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Book of Digital Radiography Content by : Dr Book of Digital Radiography Content By : Dr. Ankita Kushwaha Course : Bachelor of Science ( B.Sc. ) Subject: Biophysics Semester : VI Paper : Seond Date : 2020-04-20 Digital Radiography Physical Principles and Quality Control Euclid Seeram Second Edition 123 Digital Radiography Euclid Seeram Digital Radiography Physical Principles and Quality Control Second Edition Euclid Seeram Medical Radiation Sciences University of Sydney Sydney Australia Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Sydney Sydney, NSW Australia Adjunct Associate Professor, Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences Monash University Clayton, VIC Australia Adjunct Professor, Faculty of Science Charles Sturt University Wagga Wagga, NSW Australia Adjunct Associate Professor, Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health University of Canberra Bruce, ACT Australia ISBN 978-981-13-3243-2 ISBN 978-981-13-3244-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3244-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018965417 1st edition: © Cengage Learning, 2010 2nd edition: © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore This book is dedicated to my two smart, precious, and overall cute granddaughters, Claire and Charlotte, with love and blessings to you both forever. Foreword Planar or general radiography is the most common imaging examination in medicine. It is an important tool for clinicians to consider when making a diagnosis of an illness or injury for a patient. Digital radiography is now the method to capture and display radiographic images. Digital radiography is a modality within the highly technological imaging world of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, diag- nostic ultrasound, positron emission tomography, and other complex digital imaging modalities. Digital radiographs require complex image processing to enable clinicians to fully visualize image detail. Digital images must be stor- able, transferrable, and recallable at distant locations and must meet quality standards to provide the required diagnostic patient information. Radiographers/radiologic technologists and radiologists must understand the physical principles and technical details of digital radiography imaging systems such as computed radiography, flat-panel digital systems, digital fluoroscopy, and digital mammography in order to maximize image quality from the captured X-ray data. This text provides an insight into the under- standing of digital radiography imaging modalities. It describes the acquisi- tion of these images in the context of the digital environment through an explanation of the basic digital image processing, image storage, and trans- mission and explains the process of quality control in digital radiography. The name Euclid Seeram has become synonymous with radiography edu- cation. Euclid has decades of experience in teaching all the areas of medical imaging. During this time he has gained worldwide respect as an educator and an author. Euclid has the gift of being able to explain difficult concepts in a way that students can grasp. This has been seen in his other texts. This book continues in this tradition and makes complex concepts easier to understand. The success of the first edition is only part of the story of Euclid’s contri- butions in the field. He continues to promote updated educational content for technologists, including a website of DR artifacts. By the time I met Euclid again at one of a series of CR and DR workshops that Larry Filipow, a Canadian pioneer in DR and PACS, Tony Seibert, an American pioneer in DR and PACS, and I were presenting across Canada, his work was well known throughout North America. Coincidentally, in individual conversations with Euclid, each of us said essentially the same thing: “we like what you’re doing for the technologists!” vii viii Foreword Through his efforts to provide practical and understandable information to the individuals who have the responsibility to produce the DR images, Euclid has made a broad positive impact on the quality of DR operations. Students will appreciate the detail, ease of explanation, and breadth of treatment of the topics in digital radiography. His mother properly named him Euclid expecting him to complement this moniker for science and mathemat- ics. Furthermore, Euclid has demonstrated a continual quest for knowledge in the medical imaging sciences field via his numerous lifelong education pur- suits. Having completed courses in digital radiography from several notable experts in the field as well as a course on medical imaging informatics from Stanford University, he has also obtained a certificate of MRI Physics from the American Association of Physicists in Medicine summer school. He is a full member of the Health Physics Society and has been active in the field of Radiation Protection, which led to his PhD dissertation entitled “Optimization of the Exposure Indicator of a Computed Radiography Imaging System as a Radiation Dose Management Strategy.” Euclid is willing to share this knowledge with the imaging community. These efforts continue to make him a successful author and educator. For those studying in the field of medical imaging or for those just wishing to gain a high level understanding of digital radiography, we highly recommend this book. Stewart Carlyle Bushong Radiologic Science Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, USA Rob Davidson Medical Imaging, University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia Charles Willis Department of Imaging Physics The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX, USA Preface The motivation for a second edition of this book stems from the continued technical evolution of digital radiographic imaging systems, as well as the introduction of new principles, issues, and ideas relating to digital imaging. With these considerations in mind, the book is now titled Digital Radiography: Physical Principles and Quality Control. Furthermore, technical advances have been a recurring feature in digital detector technology and the develop- ment of a standardized exposure indicator by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS), and imaging informatics. The next era in imaging informatics will include topics such as enterprise imaging, cloud computing, big data, and artificial intelligence (AI) including subsets of AI such as machine learning and deep learning. Furthermore, there has been a significant development of a technique referred to as digital tomosynthesis featuring two main application areas: radiographic tomosynthesis and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT). An important consideration from this new title is the lack of textbooks on this subject for radiologic technologists especially one that includes dose optimization principles, an essential ingredient that provides significant guid- ing principles to clinical practitioners to work within the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) philosophy, in an effort to protect not only the patient but personnel as well. New to This Edition The chapters in this book have been updated to address the continued tech- nical evolution and major technology trends in digital radiographic imag- ing. Furthermore, a set of updated articles have been cited to support the inclusion of major new technical areas of current interest in clinical practice such as the following: the standardized exposure indicator, digital tomosyn- thesis, and enterprise imaging, including vendor neutral archives (VNAs), cloud computing, big data (BG), and artificial intelligence (AI) including subsets of AI such as machine learning and deep learning. The addition of numerous new images illustrates the fundamental principles of these new technologies, and new line drawings serve to enhance and provide impor- tant concepts in the text. Last but not least, a reasonable effort has been ix x Preface made to keep the cited literature current. These references are important since they serve a twofold purpose: 1. To validate the statements made in the textbook regarding digital radiog- raphy physical principles and applications 2. To guide the student to the primary
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