Cu-O System,” Z. Technol., 1 [2] 129–39 (2004). Phys., 64 [2] 189–93 (1986). Anniversary Edition Product Guide. Columbus, 11A. Rokhvarger and L. Chigirinsky, “Engineering of Ohio, or http://www.superconductivecomp.com/ 2 K. Fossheim and A. Sudbo, Superconductivity Physics Superconductive Ceramics,” J. Electron. Packaging, YBCO123SCPowders.htm and Applications. Wiley, England, 2004. 126 [1] 26–33 (2004). 18K.M. Lang, et al., “Imaging the Granular Structure 3 N. Khare, Ed., Handbook of High-Temperature 12 A. Rokhvarger and L. Chigirinsky, “Novel Nano- of High-TC Superconductivity in Underdoped Superconductor Electronics. Marcel Dekker, New technology of Usable Superconductor Ceramics”; pp. Bi Sr CaCu O ,” Nature, 415, 412–16 (2002). York–Basel, 2003. 2 2 2 8+δ 163–70 in Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 148, Ceramic 19K.H. Benneman and J.B. Ketteson, Eds., 4A.E. Rokhvarger and L.A. Chigirinsky, “Sintered Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology II. Edited by Conventional and High-TC Superconductors: The Ceramic Composite Lead with Superconductive M.R. De Guire, M.Z. Hu, Y. Gogotsi and S. W. Lu. Physics of Superconductors, Vol. I. Springer–Verlag, Nano-Architecture,” U.S. Pat. No. 7 632 784, American Ceramic Society, Westerville, Ohio, 2004. Berlin–London–New York, 2003. Dec.15, 2009. 13 A. Rokhvarger and L. Chigirinsky, “Unconven- 20P. Coleman, “Superconductivity: Lifting the 5 A.E. Rokhvarger and L.A. Chigirinsky, “Sintered tional Nanoparticle Technology of Superconductor Gossamer Veil,” Nature, 424, 625–26 (2003). Ceramic Composite Lead with Superconductive Ceramic Articles”; pp. 49–54 in MRS Symposium 21 Nano-Architecture,” PCT/US2005/012942; No. Proceedings, Vol. 776, Unconventional Approaches K. Kitazawa and T. Ishiguro, Eds., Advances WO/2006/076002; filed in Europe, Japan and to Nanostructures with Applications in Electronics, in Superconductivity, Proceedings of the 1st Australia. Photonics, Information Storage and Sensing. Edited International Symposium on Superconductivity by O.D. Velev, T.J Bunning, Y. Xia and P. Yang. (1988, Nagoya, Japan) Springer–Verlag, Berlin– 6A. Rokhvarger and M. Topchiashvili, “Supercon- Materials Research Society, Warrendale, Pa., 2003. Tokyo–New York, 1989. ductor Composite Material,” U.S. Pat. No. 6 617 22 284, 2003. 14A. Rokhvarger and L. Chigirinsky, “Adhesive- Ch. Jooss, J. Albrecht, H. Kuhn, H. Kronmuller Coated HTS Wire and Other Innovative Materials”; and S. Leonhardt, “Magneto-optical Studies of 7M. Topchiashvili and A. Rokhvarger, “High-Tem- pp. 375–84 in Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 140, Current Distributions in High-T superconductors,” perature Superconductor Composite Material and C Processing of High-Temperature Superconductors. Rep. Prog. Phys,. 65, 651 (2002). Method of Producing a Product from the Material,” Edited by A. Goyal, W. Wong-Ng, M. Murakami 23 PCT/US99/28917, International Publication No. G.A. Levin, K.A., Novak and P.N. Barnes, “The and J. Driscoll. American Ceramic Society, WO 01/41227 A1; filed in Europe and Japan. Effects of Superconductor–Stabilizer Interfacial Westerville, Ohio, 2003. Resistance on the Quench of a Current-Carrying 8M. Topchiashvili and A. Rokhvarger, “High- 15A. Rokhvarger, L. Chigirinsky and M. Topchiash- Coated Conductor,” Supercond. Sci. Technol., 23, Temperature Superconductor Composite Material,” vili, “Inexpensive Technology of Continuous HTS 1–8 (2010). U.S. Pat. No. 6 239 079, 2001. Round Wire,” Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 80 [12] 37–42 24G. March, “Time to Ripe for Superconductivity,” 9 M. Topchiashvili and A. Rokhvarger, “Method (2001). Mater. Today, 46–50 (2002). of Conveyor Production of High-Temperature 16J.R. Tomson and D.K. Christen, “Coated 25 Superconductor Wire and Other Bulk-Shaped V.A. Maroni, “Future of High-Critical-Temperature Conductors: A Developing Application of High- Products Using Compositions of HTS Ceramics, Superconducting Ceramics,” Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., Temperature Superconductivity”; pp. 395–97 in Silver and Silicone,” U.S. Pat. No. 6 010 983, 2000. 86, [6] 29–33 (2007).

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 33 Small-scale modular windmill Virginia Tech researchers have created and tested a mini wind turbine that is capable of charging small electronic devices and powering remote sensor networks.

Scott Bressers, Dragan Avirovik, Chris Vernieri, he worldwide ultra-low-power market is Jess Regan, Stephen Chappell, Tprojected to reach more than 200 mil- Mark Hotze, Stephen Luhman, lion units during 2010. Because power require- Mickaël Lallart, Daniel Inman and ments for sensor nodes have decreased to 100 Shashank Priya* microwatts – and are expected to continue to decrease – an elegant solution to powering would be to find ambient energy sources that could power or replenish batteries. Solar energy has the capability of providing power density of 15,000 microwatts per cubic centimeter, which is about two orders of magnitudes higher than other sources. However, direct sunlight is not always available because of over- cast skies, shaded conditions or night time. Air flow is an attractive source and possesses power density ranging between 300 and 350 microwatts per cubic centimeter. Thus, there has been significant interest in developing small-scale devices that can harvest air flow. The conventional approach toward design of small-scale windmills uses electromagnetic-motor-based turbines and air-foil-based blade structures. We designed an optimized version of a

34 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 a small scale.3–5 One 400 milliwatts at 10 miles per hour design used a 60-mil- wind speed. limeter × 20-millime- Because our wind-power solution is ter × 0.6-millimeter a low-altitude- or ground-based device, piezoelectric bimorph we had to overcome many challenges in with a free length of its implementation. There is a natural 53 millimeters.6 boundary layer of flow over the surface A piezoelectric of the earth because of viscous effects. bimorph transducer This boundary layer causes lower structure was selected, wind speeds closer to the ground than because the force those experienced at higher altitudes. required for full deflec- The boundary layer near the earth is tion was small, charge affected by the roughness of the surface. developed under fully Therefore, a terrain with low-lying grass loaded condition has a boundary layer with higher wind Fig. 1 Piezoelectric windmill research conducted at UTA. was high, resonance speeds closer to the ground than does a frequency was very terrain of forest or building structures. small-scale windmill based on this con- low and manufacturing cost was very We used a power regression curve ventional approach. We used a modular low. The windmill charged a 0.1-farad to estimate velocities in the boundary architecture and developed interfaces capacitor with saturation at 5.5 volts layer. We considered the kinetic energy for integration with common mobile for a continuous operating time of 30 of this moving air as it flows through electronics, such as cell phones and minutes at 10 miles per hour wind the effective turbine area and, thus, iPods. The windmill generates 157 mil- speed. Robbins et al.7 have performed estimated power of the wind. liwatts at the nominal wind speed of 8 calculations on piezoelectric-fiber-based miles per hour and has a start-up speed composites in wind energy harvesting. Wind turbine design of about 5 miles per hour. This power They concluded that higher efficiencies A prime challenge in decreasing is attractive and suffices the needs for could be obtained using flexible materi- the size of a windmill is inefficiency in various mobile devices and structural als with higher coupling factors, such as turbine structure that affects overall health-monitoring networks. piezoelectric fiber composites. system performance. Turbine design for Many wireless networks and sen- Others have used the flutter phe- a 3-megawatt windmill is not necessar- sor nodes require much less power. nomenon and poly(vinylidene flouride) ily the most efficient design for a small- If that small power can be generated copolymer transducers to convert wind scale windmill. A turbine produces at start-up speeds of 1.5 to 2 miles to electricity. power by slowing down the wind. The per hour, than wind could become a Still others designed and fabricated wind contains kinetic energy and, thus, viable alternative for an on-demand cost-effective small-scale windmills oper- imparts a force on the turbine blade. ubiquitous power source. This need ating at low-wind-speed conditions for However, it is not a drag force that has prompted research on an alterna- applications including weather-monitor- causes the turbine to spin. It is a lift tive to electromagnetic motors and ing stations, remote highway-monitoring force. As the blades move through the generators. Windmills that use piezo- devices and security systems. air, they experience two separate air- electric ceramics (bimorph transducers The demand from personal-elec- streams. The first air stream is from the tronics users for portable and effective wind itself hitting the plant form of the made from Pb(Zr,Ti)O3), piezoelectric polymers (poly(vinylidene fluoride)), battery charging is growing rapidly, blade. The second air stream is caused magnetoelectric composites (Pb(Zr,Ti) because portable devices have limited by the blade moving through the air, operating time without regular charg- similar to an airfoil on an airplane. The O3/Metglas laminates) and coil/magnet assembly are being investigated. ing. Users – hikers, campers, climbers, combination of these two airstreams Schmidt1 described the idea of a fishermen, bikers, skiers, backpackers produces the lift forces that keep the piezoelectric wind generator using and hunters – normally are not in the turbine in motion. piezoelectric polymers in 1984. vicinity of the grid power supply and Betz’s law is applied to determine Calculations and experiments showed are fully dependent upon battery sup- how much the air speed must be slowed that an output power of a few milli- ply. However, the number of batter- from the upstream velocity. The law watts was possible for a reasonably sized ies that can be carried is limited and states that a turbine’s coefficient of windmill.2 A “Piezoelectric Windmill” impose constraint on the operating performance is maximum when the developed at the University of Texas time of devices. We propose a wind- downstream air velocity is one-third of at Arlington (Figure 1) showed the power solution for these scenarios and the upstream velocity. The assumptions possibility of effectively capturing wind demonstrate a modular wind turbine of this law are such that no rotor hub or energy and generating electric power at architecture that can generate up to an infinite number of blades with zero

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 35 Small-scale modular windmill drag are impractical. For a given blade size, the tip-speed ratio is defined as the ratio of the tip speed of the blades to the wind speed. This ratio is important because, for maximum efficiency, the wind turbine must spin at a rate that allows the electric motor to produce the most power. A higher tip-speed ratio is more efficient but requires blades to be designed such that they handle increased stresses. Even with a high tip-speed ratio, gearing is necessary to step up the slow- er wind turbine and achieve the rotation required by the electromagnetic motor or generator. However, because any additional gear adds to the friction, it is best to minimize the gear ratio used in the design. The number of blades in the windmill can be changed based on specific requirements of the design. After the number of blades is determined, the width of the blades must be calculated. Because the outer regions of the blade experience the most wind, the width of this section is more important than the Fig. 2 Refined turbine blade designs. Dovetail pattern toward the base of the blade inner regions. To increase the starting mates exactly to the hub. Blades in (a), (b) and (c) correspond to blades 1, 2 and 3, torque and turbine strength, the width of respectively, in (d), which is a comparative analysis of the blades. inner segments must not be overlooked. The blade setting angle – the difference power losses are the primary mechani- attached securely or removed easily. between the striking angle of the appar- cal power losses that a typical turbine • It allows the capability to replace ent wind and the angle of attack of the experiences. These losses must be added the blades, provided they have specified blades – also must be considered. to the friction and electrical losses to dovetail pattern. The striking angle of the apparent determine the actual efficiency of the We selected a hub 1.5 inches in wind is more toward the tip of the wind turbine. diameter, which allowed us to incor- blade. Therefore, most blade designs The prototype we fabricated con- porate a 0.5-inch × 0.5-inch turbine are twisted to accommodate the flow sisted of three subsystems. The rotor blade cross section at the hub interface. characteristics of various parts of the assembly includes the hub, hub cap and We chose these important dimensions blade. Even with a good blade design, blades. The nacelle assembly houses based on the overall scale of the wind there are losses that can influence the the drive train and generator. The tur- turbine, that is, we attempted to keep performance of any turbine. One of the bine base is considered as a subsystem, it small but maintain stability. We used principal losses that cannot be avoided because it serves the role of packaging acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastic is the wind that escapes around the container. material for fabrication and selected outside of the blades. Even if the down- dimensions that had the strength need- stream air is slowed to one-third of the Rotor assembly ed to overcome wind forces exposed upstream velocity, the highest attain- The rotor assembly is encountered during operation. able coefficient of power is 0.593. by wind-driven forces. It includes the The most crucial component of the A problem known as tip loss also turbine blades, hub to which the blades rotor assembly and perhaps the entire occurs, especially with designs that are attached and hub cap that holds wind turbine is the blade rotor. It is have fewer blades. Tip loss occurs the blades firmly in place. We designed responsible for capturing the wind when wind is directed around the blade a dovetail cutout pattern to achieve energy and transferring it to the drive tips where the bulk of the energy is modularity in the hub. train via rotational inertia. Our initial captured. Turbines that have a low The dovetail pattern serves two main designs used a combination of cues tip-speed ratio are affected by turbulent purposes: taken from large- and medium-scale swirling coming off the blade. These • It permits the turbine blades to be wind turbine blades as well as airfoil

36 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 must match in geometry with that of the hub for the interchangeable dovetail system to be effective. We added a cylindrical hollow blade core to the hub. This hollow core has a diameter of 0.17 inch and accepts an epoxy-coated 0.158-inch-diameter carbon fiber tube. Because the ABS plastic blade has a relatively small thickness, the addition of the carbon fiber tube provides added strength, durability and rigidity to the blade. It proves to be a novel design concept for a turbine blade of this scale. We used a dome-shaped hub cap to adhere the turbine blades to the hub. The hub cap, blades and rotor form a modular system that can be assembled easily. Threaded screws and friction mounting are important aspects of the modular nature. Another modular feature is the blade-mounting scheme in which a T-slot recess is designed into the hub to allow quick and secure installation or removal.

Nacelle assembly The nacelle assembly houses the electronics, gearing and motor. The nacelle also forms the support structure Fig. 3 Nacelle subassembly (a) diagram that shows all internal parts and (b) photo- onto which the rotor and base assem- graph of the fabricated prototype with its integrated dc electric motor. blies are attached. The rotor assembly is attached through a shaft that con- shapes in general. We found the ulti- Figure 2(d) shows the comparative nects the rotor hub to the gearing mate selection of geometry through a analysis of the blades. Blade (c) exhib- components inside the nacelle. This synthesis of aerodynamic laws that pre- its higher performance in the wind mechanical connection takes place dict lift and drag characteristics. range under consideration. Figure 2(d) through the 0.125-inch-diameter hole We used an automated computa- also shows the start-up speed for each of toward the front of the nacelle, as tional code from a commercial vendor the blade designs. Other design features shown in Figure 3. (windstuffnow.com) that incorporates of the blade include the base pattern, The flowing aerodynamic shape of mathematical models for blade design. hollow blade core and twisting overall the nacelle structure, which transitions Figure 2 shows the refined version of blade geometry. from a circular profile to a slender oval- turbine blade designs that we consid- An initial small angle is necessary shaped profile, enables many structural ered and that were derived from the at the base portion of the blade such and mechanical functions. We selected computational code. that, as wind impacts the blade, the this profile to meet the dual objectives The length of the blade is 6.75 blade naturally tends to rotate in a of minimizing air drag and providing inches, which, including the mounting direction perpendicular to the wind enough internal volume to fit all of the end section, is 7.5 inches. As with most flow. The angle of twist increases and wind turbine components. The profile wind turbine blade designs, the airfoil moves along the length of the blade suggests that more volume is available chord length is gradually shortened toward the tip. The wind’s relative near the circular side of the nacelle, along the length of the blade. Lesser angle of attack changes because of the where the motor and gear components blade area is required near the blade rotational motion of the blade through are installed. However, the volume tip because of the rotational nature of the air. More angle of twist is needed toward the other side of the nacelle is the blade. Moreover, the tip travels toward the blade tip to compensate for reduced and elongated to form a tail faster than the base and, thus, requires this increased angle of attack caused by fin shape, where the electronics are less blade area to capture an equivalent increased blade speed. housed. We chose this transitional amount of wind energy. The base pattern of the turbine blade geometry, because the electronics are

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 37 Small-scale modular windmill generally smaller and flatter in nature than the mechanical components. A fin-shaped rear section allows the wind turbine to align with the wind. This self-aligning feature is critical to the efficient operation of the wind turbine. It forces the turbine blades to align directly into the strongest wind flows and, thus, capture the maximum amount of wind energy available. It is ideal to have the wind turbine and the nacelle structure elevated above of the ground as much as possible. Therefore, a support shaft is needed. Two 6-inch-long carbon-fiber tube shafts that have a 0.58-inch outer diameter are connected together with a coupling to provide a 12-inch total distance between the nacelle and base assemblies. This carbon-fiber material is well suited for this application because of its light weight, rigidity and strength. The interconnection between the nacelle and the support shaft is a flanged ball bearing. This 1.125-inch- Fig. 4 Fully assembled windmill prototype and exploded windmill assembly showing outer-diameter bearing is inserted into detail of components. a counterbored hole molded into the design that provides the material for gear on the propeller shaft mates with nacelle with dimension equal to the the outer container packaging of the the smaller gear on the generator shaft. ball bearing’s outer diameter. The loca- wind turbine and serves as its base. We The generator spins eight revolutions tion of the counterbore is based on the used a hinged design so that the outer while the blade spins one. The genera- overall weight balance of the compo- walls of the wind turbine container fold tor fits snugly within a larger groove nents mounted onto the support shaft. down through 90°of rotation to form a in the mold. Two leads come out of We chose the location to lie along the sturdy tripod base. the generator at the rear of the nacelle nacelle’s plane of symmetry and near After the sidewalls are folded, the to test its power output. The nacelle the front half of the nacelle, where the wind turbine base is formed by flipping is free to swivel on carbon-fiber hol- weight is heaviest. We chose the ball- the entire container assembly such that low rods by a ball bearing mounted bearing mounting scheme to allow a the sidewalls are oriented in a concave- at its bottom. The ends of the rod are solid connection between support shaft down fashion. This folding action forms threaded to fit securely to the bottom and nacelle, and because this type of a tripod-style base that is inherently of the nacelle and to attach to the wind bearing provides minimal rotational stable because the sidewalls are hinged turbine base. friction. on the base plate. The windmill components and Prototype assembly an assembled windmill are shown in Power converter The wind turbine blades are perhaps Figure 4. The power-generating motor, gearing the most material-sensitive compo- components, battery and power man- nents. Therefore, the selection of mate- Device packaging and modularity agement circuitry are contained within rials is a fine balance between strength The size and weight limitations of the aerodynamically designed nacelle. and weight. Although this type of per- the windmill require innovative designs The nacelle design was constrained by formance tradeoff is evident for other for all of the components. Each compo- the target size of the container, but had components of the wind turbine device, nent was designed using materials and to be large enough to incorporate the it is absolutely crucial that the turbine sizes such that the entire windmill can 8:1 gear ratio from the propeller to the blades are robustly designed. Typically, be contained within a 2-liter volume. generator. high-strength and durable materials The wind turbine can be assembled on Two shafts are secured within the are required when a sturdy and robust demand by the end user. Accordingly, nacelle housing and are free to rotate design is needed. This is true for tur- the design consists of few components. on ball bearings that rest in grooves bine blades. However, material weight We selected a three-segment enclosure built into the housing mold. The large is a more important issue than strength

38 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 wind speeds using a low- to the magnitude of external load resis- speed, laminar wind tun- tance. We discovered that the rotation- nel. The wind turbine al speed exhibited a rather steep slope includes a direct-current over the resistance range 100 to 600 generator (Mabuchi ohms. However, the rotational speed RF-500TB-14415) that saturated for resistances greater than features permanent 600 ohms. The relationship between magnets operating in rotational speed and wind speed at generator mode. A optimal resistance demonstrated a pro- range of shunt resis- portional increase in rotational speed as tors was used as an wind speed increased. electrical load to the dc generator to determine Power versus wind speed the optimal resistance We used the optimum load resis- for the windmill. We tance to create a power versus speed took a resistor sweep of curve. The windmill generated 100 each wind speed in the milliwatts at a nominal wind speed Fig. 5 Maximum power produced by small-scale windmill range of 100 ohms to of about 7 miles per hour. The power at relatively low wind speeds. 3 megaohms, and the increased to 500 milliwatts at a wind power produced by the speed of 11 miles per hour. in the applications considered here. turbine was calculated. Therefore, lightweight materials We conducted measurements (Figure Electrical interface must be used with innovative blade 5) over a wind speed range of 4.5 to 11 We then investigated the most geometries that provide a measure miles per hour. We measured the varia- efficient interface for maximizing the of blade reinforcement. Lightweight tion of output power as a function of power output of the small-scale wind poly(vinyl chloride) plastic was selected the resistance for various wind speeds. turbine. First, we prepared an analysis as the blade material, because it can Optimum resistance – the electrical of the electrical model of the wind be easily manufactured using rapid- load at which maximum output power turbine. Second, we determined the prototyping, has a comparatively high was measured for a given wind speed – power optimization based on a dc/dc strength to weight ratio, is generally decreased with increased wind speed. converter operating in discontinuous lightweight, and can be formed eas- It ranged from 1,300 to 100 ohms for mode. Third, we used, as an example, ily and inexpensively. Plastic is not as wind speeds in the range of 4.5 to 11 the application of the wind turbine to strong as metals or other exotic materi- miles per hour. Decreased optimal resis- cell-phone charging. als. However, a creative blade geometry tance was a result of decreased genera- that places more material in the most tor internal inductance and equivalent Power maximization stress prone areas may provide a way to electrical resistance, which varied as a For a given generator, the power compensate for certain strength defi- function of generator rotational speed. is maximized at a particular load ciencies. value. However, the wind turbine is Rotational speed rarely connected to this optimal load. Optimal load resistance We measured the rotational speed Therefore, an additional electrical We tested our prototype at various of the blades and correlated this data interface is required for proper opera-

Fig. 6 Diagram of windmill electrical circuit used for charging a cell phone: E is the electrical generator; r is the loss

resistor; Cint is the internal capacitor to smooth generator output; T is the switching transistor; L is the inductance; D is

the diode; and Cs is the

smoothing capacitor. Vout is the output voltage.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 39 Small-scale modular windmill tion of the device. We use a buck-boost of 50 percent. It consumes less than dc/dc converter operating in discon- 0.5 microamperes for an input volt- tinuous operation, which allows us to age from 1.2 to 5.5 volts. maintain a constant load across the The voltage regulator (Motorola output. The principles of operations MC78LC50HT1) features a regu- consist of switching the generator lated output voltage of 5 volts and output to an inductor with a high fre- requires a typical quiescent current quency and a duty cycle. The switching of 1.1 microamperes. The switch- is done using a negative metal oxide ing transistor is a NMOS (Motorola semiconductor transistor coupled with a 2N7000) with a threshold voltage low-power clock. An additional capaci- of 3 volts and a “on” resistance tor is used for smoothing the generator of 5 ohms, which allows decreas- output. ing the losses during the energy When the generator is connected to transfer from the generator to the the inductance, energy is transferred to inductance. The diode (BAT46, the inductance. When the transistor STMicroelectronics) has a very low is blocked, the electromagnetic energy forward voltage of 0.25 millivolts. stored by the inductance is released to The size of the interface is easily the load and smoothing capacitor. A embeddable, even using off-the-self diode is used to ensure a proper energy components. flow from the inductance to the load and output-smoothing capacitor. Protoype Fig. 7 Photograph a cell phone connected to During the energy transfer from the Our prototype (see Figure 7) the electrical charging circuit of the windmill. generator to the inductance the current operates in discontinuous mode and flows through the inductance. Hence, features low-power components. the mean current flowing from the gen- It was used to successfully charge References erator is in steady state with the current a cell-phone battery from a constant, supplied by the capacitor over a time low-speed wind source. This serves as 1V.H. Schmidt, “Piezoelectric Wind period and is the same as the current a proof-of-concept for the potential of Generator,” U.S. Pat. No. 4 536 674, 1984. absorbed by the capacitor. applying large-scale wind turbine design 2V.H. Schmidt, “Piezoelectric Energy Therefore, we can properly tune to small-scale models for the purpose of Conversion in Windmills”; pp. 897–904 the converter parameters (inductance, powering small electronics in remote in Proceedings of 1992 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. switching frequency and duty cycle) so locations. Moreover, this prototype they equal the optimum resistance for is portable and cost effective; making 3S. Priya, C. Chen, D. Fye and J. Zhand, energy extraction enhancement. This consumer products feasible. n “Piezoelectric Windmill: A Novel Solution to Remote Sensing,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 44, allows harvesting the maximum power 104 (2004). from the generator. This extracted Acknowledgment 4 power then is transferred to the load The authors gratefully acknowledge S. Priya, “Modeling of Electric Energy Harvesting Using Piezoelectric Windmill,” and smoothing output capacitor in the the financial support from NIST and Appl. Phys. Lett., 87, 184101 (2005). second conduction stage. However, CEHMS. 5 such an analysis only applies when the C. Chen, R. Islam and S. Priya, “Electric Energy Generator,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason. converter operates in discontinuous About the authors Ferroelec. Freq. Contrl., 53 [3] 656–61 mode. Scott Bressers, Dragan Avirovik, (2006). Chris Vernieri, Jess Regan, Stephen 6R. Myers, H. Kim, H. Stephanou and S. Application Chappell, Mark Hotze, Stephen Priya, “Small Scale Windmill,” Appl. Phys. We use the currently proposed elec- Luhman, Mickaël Lallart, Daniel Inman Lett., 90, 054106 (2007). trical interface. However, an additional and Shashank Priya are research staff 7http://www.mech.unimelb.edu.au/people/ voltage regulator is required to comply members with the Center for Energy staff/marusicpublications/IMECE2006%20 with the 5-volt input voltage of the Harvesting Materials and Systems and Draft2.pdf cell-phone battery, as shown in the the Center for Intelligent Material schematic depicted in Figure 6. The Systems and Structures, Department clock (OV-1564-C2, Micro Crystal, of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Switzerland) features a switching fre- Tech, Blacksburg, Va. quency of 32 kilohertz with a duty cycle

40 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 ACerS Technical Achievement Award

Corning’ Gorilla Glass brings King Kong glass strength to high-tech toys

lat screen television sets, smart Fphones, computer screens – Corning’s Gorilla Glass is everywhere. There’s a reason for its popularity. Scratch resistance, durability and environmentally-friendly manufacturing are among a few of its qualities. Being thin and lightweight has enabled Gorilla glass to revolutionize portable electronic devices and how we use them. Although invented in 1962, Corning’s special glass wasn’t a star product for the company until recently when it began receiving widespread acceptance as the gold standard for smartphones and, more recently, LCD screens, because of its strength and durability. Gorilla Glass is currently used by more than 20 major brands, such as LG, Samsung, Motion Computing and Dell, and is designed into more than 225 devices.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 41 Corning brings King Kong glass strength to high tech toys

Gorilla Glass is most commonly used as a protective cover sheet for touch screen devices that does not impede the functionality of the device. Reliable strength is important for these types BnetTV.com, explains the appeal of tion capability at a second factory in of devices that function in response to Gorilla Glass. “When you are looking Shizuoka, Japan. pressure being applied to the glass. for a material for a touchscreen or for a “That’ll tell you something about our Corning will receive The American protective substrate, you want something confidence in this,” Corning’s President Ceramic Society’s Corporate Technical that is clear and durable. The choice is Peter Volanakis told the AP. Achievement Award for its develop- either plastic or glass,” says Tomkins, “The development of Gorilla Glass ment of Gorilla Glass, an alkali alu- director of commercial technology for meets the consumer demand for devices minosilicate thin-sheet glass designed Corning. “Think about a smart phone that are thin, light weight, durable and specifically to function as a protective in you pocket exposed to coins or a set damage resistant,” says James Steiner, cover glass for high-end display devices. of keys or whatever you might have in senior vice president and general manag- This award recognizes outstanding, com- there. For a plastic, such as polycarbon- er, Corning Specialty Materials. “We are mercialized technologies that improve ate, if you take a key and run it along honored to receive this award on behalf our society. the surface, scratches will be left. With of the Corning employees that brought Paul Tomkins, in an interview with Gorilla Glass, no scratches are left.” this product into the market and are Unlike many other glass responsible for its rapid growth over the products, even if a scratch is last few years.” left, the strength of Gorilla As a world leader in specialty glass, Glass remains. According to Corning’s scientists and engineers have Tomkins, it has been designed a comprehensive understanding of the “so that it’s got a rather thick physics behind glass breakages in a given layer that acts almost like an application. This knowledge was used armor. We do that through a to produce Gorilla Glass, which is bet- chemical strengthening pro- ter able to survive the real-world events cess.” that most commonly cause glass failure. In fact, Corning reports that Gorilla Glass is produced with pieces of Gorilla Glass are two- Corning’s fusion-draw process, which to three-times stronger than enables the production of uniform chemically strengthened ver- thin sheets with a pristine surface and sions of ordinary soda-lime glass is adaptable to scalable sheet sizes for – at half the same thickness. optimal throughput. During finishing, With this stength, many appli- Gorilla Glass undergoes a chemical cations require only pieces of strengthening process that gives it the the glass that are thinner than unique properties that make it especially a dime. This can ultimately suited for use as a durable, scratch-resis- benefit manufacturers by creat- tant LCD cover. ing convenient, lightweight Gorilla Glass is available as-drawn in products that cost less to ship. thicknesses ranging from 0.5 to 2 mil- Shipping may not be a huge limeter. This “as-drawn” feature elimi- consideration with smartphones nates lapping and polishing processes but is a factor in large-TV man- that can introduce surface damage. ufacturing and sales. The Corporate Technical Achieve- According to a recent AP ment Award will be presented to story, Corning is talking with Matthew Dejneka, a Corning senior Asian manufacturers about research associate, on behalf of the com- using Gorilla Glass for TVs for pany at the 2010 ACerS annual meeting sale in early 2011. The wire banquet (at MS&T’10) in Houston, service reports that Corning’s Texas, on Monday, Oct. 18. Dejneka Corning’s Gorilla Glass is used in many smartphone Harrodsburg, Ky., plant is also will present a special lecture on devices and portable computers, making them operating at full capacity and Gorilla Glass on Tuesday, Oct. 19, at scratch-resistant and durable. the company is adding produc- 2:30p.m. n

42 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 ACerS Technical Achievement Award Novel GE scintillator delivers CT imaging revolution

Gemstone, a newly developed transparent polycrystalline high-performance scintillator for computed tomography, is turning out to be a gem of a product GE Healthcare, and its ability to deliver improved patient care has earned it one of two 2010 Ceramic Technical Achievement Awards from The American Ceramic Society. A CT scan produces a volume of data that is manipulated, via digital processing, to reveal various bodily structures based on their ability to block an X-ray beam. Modern CT scanners allow this volume of data to be reformatted in various planes or even as 3D representations of structures.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 43 Novel GE scintillator delivers CT imaging revolution

The CT’s scintillator is a key piece of extremely low radiation damage. tion added by this new acquisition mode the overall apparatus, because it serves Within the company, Gemstone makes it possible to see more informa- to detect the transmitted X-rays and enabled other advances, ending in the tion about the anatomy. This additional helps converts the energy into a digital successful launch of GE’s Discovery information can assist interpretation of form. CT750 HD, an ultrapremium CT sys- the diagnostic images. For example, CT Gemstone, it should be noted, now is tem. scanning often uses an iodine-based con- one of only three commercial CT scin- Users report that the Discovery trast agent to highlight the vessels in the tillators. One of the others is also manu- CT750 HD is already helping to charac- anatomy. This can often have the same factured by GE Healthcare (HiLight), terize small lesions, differentiate vessel density as the bones in the body, making and the third is the GOS scintillator calcification from iodine and reduce it difficult to separate. The iodine-filled (used by Hitachi, Toshiba, Siemens and metal artifacts, which assist radiolo- vessel will have a far different material Philips). The technology behind the gists and cardiologists. Gladys Goh Lo, composition than the calcium in a bone latter two examples is more than two radiologist-in-charge at the Hong Kong even though the density is the same. decades old. Sanatorium and Hospital, welcomes the With GSI it is possible to isolate each.” According to GE, the Gemstone ini- developments, because previous attempts Senzig also touts another benefit of tiative came about because of increasing to provide lower doses led to reduced the fast scintillator. “The blazing speed demand for faster, better and safer CT image quality. “We have been successful of the Gemstone detector material … technology: Customers were asking for at decreasing the [X-ray] dose by up to has also made it possible to collect infor- improved image quality; higher temporal mation on the material composition of resolution; faster patient workflow; and the entire body, even when there is sig- lower X-ray exposure. nificant motion,” he said. “To reinvent the CT, we realized that The Gemstone team had sev- we had to start by redesigning the only eral branches. One, at the GE Global element that had not changed within Research Center located in Nyskayuna, the past 20 years – the scintillator,” says N.Y., included James Vartuli (ceramic Haochuan Jiang, the principal engineer research lab manager), Robert Lyons on the project. (senior scientist) and Steven Duclos Jiang, an ACerS member, recalls that (chief scientist), plus materials scientists GE Healthcare was looking for a new Carl Vess, Kevin Mcevoy and Randy scintillator material that would deliver a 50 percent with good results,” says Lo. Hagerdon. big leap in results. “Our primary goal for “Female patients will benefit and pediat- Besides Jiang, the group at GE the scintillator was to meet the custom- ric patients will benefit the most.” Healthcare located in Milwaukee, Wisc., ers’ requirements while operating at a GE says the new scintillator makes included senior engineers Mike Prescott very fast speed. We examined more than the CT750 HD capable of “material and James Gent, senior manufacturing 150,000 possible material compositions decomposition” through what it calls engineer Chris Beverung, development as potential candidates,” he says. Gemstone Spectral Imaging, a dual engineers Huamei Shang, Adam Ott The team eventually zeroed in on energy-scanning technique based on fast and Songhua Liu, lead program integra- rare-earth- and aluminum-based cubic KV switching.” tor Timothy Covell and senior techni- garnet crystal as the base composition Bob Senzig, chief engineer for GE’s cian James Bayer. for what would become Gemstone. They CT products, reports in an email to the The business leadership team added cerium as an activator and trans- Bulletin that GSI allows the system to included general managers John Gruber formed the material into a transparent “collect nearly simultaneous samples of (CT detectors), Jeff Kautzer (CT detec- polycrystalline material using a special data at two different energies and the tor engineering) and Michael Hoge process developed by GE’s scientists. projection-based processing required (advanced manufacturing engineering, “The final composition of the material to determine the composition of the global supply chain). not only delivers performance,” notes anatomy scanned. The different response The Corporate Technical Achieve- Jiang, “it also enables a robust manufac- of the anatomy at each energy is col- ment Award will be presented to Jiang turing process and a gives us a scalable lected by the scintillator and processed on behalf of GE Healthcare at the platform for future upgrades.” by a material decomposition algorithm 2010 ACerS annual meeting banquet The result is a product that, according to determine the anatomy composition (at MS&T’10) in Houston, Texas, on to Jiang, delivers the best performance information.” Monday, Oct. 18. Jiang will also present characteristics of all available CT scin- “The CT,” he continues, “already is a special lecture on the development of tillators. He says that Gemstone has capable of determining the density of the Gemstone scintillator on Tuesday, a very short primary decay (about 30 the anatomy scanned to produce images Oct. 19, at 2:00 p.m. at the Houston nanoseconds), very low afterglow and of the anatomy. The spectral informa- Convention Center. n

44 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 Join us for ACerS 112th Annual Meeting!

Materials Science & Technology 2010 Conference & Exhibition George R. Brown Convention Center Oct. 17–21, 2010 | Houston, Texas, USA

The leading forum addressing structure, properties, processing and performance across the materials community Final Program

ACerS AIST ASM TMS The American | Association for Iron | ASM | The Minerals, Metals Ceramic Society & Steel Technology International & Materials Society

Co-sponsor: NACE International

www.matscitech.org

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 56 451 Plenary Session

This year’s conference will draw attendance from more than 72 countries and will attract the best and brightest minds in the materials community. The MS&T’10 Plenary Session is focused on energy, infrastructure, policy and security related to materials science and engineering.

Energy, Infrastructure, Policy and Security Tuesday, Oct. 19 • 8:30 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. • George R. Brown Convention Center • Grand Ballroom B&C

Join us for a fascinating plenary session on one of the most important areas of opportunity in materials today – energy! Terry Michalske, director of Sandia National Laboratories’ Energy and Security Systems Center, will open the session with his lecture, “Energy, Climate and Global Security in the 21st Century.” Building on 50-plus years of technological achievement and a framework of vital core competencies, SRNL applies state-of-the-art science to provide practical, high-value, cost-effective solutions to complex technical problems. The laboratory earns its world-class reputation because of its talented people and their unwavering commitment to safety, security and quality. SRNL applies this commitment to solving some of the most complex problems of the times, such as the detection of weapons of mass destruction, the cleanup of contaminated groundwater and soils, the development Michalske of hydrogen as an energy source, the need for a viable national defense and the safe management of hazardous materials.

Following Michalske’s lecture, attendees will have the opportunity to interact with panelists on the implications of emerging energy opportunities for the materials science and engineering community. Specific areas of focus will include renewable energy, energy systems engineering and infrastructure, threat and vulnerability analysis, impact of energy and climate change on the United States, security posture, energy policies in the U.S. government and oil and geopolitics.

Plenary Panelists Robert T. McGrath, “Alternative Energy Sources for Reducing Dependence on Fossil Fuels” McGrath has 27 years experience in government lab, industry and academic settings, including previ- ously serving as Deputy Laboratory Director for all Science & Technology programs at the National Re- newable Energy Lab, and managing Ohio State University’s $720 million annual research program. He has contributed to Brookings Institute Briefings on Energy Policy and serves as consultant on energy, STEM education and R&D for Battelle and other clients.

McGrath Diran Apelian, “Linking Transformational Materials and Processing for an Energy-Efficient and Low-Carbon Economy: Creating the Vision and Accelerating Realization” Apelian is Howmet Professor of Engineering and director of the Metal Processing Institute at Worces- ter Polytechnic Institute. He joined WPI in 1990 as the institute’s provost. He is credited with pioneering work in various areas of solidification processing, including molten metal processing, aluminum foundry engineering, plasma deposition and spray casting/forming. Apelian is the recipient of many distinguished honors and awards. He has more than 500 publications to his credit and serves on several technical and corporate boards.

Apelian We look forward to seeing you in Houston in October at what promises to be the premier materials event of the year.

Co-sponsor:

46 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No.8 ACerS Lectures (at the convention center)

Sunday, Oct. 17, 2010 Frontiers of Science and Society Corporate Technical Achievement Award Lectures Rustum Roy Lecture 5 p.m., Room 360A/D 2 p.m., Room 362A/D Issues in Defense Innovation Arun Seraphin, Assistant Director for Defense GE Healthcare’s Gemstone Scintillator Programs, White House Office of Science and Development Technology Policy Haochuan Jiang, GE Healthcare Seraphin

Tuesday, Oct. 19, 2010 Arthur L. Friedberg Memorial Lecture Corning’s High-Strength, 10:20 a.m., Room 351A Environmentally Friendly Some Ceramic Engineering Solutions to Gorilla Glass Refractory Application Problems Matthew J. Dejneka, Corning Inc. Louis J. Trostel Jr., Technical Consultant

Trostel Wednesday, Oct. 20, 2010 Robert B. Sosman Lecture Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture 1 p.m., Room 352A/D 1 p.m., Room 362A/D Directing Sol–Gel Processing with Proteins Teeth – What Nature’s Most Resilient and Living Cells Bioceramic Can Tell Us About Our Origins C. Jeffrey Brinker, University of New Mexico, Brian Lawn, NIST and George Washington UNM Cancer Research and Treatment Cen- University Brinker ter, and Sandia National Laboratories Lawn

MS&T’10 and ACerS 112th Annual Meeting Program Overview Sunday, Oct. 17, 2010 ACerS Corporate Technical Achievement Rustum Roy Lecture Reception 4:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. Award Lectures 2:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. Concurrent Technical Presentations* 2:00 p.m. – 4:20 p.m. (Note: All ACerS members are invited to remember Rustum Roy, and to share Happy Hour Reception* 4:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m. memories of him in an informal gathering of friends and colleagues. Light refresh- Poster Session with authors 4:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m. ments to be served.) Frontiers of Science & Society – Rustum Roy Lecture 5:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m. Wednesday, Oct. 20, 2010 Welcome Reception 6:00 p.m. – 7:30 p.m. Concurrent Technical Presentations 8:00 a.m. – Noon Robert B. Sosman Session 8:00 a.m. – Noon Monday, Oct. 18, 2010 Morning Break 9:40 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. Concurrent Technical Presentations 8:00 a.m. – Noon Exhibits 10:00 a.m. – 3:00 p.m. Alfred R. Cooper Session and Award 8:00 a.m. – Noon Poster Session 10:00 a.m. – 3:00 p.m. Morning Break 9:40 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. Lunch Break on Exhibit floor Noon – 2:00 p.m. PCSA Student Tour 9:00 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. Robert B. Sosman Lecture 1:00 p.m. – 2:00 p.m. Lunch Break on own Noon – 2:00 p.m. Concurrent Technical Presentations 2:00 p.m. – 5:20 p.m. ACerS Annual Membership Meeting 1:00 p.m. – 2:00 p.m. Afternoon Break in Exhibit Hall 3:20 p.m. – 3:40 p.m. Concurrent Technical Presentations 2:00 p.m. – 5:20 p.m. Richard M. Fulrath Award Session 2:00 p.m. – 4:40 p.m. Thursday, Oct. 21, 2010 Afternoon Break 3:20 p.m. – 3:40 p.m. ACerS Short Courses 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. Concurrent Technical Presentations 8:00 a.m. – Noon Tuesday, Oct. 19, 2010 Morning Break 9:40 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. MS&T Plenary Session 8:30 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. Lunch Break on own Noon – 2:00 p.m. Concurrent Technical Presentations 10:20 a.m. – Noon Concurrent Technical Presentations 2:00 p.m. – 5:20 p.m. Morning Break 10:00 a.m. – 10:20 a.m. Afternoon Break 3:20 p.m. – 3:40 p.m. Arthur L. Friedburg Memorial Lecture 10:20 a.m. – 11:20 a.m. Exhibits 11:00 a.m. – 6:00 p.m. Friday Oct. 22, 2010 Poster Session 11:00 a.m. – 6:00 p.m. ACerS Short Courses 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. Lunch Break on Exhibit floor 11:30 a.m. – 2:00 p.m. Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture 1:00 p.m. – 2:00 p.m. *No afternoon coffee break on Tuesday. Sessions will end early so that attendees may participate in the Exhibition Hall Happy Hour Reception.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 47 ACerS Activities

HA – Hilton Americas | CC – George R. Brown Convention Center Center

Saturday, Oct. 16, 2010 Time Location Monday, Oct. 18, 2010 (continued) Time Location Board of Directors Meeting 10:00 a.m – 5:00 p.m. HA: Rms 337 A/B Nuclear & Environmental Technology 5:45 p.m. – 6:45 p.m. CC: 330 B Division General Business Meeting Sunday, Oct. 17, 2010 Annual Honors and Awards Banquet 7:30 p.m. – 10:30 p.m. HA: Ballroom of Keramos National Board Breakfast and 7:00 a.m. – 9:00 a.m. HA: The Café Americas A/B Business Meeting National Institute of Ceramic Engineers 7:00 a.m. – 9:00 a.m. HA: 332 Tuesday, Oct. 19, 2010 Executive Committee Meeting Basic Science Division Ceramographic 7:00 a.m. – 6:00 p.m. CC: 3rd Floor Foyer Keramos Student Chapter Business Meeting 8:00 a.m. – 9:00 a.m. HA: Ballroom of Display outside room 310 Americas C ACerS Society Lounge 7:00 a.m. – 6:00 p.m. CC: 3rd Floor Foyer Meetings Committee Meeting 8:00 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. HA: 327 Companion Breakfast 7:30 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. HA: 332 Keramos Biennial Convocation and 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m. HA: Ballroom of MS&T Plenary Session 8:30 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. CC: Grand Business Meeting Americas C Ballroom B/C Volunteer Leaders Meeting 9:30 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. HA: Lanier Grand MS&T Concurrent Technical Sessions 10:20 a.m. – 4:20 p.m. CC Ballroom Section G Arthur L. Friederg Memorial Lecture 10:20 a.m. – 11:20 a.m. CC: 351 A Keramos Career Speaker 11:00 a.m. – Noon HA: Ballroom of Edward Orton, Jr. Memorial Lecture 1:00 p.m. – 2:00 p.m. CC: 362 A/D Americas C Corporate Technical Achievement Award 2:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. CC: 362 A/D Keramos Board, Student Representative, Noon – 1:00 p.m. HA: The Café Session and Chapter Advisors Meeting Nominating Committee 3:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. HA: Boardroom 331 Publications Committee Meeting 12:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. HA: 327 Panel of Fellows Meeting 3:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. HA: Rm 330 Electronics Division Executive Committee Meeting 1:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. HA: 329 Glass and Optical Materials Division 5:30 p.m. – 6:30 p.m. CC: Rm 370 A General Business Meeting Glass & Optical Materials Division 2:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. HA: 328 Programming and Executive Phase Equilibria Diagrams Committee 6:00 p.m. – 7:00 p.m. HA: Boardroom 331 Committee Meeting Meeting Basic Science Division 2:00 p.m. – 7:30 p.m. CC: 3rd Floor Foyer Ceramographic Display outside room 310 Wednesday, Oct. 20, 2010 ACerS Society Lounge 2:00 p.m. – 7:30 p.m. CC: 3rd Floor Foyer Basic Science Division Ceramographic 7:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. CC: 3rd Floor Foyer Basic Science Division 2:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m. HA: 335C Display outside room 310 Executive Committee Meeting ACerS Society Lounge 7:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. CC: 3rd Floor Foyer Engineering Ceramics Division 3:00 p.m. – 4:30 p.m. HA: 330 Strategic Planning and Emerging 7:30 a.m. – 8:30 a.m. HA: Boardroom 331 Executive Committee Meeting Opportunities Committee Meeting Nuclear & Environmental Technology 3:00 p.m. – 4:30 p.m. HA: 332 MS&T Concurrent Technical Sessions 8:00 a.m. – 5:20 p.m. CC Division Executive Committee Meeting Robert B. Sosman Session 8:00 a.m. – Noon CC: 352 A/D Rustum Roy Lecture Reception 4:00 p.m. – 4:50 p.m. CC: 351 A/B International Journal of Applied Glass 9:00 a.m. – 10:30 a.m. HA: 335C All ACers members invited to remember Roy Science Associate Editors Meeting Frontiers of Science and Society Electronics Division General Business 12:00 p.m. – 1:00 p.m. CC: 370 A Rustum Roy Lecture 5:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m. CC: 360 A/D Meeting Ceramic Educational Council Meeting 5:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m. HA: Boardroom 331 Engineering Ceramics Division General 12:00 p.m. – 1:00 p.m. CC: 370 B Business Meeting Monday, Oct. 18, 2010 Robert B. Sosman Lecture 1:00 p.m. – 2:00 p.m. CC: 352 A/D Membership Services Committee Meeting 7:00 a.m. – 9:00 a.m. HA: The Café Book Committee Meeting 3:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. HA: 327 Education Integration Committee Meeting 7:00 a.m. – 9:00 a.m. HA: The Café Thursday, Oct. 21, 2010 Basic Science Division Ceramographic 7:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. CC: 3rd Floor Foyer Display outside room 310 ACerS Society Lounge 7:00 a.m. – 2:00 p.m. CC: 3rd Floor Foyer ACerS Society Lounge 7:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. CC: 3rd Floor Foyer MS&T Concurrent Technical Sessions 8:00 a.m. – 5:20 p.m. CC ICC 4 Steering Committee Meeting 7:15 a.m. – 8:30 a.m. HA: 329 Sintering of Ceramics Short Course 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. HA: 335B MS&T Concurrent Technical Sessions 8:00 a.m. – 5:20 p.m. CC Alfred R. Cooper Session & Award 8:00 a.m. – Noon CC: 351 A Friday, Oct. 22, 2010 PCSA Student Tour (FULL) 9:00 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. NASA Johnson Sintering of Ceramics Short Course 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. HA: 335B Space Center; buses depart and return at con- MS&T’10 Women in Science Reception vention center. Past Presidents’ Council Meeting 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m. HA: Boardroom 331 All female professional and student materials science and engineer- Basic Science Division General Noon – 1:00 p.m. CC: 371 C ing members should plan to attend the MS&T’10 Women in Science Business Meeting Reception for food and conversation. It is scheduled for Monday, Annual Membership Meeting 1:00 p.m. – 2:00 p.m. CC: 370 A Oct. 18, 5:30–6:30 p.m., in Room 335A at the Hilton Americas National Institute of Ceramic Engineers 2:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. HA: 330 Hotel. Mark your calendar and enjoy the chance to network and meet General Business Meeting and Order others in an informal, unique setting. of the Engineer Ceremony Richard M. Fulrath Award Session 2:00 p.m. – 4:40 p.m. CC: 352 A/D

*As of 09/14/10. Please consult online schedules for updates.

48 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No.8 Facilities map

Due to the close proximity of the conference hotels to the George R. Brown convention Center, MS&T will not be providing shuttle service.

Six in the City Taxi Cab Program - $6 Anywhere Downtown This program makes getting around downtown a snap. No guessing on the rates, and you and your colleagues are set to get anywhere downtown for just $6.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 49 (locations are at the Program-At-A-Glance convention center)

Symposia Room Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday BIOMATERIAL TECHNOLOGY Bioinspired Materials Engineering 310A X X Next-Generation Biomaterials 310B/E X X X X Processing, Characterization and Properties of Honeycombs, Foams and Highly Porous Materials 310D X X Surface Properties of Biomaterials 310D X X CERAMIC and GLASS MATERIALS ACerS Sosman Award Symposium 352A/B X Advances in Ceramic-Matrix Composites 350D X X X X Amorphous Materials: Common Issues within Science and Technology 351C X X X Glass and Optical Materials 351A X X X Hexaboride Materials Processing, Properties and Applications 330A X Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses and Composites 351B X X X International Symposium on Defects, Transport and Related Phenomena 340A X X X X Multifunctional Oxides 350C X X CORROSION CONTROL AND SUSTAINABILITY Advanced Coatings and Surface Treatments for Corrosion Protection 370B X X Applications and Experiences of Corrosion-Resistant Materials in the Chemical Process Industry 370B X Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Materials in the Oil and Gas Industry 360E X Corrosion Modeling and Life Prediction of Corrodible Structures 370A X Corrosion Monitoring and Sensors 370A X Managing Corrosion with Fiber-Reinforced Polymers 370A X ELECTRONIC AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS Dielectric Ceramic Materials and Electronic Devices 350B X X X X Lead-Free Solders and Next-Generation Interconnects: Emerging Issues in Manufacturing, Performance and Reliability 320F X X Magnetoelectric Multiferroic Thin Films and Multilayers 340B X X X Recent Developments in High-Temperature Superconductivity 350A X X X ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY ISSUES Clean Energy: Fuel Cells, Batteries, Renewables – Materials, Processing and Manufacturing 330B X X X X Energy Materials: Battery Technologies 330A X Green Technologies for Materials Manufacturing and Processing II 320E X X Light-Weight Materials for Vehicles and Components 320E X X Materials Solutions for the Nuclear Renaissance 330A X X X FUNDAMENTALS AND CHARACTERIZATION A Symposium in Honor of Professor Reza Abbaschian: Processing, Crystal Growth and Phase Equilibrium of Advanced Materials 350E X X X John J. Stephens Jr. Memorial Symposium: Deformation and Interfacial Phenomena in Advanced High-Temperature Materials 350F X X X High-Strain-Rate Behaviors of Composites and Heterogeneous Materials: Experiments, Modeling and Simulations 361E X X X Multiscale Modeling of Microstructure Deformation in Material Processing 350F X Phase Stability, Diffusion, Kinetics and Their Applications (PSDK-V) 351E X X X X Recent Advances in Structural Characterization of Materials 361B X X X X

50 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No.8 Program-At-A-Glance

Symposia Room Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday FUNDAMENTALS AND CHARACTERIZATION (continued) Solidification and Crystal Growth Technology for Industrial Applications: Developments in the Past Century 361A X X Tools, Models, Databases and Simulation Tools Developed and Needed to Realize the Vision of Integrated Computational Materials Engineering 361F X X X IRON AND STEEL Advancements in Processing and Properties of Zinc-Coated Advanced High- Strength Steels 360C X Austenite Formation and Decomposition IV 351D X X X X Processing, Microstructure and Properties of Cast Irons and Cast and Forged Specialty Steels 361A X X Recent Developments in Steel Processing 361C X X Steel Product Metallurgy and Applications 351F X X X MATERIALS PERFORMANCE Advanced Metallic Materials: Technological Exploitation of Mechanical Properties 320B X X Failure Analysis and Prevention 361A/D X X X X Hardfacing Coatings for Wear and Corrosion Resistance Applications 370C X X International Symposium on Fatigue of Materials: Advances and Emergences in Understanding 371A X X X Structural Materials for Aerospace and Defense: Challenges and Prospects 361D X X X Surface Protection for Enhanced Materials Performance 360E X X Titanium Alloys for High-Temperature Applications 370C X Tribological Contacts: Recent Issues and Practical Solutions 360F X X NANOTECHNOLOGY Controlled Processing of Nanoparticle-Based Materials & Nanostructured Films 310F X X X X Mechanical Behavior of Low-Dimensional Materials 320A X X X Nanolaminated Ternary Carbides and Nitrides (MAX Phases) 360F X Nanotechnology for Energy, Healthcare and Industry 320B X X Nanotube-Reinforced-Metal Matrix Composites II 320C X X Novel Sintering Processes and News in Traditional Sintering and Grain Growth: Applications, Theory and Nanoscale Challenges 320D X X X PROCESSING AND PRODUCT MANUFACTURING Fundamentals, Applications and Innovations in Heat Treatment 361A X X High-Performance Tooling Materials 360C X Joining of Advanced and Specialty Materials XII 360B X X X X Laser Applications in Materials Processing 360C X X New Roles for Electric and Magnetic Fields in Processing, Microstructure Evolution and Performance of Materials in Energy and Biosciences 371B X X Shaping and Forming of High-Strength Steel, Titanium and Light Metals 371C X X

SPECIAL TOPICS 2010 ASM/TMS Distinguished Lecture in Materials and Society 362A/D X ACerS Corporate Technical Achievement Award Session 362A/D X Journal of Undergraduate Materials Research: Undergraduate Presentations 310C X National Materials Advisory Board Dissemination Series 370A X Perspectives for Emerging Materials Professionals: Early Strategies for Career Development 342A/D X Richard M. Fulrath Award Session 352A/D X Status of Ceramic Engineering Education in the United States 351C X Student Career Development and K–12 Demo Exhibition 310C X X American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 51 Exhibitors (as of 09/16/10)

Booth# Company 232 AdValue Technology LLC 512 Agilent Technologies 214 Alfa Aesar, a Johnson Matthey Co. 420 Alfred University 121 Allied High Tech Products Inc. 316 American Stress Technologies Inc. 426 Ames Laboratory (The) 303 Analytical Reference Materials Int’l. Corp 422 Anter Corporation 208 Applied Test Systems Inc. T502 ArcelorMittal USA 621 Ashland Inc. 235 ASM International T409 ASU-Material Sciences & Engineering 528 Avure Technologies Inc. 413 BigC T400 Bloom Energy 135 Bose Corporation 203 Buehler 416 Carbolite 220 Carl Zeiss MicroImaging 221 Carl Zeiss SMT T500 Carpenter Technology Corp. 313 Centorr Vacuum Industries Inc. 216 CETR 409 CM Furnaces Inc. 229 CSM Instruments 522 Deltech Inc. T405 Drexel University, Materials Science & Engineering 513 EDAX Inc. 147 Eirich Machines 340 Elsevier 412 Engineered Pressure Systems Inc. (EPSI) 129 Evans Analytical Group 506 Evex 415 FEI Company T506 Freeport McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. 202 Gasbarre Products Inc. (PTX-Pentronix) Booth# Company Booth# Company 402 Gatan Inc. 206 MTI Instruments 629 Stress Engineering Services Inc. T407 GE Global Research Center 240 MTS Systems Corporation 414 Struers Inc. 241 Goodfellow Corporation 429 Nanovea Inc. 403 Sun-Tec Corporation 217 Granta Design 325 Netzsch Premier Technology LLC 225 Tantaline 526 H.C. Starck 325 Netzsch Instruments North America LLC 520 TEC 312 Harrop Industries Inc. 421 NIST 207 Tescan USA 317 High Temperature Materials Laboratory T504 Nucor Corporation 612 TevTech, LLC 306 Hitachi High Technologies America Inc. 226 Ocean Optics 427 Texas A&M University - Material Science 133 Horiba Scientific 239 Ohio Carbon Blank Inc. & Engineering Program 213 Hysitron Inc. 212 Oxford Instruments 524 Thermal Technology, LLC 632 IMC Contest Exhibit 315 PANalytical 224 Thermcraft Inc. 529 IMR Test Labs 334 Photron 321 Thermo Scientific 307 Innov-X 424 Powder Processing and Technology 103 Thermo-Calc Software 215 IXRF Systems Inc. 244 Precision Surface Int’l Inc. 228 Thermotech 107 JEOL USA Inc. 332 Proto Manufacturing Inc. T401 Titanium Metals Corporation (TIMET) 302 Keyence Corporation 507 Radiant Technologies 613 U.S. Department of Energy 113 LECO Corp. 616 Rigaku Americas Corporation 425 UES Inc. 139 Leica Microsystems Inc. 523 Scientific Forming Technologies Corp. 516 Union Process Inc. 233 Maney Publishing 228 Sente Software, Ltd. 309 Wiley 521 MEL Chemicals 509 Sigma-Aldrich 137 Xidex 314 Mesocoat Inc. 617 Solartron Analytical 428 Metal Samples Company 515 Spectro Analytical Instruments Inc. Contact: 407 Metcut Research Inc. 406 Springer 517 Micromeritics Instruments Corporation 508 SPS NanoCeramics, LLC Patricia Janeway, ACerS 246 Microtrac T403 SSAB (614) 794-5826 336 MTI Corporation T508 Steel Dynamics [email protected] 52 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No.8 Featured ceramic-related exhibitors

Booth Company Booth Company Booth Company 312 Advalue Technology LLC 415 FEI Company 421-423 National Institute of Standards Tuscon, AZ Hillsboro, OR and Technology – NIST www.advaluetech.com/ www.fei.com Gaithersburg, MD 512 Agilent Technologies 402 Gatan Inc. www.nist.gov/srm Chandler AZ Pleasanton, CA 226 Ocean Optics www.agilent.com/find/nano www.gatan.com Dunedin, FL 214 Alfa Aesar, a Johnnson Matthey Co. 202 Gasbarre Products (PTX-Pentronix) www.oceanoptics.com Ward Hill, MA Taylor, MI 212 Oxford Instruments www.alfa.com www.gasbarre.com Concord, MA 420 Alfred University–NYS College of 241 Goodfellow Corp. www.oxford-instruments.com Ceramics Oakdale, PA 315 PANalytical Alfred, NY www.goodfellowusa.com Westborough, MA www.engineering.alfred.edu 312 Harrop Industries Inc. www.panalytical.com 121 Allied High Tech Products Inc. Columbus, OH 334 Photron Rancho Dominguez, CA www.harropusa.com San Diego, CA www.alliedhightech.com 317 High Temperature Materials Lab www.photron.com 316 American Stress Technologies Inc. Oak Ridge, TN 424 Powder Processing and Technology Cheswick, PA www.ornl.gov Valparaiso, IN www.astresstech.com 306 Hitachi High Technologies America Inc. www.pptechnology.com 426 Ames Laboratory Pleasanton, CA 616 Rigaku Americas Corp. Ames, IA www.hitachi-hta.com The Woodlands, TX www.ameslab.gov 133 Horiba Scientific www.rigaku.com 303 Analytical Reference Materials Edison, NJ 509 Sigma-Aldrich International Corp. www.horiba.com/scientific St. Louis, MO Golden, Colorado 213 Hysitron Inc. www.sigma-aldrich.com/matsci www.armi.com Minneapolis, MN 617 Solatron Analytical 422 Anter Corp. www.hysitron.com Oak Ridge, TN Pittsburgh, PA 215 Innov-X www.solartronanalytical.com www.anter.com Woburn, MA 515 Spectro Analytical Instruments Inc. 208 Applied Test Systems www.innovx.com Mahwah, NJ Butler, PA 215 XRF Systems Inc. www.spectro.com www.atsPenn..com Houston, TX 508 SPS NanoCeramics LLC 528 Avure Technologies www.ixrfsystems.com Morton Grove, IL Kent, WA 107 JEOL USA www.nanowarehouse.com www.avure.com Peabody, MA 629 Stress Engineering Services Inc. 203 Buehler www.jeolusa.com Houston, TX Lake Bluff, IL 113 LECO Corp. www.stress.com www.buehler.com St. Joseph, MI 414 Struers Inc. 416 Carbolite Inc. www.leco.com Cleveland, OH Watertown, WI 521 MEL Chemicals www.struers.com www.carbolite.us Flemington, NJ 520 TEC 220 Carl Zeiss MicroImaging Inc. www.zrchem.com Knoxville, TN Thornwood, NY 517 Micromeritics Instrument Corp. www.tecstress.com www.zeiss.com/materials Norcross, GA 612 Tev Tech LLC 313 Centorr Vacuum Industries Inc. www.micromeritics.com North Billerica, MA Nashua, NH 246 Microtrac www.tevtechllc.com www.centorr.com Montgomeryville, PA 524 Thermal Technology LLC 409 CM Furnaces Inc. www.microtrac.com Santa Rosa, CA Bloomfield, NJ 336 MTI Corp. www.thermaltechnologyinc.com www.cmfurnaces.com Richmond, CA 224 Thermcraft Inc. 229 CSM Instruments www.mtixtl.com Winston-Salem, NC Needham, MA 206 MTI Instruments www.thermcraftinc.com www.csm-instruments.com Albany, NY 321 Thermo Scientific 522 Deltech Inc. www.mtiinstruments.com Billerica, MA Denver, CO 240 MTS Systems Corp. www.thermoscientific.com www.deltechfurnaces.com Eden Prarie, MN 425 UES Inc. 513 EDAX Inc. www.mts.com Dayton, OH Mahwah, NJ 07430 429 Nanovea www.ues.com www.edax.com Irvine, CA 516 Union Process Inc. 147 Eirich Machines Inc. www.nanovea.com Akron, OH Gurnee, IL 325 Netzsch Premier Technology LLC www.unionprocess.com www.eirichusa.com Exton, PA 613 U.S. Department of Energy 412 Engineered Pressure Systems Inc. (EPSI) www.netzschusa.com Washington, DC Haverhill, MA 325 Netzsch Instruments North America LLC www.doe.gov www.epsi-highpressure.com Burlington, MA 309 Wiley 129 Evans Analytical Group www.e-thermal.com Hoboken, NJ Sunnyvale, CA www.wiley.com www.eaglabs.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 53 www.ceramics.org/ema2011 Electronic Materials and Applications 2011

Royal Plaza in the Walt Disney World Resort Orlando, Fla., USA • Jan. 19–21, 2011

before Dec. 21, 2010, to save $125 Save 25 percent when you register for both registerEMA 2011 and ICACC’11 preview Program overview condensed matter and materials physics, chemistry and biosciences. A five-year effort to relate fundamental research in these Electronic Materials and Applications 2011 will focus on elec- disciplines to real-world problems in energy facilitated greater inte- tronic ceramics for energy generation, conversion and storage ap- gration of basic and applied research across DOE. Dehmer received plications, and it will bring together leaders and experts in the field a B.S. in chemistry from the University of Illinois in 1967 and Ph.D. to address the related material challenges. Jointly programmed in chemical physics from the University of Chicago in 1972. by the Electronics Division and Basic Science Division of ACerS, EMA 2011 will be held Jan. 19–21, 2011, at The Royal Plaza in Akira Ando, Murata Manufacturing the Walt Disney World Resort, Orlando, Fla. The meeting is de- Structure-derived novel function of electronic signed for materials scientists, engineers, students, researchers ceramics and manufacturers with an interest in renewable energy, innova- Ando is general manager of the Material Devel- tive hybrid and all-electric transportation development, electrical opment Department of Murata Manufacturing, ceramics and advanced microelectronics. Ando overseeing research and development in new material technologies. He graduated from Hiroshima Plenary speakers University in 1983 and joined Murata more than 25 years ago. EMA 2011 will host five plenary talks. To view updated Ando received a doctoral degree from Tokyo Institute of Tech- information as speakers are confirmed, visit www.ceramics. nology in 2003. His expertise is research and development on org/ema2011. functional ceramics, including piezoelectric or dielectric materials and applications. Ando has authored or coauthored more than Patricia M. Dehmer, Department of Energy 50 technological papers, and holds more than 200 patents. He Roadmapping basic science needed for our received the Richard Fulrath award from The American Ceramic energy future Society (2002) and the academic award from The Ceramic Soci- Dehmer is the deputy director for Science Programs ety of Japan (2009). in the Office of Science at the DOE. From 1995 to 2007, Dehmer served as the director of the Office Roop L. Mahajan, Virginia Tech Dehmer of Basic Energy Sciences in the Office of Science. Emerging issues in energy solutions Under her leadership, the BES budget more than doubled in size to Roop joined Virginia Tech in 2006 as director of its Institute for $1.2 billion annually. She built a world-leading portfolio of work in Critical Technology and Applied Science and Tucker Chair Profes-

54 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 electronic materials and applications 2011 sor of Engineering. He also holds a joint appointment as tenured professor in the Departments of EMA 2011 Schedule Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science and Mechanics. He has more than 30 years of Wednesday, Jan. 19, 2011 experience working in the mechanical engineering field, during which he has held positions within the Registration 7:30 a.m.–7:00 p.m. Mahajan private and educational sectors. Welcome and Opening Remarks 9:00 a.m.–9:15 a.m. Royal Plaza in the Walt Disney World Resort Lynnette D. Madsen, National Science Foundation Plenary Session I 9:15 a.m.–11:30 p.m. Orlando, Fla., USA • Jan. 19–21, 2011 A decade of ceramics Concurrent Technical Madsen joined the National Science Foundation Sessions 1:00 p.m.–5:30 p.m. as the program director for ceramics in December Poster Session & 2000. In addition to recommending the distribu- Welcome Reception 6:00 p.m.–8:00 p.m. Madsen tion of Ceramics Program budget annually (now ~$11.4M), she conducts independent research Thursday, Jan. 20, 2011 and leads new cooperative activities with European researchers Registration 7:00 a.m.–6:00 p.m. in materials, and she has been involved in programs or initiatives Plenary Session II 8:00 a.m.–10:00 a.m. on nanotechnology, energy, art, education and diversity issues. To date she has written more than 40 refereed journal publications, Concurrent Technical been awarded two patents and delivered more than 50 invited Sessions 10:30 a.m.–12:00 p.m. scientific or professional talks. She obtained her education in Concurrent Technical Canada, including a B.A.Sc. in electrical engineering and a B.A. Sessions 1:30 p.m.–6:00 p.m. in psychology from the University of Waterloo, an M.Eng. in elec- Conference Dinner 7:00 p.m.–9:00 p.m. tronics from Carleton University and a Ph.D. in materials science and engineering from McMaster University. Friday, Jan. 21, 2011 Registration 7:00 a.m.–4:30 p.m. Technical program Plenary Session III 8:00 a.m.–9:00 a.m. The technical program will include invited lectures, contributed Concurrent Technical papers, poster presentations, roundtables on emerging topics and Sessions 9:30 a.m.–12:00 p.m. participation of the President’s Council of Student Advisers, the Concurrent Technical Society’s student-led group. Because of increased investment in Sessions 1:30 p.m.–5:00 p.m. renewable energy, “smart grid” technologies, all-electric vehicles and innovative hybrid transportation development, electronic ceramics are positioned as the key enabler of these technologies. In addition, there is growing interest in energy harvesting, integrated sensors, bio-inspired vehicles and systems, and advanced functional microelectronics, where integrated electrical ceramics Endorsing societies and composites will play a key role. EMA 2011 aims to provide the current state-of-the-art in applications of these materials, the fundamental science of materials processing and advanced methods for materials integration.

Hotel information Royal Plaza in the Walt Disney World Resort 1905 Hotel Plaza Boulevard Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830 Sponsors Phone: 407-828-2828 / 800-248-7890 Fax: 407-827-6338

Room rate $149 single/double Cut-off date Secure your room at ceramics.org/ema2011 before Dec. 20, 2010, to ensure the discounted rate.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 55 www.ceramics.org/daytona2011 35th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites Hilton Daytona Beach Resort & Ocean Center ✦ Daytona Beach, Fla., USA ✦ Jan. 23–28, 2011

Organized by The American Ceramic Society and The American Ceramic Society’s Engineering Ceramics Division preview Program overview 2011 Bridge Building Award The 35th International Conference and Exposition on Lalit Mohan Manocha Advanced Ceramics and Composites is Jan. 23–28, 2011, in Sardar Patel University, India Daytona Beach, Fla. Programmed by the Engineering Ceramics Divi- “Carbon/Carbon Composites to Ceramic sion, ICACC’11 will showcase cutting-edge research and product Matrix Composites: High-End Applications developments in advanced ceramics, armor ceramics, solid oxide fuel Through Controlled Microstructure” cells, ceramic coatings, bioceramics and more.

The technical program will include advanced structural and func- Monocha tional ceramics, composites and other emerging ceramic materials and technologies. ICACC’11 offers 14 symposia and two focused sessions that will provide an open forum for scientists, researchers and engineers from around the world to present and exchange Plenary speaker recent advances on various aspects related to ceramic science and William Edward Lee technology. ACerS Nuclear & Environmental Technology Division is Imperial College London, U.K. cosponsoring “Advanced Ceramics and Composites for Nuclear and “Opportunities for Advanced Ceramics and Fusion Applications.” Composites in the Nuclear Sector”

Lee Plenary information

2011 James I. Mueller Award Plenary speaker Sylvia M. Johnson Zhong-Lin Wang NASA-Ames Research Center Georgia Institute of Technology “Thermal Protection Materials: From “Nanogenerator and Nano-Piezotronics” Retrospect to Foresight”

Johnson Wang

56 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 Schedule of events Sunday – January 23 Short course Welcome Reception 5 p.m. – 7 p.m. Mechanical Properties of Ceramics and Glass Monday – January 24 Instructors: George D. Quinn, NIST, and Opening Awards Ceremony and Plenary Session 8:30 a.m. – Noon Richard C. Bradt, University of Alabama Concurrent Technical Sessions 1:20 p.m. – 6 p.m. Date: Thursday, Jan. 27 and Friday, Jan. 28, 2011 Tuesday – January 25 Concurrent Technical Sessions 8 a.m. – 6 p.m. Exposition and Reception 5 p.m. – 8 p.m. Poster Session “A” 5 p.m. – 8 p.m. Hotel information Wednesday – January 26 Hilton Daytona Beach Resort/Ocean Walk Village Concurrent Technical Sessions 8 a.m. – 6 p.m. 100 North Atlantic Avenue, Daytona Beach, FL 32118 Exposition and Reception 5 p.m. – 7:30 p.m. Tel: 386-254-8200 | Fax: 386-253-8841 Poster Session “B” 5 p.m. – 7:30 p.m. Room rates Thursday – January 27 Conference rate: $169.00 | Student rate: $139.00 Concurrent Technical Sessions 8 a.m. – 6 p.m. Government Rate: Current prevailing rate Friday – January 28 Cut-off date Concurrent Technical Sessions 8 a.m. – Noon Secure your room at ceramics.org/daytona2011 before Dec. 22, 2010, to ensure the discounted rate.

Exhibition Information Ocean Center Conference Center/Arena 101 North Atlantic Avenue Daytona Beach, FL 32118 Exposition & Poster Session Hours Tuesday, Jan. 25, 2011, 5 p.m. – 8 p.m. Wednesday, Jan. 26, 2011, 5 p.m. – 7:30 p.m. Booth Rental Details To reserve space, contact Pat Janeway at 614-794-5826 or [email protected]. Booth Dimensions: 10 feet wide × 10 feet deep Price: $1,795

Exhibitor Booth# Exhibitor Booth# Exhibitor Booth# AACCM 221 Haiku Tech 220 Nippon Yttrium Co. Ltd. 301 AVS Inc. 210 Harrop Industries 200 Oxy-Gon Industries Inc. 320 Buhler Inc. 303 Laeis GmbH 321 PSC Inc. (Litzler) 225 Carbolite Inc. 206 Linseis Inc. 313 Quantachrome 224 Ceramic Institute Clausthal 204 McDanel Advanced Ceramic R.D. Webb Co. 216 CM Furnaces Inc. 311 Technologies 305 SAMA 321 Dorst America 214 Microtrac 304 Sonoscan Inc. 222 Dunhua Zhengxing Abrasives Co. Ltd. 205 Nabertherm 307 TEAM Sacmi 321 ESL ElectroScience 212 Netzsch Premier Technology LLC 203 TevTech 207 Evans Analytical Group (Shiva Tech.) 315 Netzsch Instruments N.A. LLC 201 Trans-Tech Inc. 317 Gasbarre 302 New Lenox Machine Co. Inc. 306 Wiley-Blackwell 300

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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 61 62 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 resources

Calendar of events

October 2010 June 2011

th 2–6 The 49 Conference of 21–24 Int’l Conference of Bi2O3C– 5–8 Fractography of Glasses and Metallurgists (COM 2010): Materials for Ionic Materials for Energy Application Ceramics VI – Jacksonville, Fla.; Clean Energy Systems Symposium – (BMEA2010) – Taipei, Taiwan; www.fractographyvi.com/index.html Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; http://bmea2010.ntu.edu.tw www.metsoc.org/com2010/index.asp 27–Dec. 1 Fray Int’l Symposium July 2011 2–6 5th Int’l Symposium on on Metals and Materials Processing in a 10–14 PACRIM9: The 9th Int’l Advances in Refractories for Clean Environment – Cancun, Mexico; Meeting of Pacific Rim Ceramic Metallurgical Industries (held in con- www.flogen.com/fraysymposium/ Societies – Cairns, Australia; www. juction with COM 2010) – Vancouver, austceram.com/pacrim9.asp British Columbia, Canada; January 2011 www.metsoc.org/com2010/index.asp 10–14 9th Int’l Conference on 19–21 Electronic Materials and Advances in the Fusion and Processing 3–6 Materials for Clean Energy Applications 2011 – Royal Plaza in the of Glass (held in conjuction with Systems (held in conjuction with COM Walt Disney World Resort, Orlando, Fla.; PACRIM9) – Cairns, Australia; www. 2010) – Vancouver, British Columbia, www.ceramics.org/ema2011 austceram.com/pacrim9.asp Canada; www.metsoc.org/com2010/ 23–28 35th Int’l Conference and index.asp 24–26 Cements Division/Center for Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Advanced Cement-Based Materials 12–13 26th Int’l Activated Carbon Composites – Daytona Beach, Fla.; Annual Meeting – Vanderbilt University, Conference – Pittsburgh, Pa.; www.ceramics.org/icacc-11 Nashville, Tenn., www.ceramics.org/ www.pacslabs.com/conferences/iacc March 2011 divisions/cements-division 12–14 IMPLAST 2010 Symposium on Plasticity & Impact – Renaissance 16–18 The Ceramic Society of Japan August 2011 Hotel, Providence, R.I.; www.sem.org Annual Meeting 2011 – Shizuoka 1–3 Ceramic Leadership Summit 2011 University, Shizuoka, Japan ; www. – Hyatt Regency, Baltimore, Md.; www. 17–21 MS&T’10 Materials cersj.org ceramics.org/cls2011 Science & Technology 2010 Conference and Exhibition – Houston, 21–25 Flow and Fracture in 7–11 Int’l Workshop on Texas; www.matscitech.org Advanced Glasses (FFAG-5) – Saint- Piezoelectric Materials and Malo, France; www.larmaur. th Applications (IWPMA) 2011 for Clean 17–21 ACerS 112 Annual Meeting univ-rennes1.fr/english/news Energy Systems – Hotel Roanoke, (held in conjunction with MS&T’10) – Roanoke, Va.; www.cpe.vt.edu/ehw Houston, Texas; www.ceramics.org/ 23–24 St. Louis Section and the annualmeeting Refractory Ceramics Division 46th 28–Sept. 1 Sintering 2011 – Jeju Annual Symposium – Hilton St. Louis Island, Korea; www.sintering2011.org 18–27 2010 Fuel Cell Seminar & Airport Hotel, St. Louis, Mo.; www. Exposition – San Antonio, Texas; www. ceramics.org/sections/st-louis-section fuelcellseminar.com October 2011 th 27–29 50th Congress of the Spanish April 2011 2–7 EDP2011: The 4 Int’l Ceramic and Glass Society – Madrid, Conference on Electrophoretic 26–29 9th European Conference Spain; www.secv.es Deposition: Fundamentals and on Industrial Furnaces and Boilers – Applications – Casa Magna Marriott 27–29 ABET Annual Conference – Hotel Palácio, Estoril, Portugal; www. Hotel, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico; www. Partnering for Progress: Advancing cenertec.pt/infub/ engconfintl.org/11ab.html Constituent-Centered and Quality- Driven Accreditation – Tremonts Suite May 2011 Hotel, Baltimore, Md.; www.abet.org/ INTERTECH 2011 – Hyatt Dates in RED denote new entry in annual_issues.shtml 2–4 Regency O’Hare, Chicago, Ill.; www. this issue. intertechconference.com November 2010 Entries in BLUE denote ACerS rd GOMD 2011: Glass & Optical 14–18 3 Int’l Congress on 5–8 events. Ceramics – Osaka, Japan; www. Materials Division Spring Meeting – ceramic.or.jp/icc3 Hilton Hotel, Savanna, Ga.; www.ceram- denotes meetings that ACerS ics.org/gomd2011 cosponsors, endorses or otherwise cooperates in organizing.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 89, No. 8 63 Call for Contributing AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY October/November 2010 Editors for ACerS-NIST bulletin advertiser index Phase Equilibria Display Display Diagrams Advertisers Index Page No. Advertisers Index Page No.

Program AdValue Technology 59 Oxy-Gon Industries Inc 13 [email protected] • www.advaluetech.com 603-736-8422 [email protected] • www.oxy-gon.com ACCCO Inc/Burley Clay Products 60 [email protected] • www.acco-inc.com Powder Processing & Technology 60 www.pptechnology.com Active Minerals Intl. LLC 9 410-825-2920 • www.activeminerals.co PremaTech Advanced Ceramic 60 [email protected] • www.prematechac.com Almatis Inc. IFC www.almatis.co Quality Executive Search Inc. 59 Professors, www.qualityexec.com American Scientific Publishers OBC Researchers, 661-799-7200 Richard E. Mistler Inc. 59 Retirees, Post-Docs, [email protected] • www.aspbs.com [email protected] • www.drblade.com Blasch Precision Ceramics Inc. 59 Sem-Com Co. 61 and Graduate Students... [email protected]. [email protected] • www.sem-com.com Bullen 60 Specialty Glass Inc. 60 The General Editors of the reference www.bullen-ultrasonics.com [email protected] • www.sgiglass.com series Phase Equilibria Diagrams are in need of individuals from the ceramics Clemson University 58 Technical Products Inc. 60 community to critically evaluate published [email protected] 800-869-2008 • tpi@technical productsinc.com articles containing phase equilibria dia- www.technicalproductsinc.com grams. Additional contributing editors are Centorr/Vacuum Industries Inc. 13, 61 needed to edit new phase diagrams and 800-962-8631 Tempo Plastics Co. 13 write short commentaries to accompany [email protected] • www.centorr.com/cb 800-350-7711 • www.tempo-foam.com each phase diagram being added to the Delkic & Associates 59 VIOX Corp. 60 reference series. Especially needed are 904-285-0200 [email protected] • www.viox.com persons knowledgeable in foreign lan- guages including German, French, Detroit Process Machinery 17 West Penn Testing Group 61 Chinese, and Japanese. 586-469-0323 724-334-4140 • www.westpenntesting.com [email protected] Recognition: The Contributing Editor’s www.detroitprocessmachinery.com Zircar Zirconia Inc. 60 initials will accompany each commentary [email protected] written for the publication. In addi- Evans Analytical Group 61 www.zircarzirconia.com tion, your name and affiliation also will www.eaglabs.com be included on the Title Pages under Contributing Editors. Ferro Corp - Penn Yan 58 Fax 315-536-0941 Qualifications: General understanding of Glass Coatings & Concepts LLC 59 Advertising Sales the Gibbs phase rule and experimental [email protected] procedures for determination of phase Pat Janeway, Associate Publisher equilibria diagrams, and/or knowledge Geller Microanalytical Laboratory 61 [email protected] of theoretical methods to calculate phase www.gellermicro.com ph: 614-794-5826 • fx: 614-794-5822 diagrams. Harper International Corp. 61 Europe www.harperintl.com Compensation Per Article: Richard Rozelaar $40 for commentary & first diagram, Harrop Industries Inc. 3, 60, 61 [email protected] plus 614-231-3621 • www.harropusa.com $10 each second & third diagrams, plus ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 $5 for each additional diagram I Squared R Element Co. 15 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 [email protected] Classified Advertising/Services For Details Please Contact: www.isquaredrelement.com Pat Janeway Mrs. Mary Harne JRC - European Commission 58 [email protected] National Institute of Standards www.eu-careers.eu ph: 614-794-5826 • fx: 614-794-5822 and Technology Mohr Corp. 61 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8524 [email protected] • www.mohrcorp.com 600 N. Cleveland Ave, Suite 210 Building 223, Room A229 Westerville, OH 43082 Netzsch Instruments NA LLC 7, 61 Gaithersburg, MD (781) 272-5353 20899-8524, USA [email protected] • www.e-thermal.com Tel. 301-975-6109 E-mail: mary.harne @nist.gov

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