DOCSLIB.ORG

Syllabus, and Subject to Change Or Revision by the Instructors

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

GSEM: War and Peace in the Ancient World Annette M. Baertschi / Fall 2009 Astrid Lindenlauf Preliminary Schedule of Readings and Lectures Note: This is a tentative syllabus, and subject to change or revision by the instructors. WEEK 1 INTRODUCTION: THE STUDY OF WAR September 3 ▪ Introduction and Overview ▪ Topics: approaches to war, ideologies of war, warfare in the classical world, perceptions in art and literature, etc. ▪ Core Readings: 1. H. van Wees, “Warfare and Society”, in: The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, Vol. 1: Greece, the Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome, ed. P. Sabin, H. van Wees, and M. Whitby (2007), 273–299 2. T. Hölscher, “Images of War in Greece and Rome: Between Military Practice, Public Memory, and Cultural Symbolism”, Journal of Roman Studies 93 (2003), 1–17 3. P. J. Holliday, “Scenes of Battle, Emblems of Conquest”, in: The Origins of Roman Historical Commemoration in the Visual Arts (2002), 63–121 4. J. Cobet, “Herodotus and Thucydides on War”, in: Past Perspectives. Studies in Greek and Roman Historical Writing, ed. I. S. Moxon, J. D. Smart, and A. J. Woodman (1986), 1–18 5. P. A. Brunt, “Laus Imperii”, in: Roman Imperial Themes, ed. P. A. Brunt (1990), 288–323 6. H. Sidebottom, “Philosophers’ Attitudes to Warfare under the Principate”, in: War and Society in the Roman World, ed. J. Rich and G. Shipley (1993), 241–264 ▪ Further Readings: 1. A. Cohen, “The Battle between Darius and Alexander; The First Level of Existence”, in: The Alexander Mosaic. Stories of Victory and Defeat (1997), 83–142 2. I. M. Ferris, “Image and Reality”, in: Enemies of Rome. Barbarians Through Roman Eyes (2000), 148–177 WEEK 2 INTRODUCTION: THE STUDY OF WAR (CONT.) September 10 ▪ Topics: war and masculinity, women and war, self and other, foreign war vs. civil war, aristocratic vs. democratic warfare, etc. ▪ Core Readings: 1. D. Ogden, “Homosexuality and Warfare in Ancient Greece”, in: Battle in Antiquity, ed. A. B. Lloyd (1996), 107–168 2. K. Dowden, “The Amazons: Development and Functions”, Rheinisches 1 GSEM: War and Peace in the Ancient World Annette M. Baertschi / Fall 2009 Astrid Lindenlauf Museum für Philologie 140 (1997), 97–128 3. E. Hall, “Asia Unmanned: Images of Victory in Classical Athens”, in: War and Society in the Greek World, ed. J. Rich and G. Shipley (1993), 108–133 4. I. M. Ferris, “The Enemy Within”, in: Enemies of Rome. Barbarians Through Roman Eyes (2000), 119–147 5. A. N. Sherwin-White, “The Northern Barbarians in Strabo and Caesar”, “Tacitus and the Barbarians”, in: Racial Prejudice in Imperial Rome (1967), 1–61 6. H. van Wees, “Homeric Warfare”, in: A New Companion to Homer, ed. I. Morris and B. Powell (1997), 668–693 7. V. Hanson, “Democratic Warfare, Ancient and Modern”, in: War and Democracy. A Comparative Study of the Korean War and the Peloponnesian War, ed. B. Strauss and D. McCann (2001), 3–33 8. K. Raaflaub, “Father of All – Destroyer of All: War in Late Fifth- Century Athenian Discourse and Ideology”, in: War and Democracy. A Comparative Study of the Korean War and the Peloponnesian War, ed. B. Strauss and D. McCann (2001), 307–356 ▪ Further Readings: 1. E. Hall, “The Barbarian Enters Myth”, in: Inventing the Barbarian. Greek Self-Definition Through Tragedy (1989), 101–159 2. L. Rawlings, “Caesar’s Portrayal of Gauls as Warriors”, in: Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter. The War Commentaries as Political Instruments, ed. K. Welch and A. Powell (1998), 171–192 3. K. Clarke, “An Island Nation: Re-Reading Tacitus’ Agricola”, Journal of Roman Studies 91 (2001), 94–112 4. P. Heather, “The Barbarian in Late Antiquity: Image, Reality, and Transformation”, in: Constructing Identities in Late Antiquity, ed. R. Miles (1999), 234–258 WEEK 3 INTRODUCTION: THE STUDY OF PEACE: GREECE September 17 ▪ Topics: concepts, notions and theories of peace, criteria and strategies for peace, peace time, etc. ▪ Core Readings: 1. M. Defourny, “The Aim of the State: Peace”, in: Articles on Aristotle. 2. Ethics and Politics, ed. J. Barnes, M. Schofield, and R. Sorabji (1977), 195–201 2. K. Raaflaub, “Introduction: Searching for Peace in the Ancient World”, in: War and Peace in the Ancient World, ed. K. A. Raaflaub (2007), 1– 33 3. L. A. Tritle, “War and Peace Among the Greeks”, in: War and Peace in the Ancient World, ed. K. A. Raaflaub (2007), 172–190 4. D. Konstan, “War and Reconciliation in Greek Literature”, in: War and Peace in the Ancient World, ed. K. A. Raaflaub (2007), 191–205 5. C. L. Lawton, “Attic Votive Reliefs and the Peloponnesian War”, in: 2 GSEM: War and Peace in the Ancient World Annette M. Baertschi / Fall 2009 Astrid Lindenlauf Art in Athens During the Peloponnesian War, ed. O. Palagia (2009), 66–93 ▪ Further Readings: 1. K. Raaflaub, “Homer and Thucydides on Peace and Just War”, in: Experiencing War. Trauma and Society in Ancient Greece and Today, ed. M. B. Cosmopoulos (2007), 81–94 2. M. Ostwald, “Peace and War in Plato and Aristotle”, Scripta Classica Israelica 15 (1996), 102–118 WEEK 4 INTRODUCTION: THE STUDY OF PEACE: ROME September 24 ▪ Topics: concepts, notions and theories of peace, criteria and strategies for peace, pax Romana, etc. ▪ Core Readings: 1. G. Woolf, “Roman Peace”, in: War and Society in the Roman World, ed. J. Rich and G. Shipley (1993), 171–194 2. N. Rosenstein, “War and Peace, Fear and Reconciliation at Rome”, in: War and Peace in the Ancient World, ed. K. A. Raaflaub (2007), 226– 244 3. C. A. Barton, “The Price of Peace in Ancient Rome”, in: War and Peace in the Ancient World, ed. K. A. Raaflaub (2007), 245–255 4. J. Blair DeBrohun, “The Gates of War (and Peace): Roman Literary Perspectives”, in: War and Peace in the Ancient World, ed. K. A. Raaflaub (2007), 256–277 5. P. J. Holliday,“Time, History and Ritual on the Ara Pacis Augustae”, Art Bulletin 72 (1990), 542–557 6. D. Cloud, “Roman Poetry and Anti-Militarism”, in: War and Society in the Roman World, ed. J. Rich and G. Shipley (1993), 113–138 ▪ Further Readings: 1. M. J. Strazzulla, “War and Peace: Housing the Ara Pacis in the Eternal City”, American Journal of Archaeology Online 113 (2009) WEEK 5 COMMEMORATION OF WAR AND PEACE: GREECE October 1 ▪ Topics: burial places (Marathon), grave monuments and funerary art, “memorial spaces”, private and public, historiography of ancient warfare, etc. ▪ Core Readings: 1. S. Hornblower, “Warfare in Ancient Literature: The Paradox of War”, in: The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, Vol. 1: Greece, the Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome, ed. P. Sabin, H. van Wees, and M. Whitby (2007), 22–81 2. B. Bosworth, “Thucydides and the Unheroic Dead”, in: Art in Athens During the Peloponnesian War, ed. O. Palagia (2009), 168–187 3 GSEM: War and Peace in the Ancient World Annette M. Baertschi / Fall 2009 Astrid Lindenlauf 3. H. R. Goette, “Images in the Athenian ‘Demosion Semac’ ” , in: Art in Athens During the Peloponnesian War, ed. O. Palagia (2009), 188–206 4. H. R. Goette and T. M. Weber, Marathon. Siedlungskammer und Schlachtfeld – Sommerfrische und Olymische Wettkampfstätte (2004), 78–85 5. J. M. Hurwit, “The Problem with Dexileos: Heroic and Other Nudities in Greek Art”, American Journal of Archaeology 111 (2007), 35–60 6. E. Rice, “The Glorious Dead: Commemoration of the Fallen and Portrayal of Victory in the Late Classical and Hellenistic World”, in: War and Society in the Greek World, ed. J. Rich and G. Shipley (1993), 224–257 ▪ Further Readings: 1. C. W. Clairmont, Classical Attic Tombstones (1993) 2. J. H. Oakley, Picturing Death in Classical Athens (2004) 3. G. J. Oliver, The Epigraphy of Death (2000) 4. L. Parlama, “Palaiologou Shaft, Athens”, in: The City Beneath the City. Antiquities From the Metropolitan Railway Excavations, ed. L. Parlama and N. C. Stampolidis (2001), 396–399 5. R. Stupperich. Staatsbegräbnis und Privatgrabmal im klassischen Athen, Ph.D. Münster (1977) WEEK 6 COMMEMORATION OF WAR AND PEACE: ROME October 8 ▪ Topics: “memorial spaces”, private and public, triumph, historiography of ancient warfare, etc. ▪ Core Readings: 1. M. Beard, “The Impact of the Triumph”, in: The Roman Triumph (2007), 42–71 2. M. Beard, “Constructions and Reconstructions”, in: The Roman Triumph (2007), 72–106 3. P. J. Holliday, “Images of Triumph”, in: The Origins of Roman Historical Commemoration in the Visual Arts (2002), 22–62 4. P. J. Holliday, “Funerary Commemorations”, in: The Origins of Roman Historical Commemoration in the Visual Arts (2002), 122–154 5. P. J. E. Davies, “The Politics of Perpetuation. Trajan’s Column and the Art of Commemoration”, American Journal of Archaeology 101 (1997), 41–65 ▪ Further Readings: 1. T. Corey Brennan, “Triumphus in Monte Albano“, in: Transitions to Empire. Essays in Greco-Roman History, 360-146 B.C. in Honor of E. Badian, ed. R. W. Wallace and E. M. Harris (1996), 315–337 2. A. Powell, “Julius Caesar and the Presentation of Massacre”, in: Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter. The War Commentaries as Political Instruments, ed. K. Welch and A. Powell (1998), 111–137 3. B. A. Kellum, “What We See and What We Don’t See. Narrative 4 Annette M. Baertschi / GSEM: War and Peace in the Ancient World Astrid Lindenlauf Structure and the Ara Pacis Augustae”, Art History 17 (1994), 46–58 WEEK 7 October 10–18 FALL BREAK – NO SEMINAR! WEEK 8 ARCHAEOLOGY OF WARFARE: BATTLEFIELDS October 22 ▪ Topics: individual battlefields (Marathon, Teutoburg Forest, etc.), battlefields as “memorial spaces”, etc. ▪ Core Readings: 1. C. Hein, “Hiroshima: The Atomic Bomb and Kenzo Tange's Hiroshima Peace Center”, in Out of Ground Zero: Case Studies in Urban Reinvention, ed.
Recommended publications
  • Philosophy and the Foreigner in Plato's Dialogues

    Philosophy and the Foreigner in Plato's Dialogues

    Philosophy and the Foreigner in Plato’s Dialogues By Rebecca LeMoine A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Political Science) at the UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON 2014 Date of final oral examination: 06/20/2014 The dissertation is approved by the following members of the Final Oral Committee: Richard Avramenko, Associate Professor, Political Science Alex Dressler, Assistant Professor, Classics Daniel Kapust, Associate Professor, Political Science Helen Kinsella, Associate Professor, Political Science John Zumbrunnen, Professor, Political Science i ABSTRACT The place of foreigners in Plato’s thought remains understudied despite the prevalence of foreign characters, myths, and practices throughout his dialogues. Attending to this gap in the scholarly literature, this dissertation challenges conventional depictions of Plato as hostile to diversity by showing that Plato makes a compelling case for why we should engage with foreigners: the epistemological benefits of cross-cultural engagement. Through exegetical readings of the Republic, Laws, Phaedrus, and Menexenus, I argue that Plato finds cross-cultural dialogue epistemologically beneficial owing to its ability to provoke us to philosophize together, an activity at once conducive to the quest for wisdom and generative of friendship. Put simply, conversations with foreigners perform the same role as the Socratic gadfly of stinging us into consciousness. This finding has major implications for the field of political theory and, specifically, for the role of the new subfield commonly referred to as comparative political theory. By demonstrating the centrality of cross-cultural dialogue to Plato’s conception of political theory, this dissertation suggests that comparative political theory is not a deviation from the tradition of Western political theory, but a restoration of it.
  • Politics and Policy in Corinth 421-336 B.C. Dissertation

    Politics and Policy in Corinth 421-336 B.C. Dissertation

    POLITICS AND POLICY IN CORINTH 421-336 B.C. DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by DONALD KAGAN, B.A., A.M. The Ohio State University 1958 Approved by: Adviser Department of History TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ................................................. 1 CHAPTER I THE LEGACY OF ARCHAIC C O R I N T H ....................7 II CORINTHIAN DIPLOMACY AFTER THE PEACE OF NICIAS . 31 III THE DECLINE OF CORINTHIAN P O W E R .................58 IV REVOLUTION AND UNION WITH ARGOS , ................ 78 V ARISTOCRACY, TYRANNY AND THE END OF CORINTHIAN INDEPENDENCE ............... 100 APPENDIXES .............................................. 135 INDEX OF PERSONAL N A M E S ................................. 143 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................... 145 AUTOBIOGRAPHY ........................................... 149 11 FOREWORD When one considers the important role played by Corinth in Greek affairs from the earliest times to the end of Greek freedom it is remarkable to note the paucity of monographic literature on this key city. This is particular­ ly true for the classical period wnere the sources are few and scattered. For the archaic period the situation has been somewhat better. One of the first attempts toward the study of Corinthian 1 history was made in 1876 by Ernst Curtius. This brief art­ icle had no pretensions to a thorough investigation of the subject, merely suggesting lines of inquiry and stressing the importance of numisihatic evidence. A contribution of 2 similar score was undertaken by Erich Wilisch in a brief discussion suggesting some of the problems and possible solutions. This was followed by a second brief discussion 3 by the same author.
  • An Analysis of the Historiographical Treatment of Athenian Democracy

    An Analysis of the Historiographical Treatment of Athenian Democracy

    Ouachita Baptist University Scholarly Commons @ Ouachita Honors Theses Carl Goodson Honors Program 2019 An Analysis of the Historiographical Treatment of Athenian Democracy John Thomas Ryan Ouachita Baptist University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.obu.edu/honors_theses Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the Political History Commons Recommended Citation Ryan, John Thomas, "An Analysis of the Historiographical Treatment of Athenian Democracy" (2019). Honors Theses. 713. https://scholarlycommons.obu.edu/honors_theses/713 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Carl Goodson Honors Program at Scholarly Commons @ Ouachita. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons @ Ouachita. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SENIOR THESIS APPROVAL This Honors thesis entitled "An Analysis Of The Historiographical Treatment Of Athenian Democracy" written by John Thomas Ryan and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for completion of the Carl Goodson Honors Program meets the criteria for acceptance and has been approved by the undersigned readers. Dr. Bethany Hicks, thesis director Dr. Chris Mortenson, second reader Dr. Steven Thomason, third reader Dr. Barbara Pemberton, Honors Program director 29 April 2019 An Analysis Of The Historiographical Treatment Of Athenian Democracy John Thomas Ryan The government of Athens has had an uncommon influence through time. This influence is revealed by historians and writers who have examined time and time again this single city. Athens has been critiqued and praised by these writers ever since the city-state gained a position of prominence in the Greek world.
  • University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan LINDA JANE PIPER 1967

    University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan LINDA JANE PIPER 1967

    This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 66-15,122 PIPER, Linda Jane, 1935- A HISTORY OF SPARTA: 323-146 B.C. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1966 History, ancient University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan LINDA JANE PIPER 1967 All Rights Reserved A HISTORY OF SPARTA: 323-1^6 B.C. DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Linda Jane Piper, A.B., M.A. The Ohio State University 1966 Approved by Adviser Department of History PREFACE The history of Sparta from the death of Alexander in 323 B.C; to the destruction of Corinth in 1^6 B.C. is the history of social revolution and Sparta's second rise to military promi­ nence in the Peloponnesus; the history of kings and tyrants; the history of Sparta's struggle to remain autonomous in a period of amalgamation. It is also a period in Sparta's history too often neglected by historians both past and present. There is no monograph directly concerned with Hellenistic Sparta. For the most part, this period is briefly and only inci­ dentally covered in works dealing either with the whole history of ancient Sparta, or simply as a part of Hellenic or Hellenistic 1 2 history in toto. Both Pierre Roussel and Eug&ne Cavaignac, in their respective surveys of Spartan history, have written clear and concise chapters on the Hellenistic period. Because of the scope of their subject, however, they were forced to limit them­ selves to only the most important events and people of this time, and great gaps are left in between.
  • The Greeks and America's Founding Fathers

    The Greeks and America's Founding Fathers

    The Objective Standard The Greeks and America’s Founding Fathers TIMOTHY SANDEFUR The Greeks and America’s Founding Fathers TIMOTHY SANDEFUR Copyright © 2018 by The Objective Standard. All rights reserved. The Rational Alternative to “Liberalism” and Conservatism OBAMACARE v. GOVERNMENT’S ASSAULT ANDY KESSLER ON Ayn Rand THE BRILLIANCE THE CONSTITUTION (p.11) ON CAREER COLLEGES (p.53) “EATING PEOPLE” (p.75) Contra Nietzsche CEO Jim Brown’s Vision OF LOUIS PASTEURTHE OBJECTIVE STANDARD THE WAR BETWEEN STANDARD OBJECTIVE THE for the Ayn Rand Institute EDUCATION IN INTELLECTUALS AND CAPITALISM Capitalism A FREE SOCIETY Because Science Alex Epstein on How to The Objective StandardVOL. 6, NO. 2 • SUMMER 2011 THE OBJECTIVE STANDARD The Objective Standard Improve Your World – 2014 VOL. 8, NO. 4 • WINTER 2013 Robin Field on Objectivism Forand theProfit Performing Arts The Objective Standard VOL. 12, NO. 1 • SPRING 2017 “Ayn Rand Said” Libertarianism It is Is Not an Argument VOL. 11, NO. 2 • SUMMER 2016 vs. THE OBJECTIVE STANDARD Time: The Objective Standard Radical Capitalism America CONSERVATIVES’FAULT at Her The Iranian & Saudi Regimes Best Plus: Is SPRING 2017 ∙ VOL. 12, NO. 1 NO. 12, VOL. ∙ 2017 SPRING (p.19) SUMMER 2011 ∙ VOL. 6, NO. 2 NO. 6, ∙ VOL. SUMMER 2011 MUST GO WINTER 2013–2014 ∙ VOL. 8, NO. 4 Plus: Ex-CIA Spy Reza Kahlili on Iran’s Evil Regime (p.24)Hamiltonian Ribbon, Orange Crate, and Votive Holder, 14” x 18” Historian John D. Lewis on U.S. Foreign Policy (p.38) LINDA MANN Still Lifes in Oil SUMMER 2016 ∙ VOL. 11, NO. 2 lindamann.com ∙ 425.644.9952 WWW.CAPITALISTPIG.COM POB 1658 Chicago, IL 60658 An actively managed hedge fund.
  • An Allied History of the Peloponnesian League: Elis, Tegea, and Mantinea

    An Allied History of the Peloponnesian League: Elis, Tegea, and Mantinea

    An Allied History of the Peloponnesian League: Elis, Tegea, and Mantinea By James Alexander Caprio B.A. Hamilton College, 1994 M.A. Tufts University, 1997 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Classical, Near Eastern, and Religious Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA January, 2005 © James A. Caprio, 2005 Abstract Elis, Tegea, and Mantinea became members of the Peloponnesian League at its inception in 506, although each had concluded an alliance with Sparta much earlier. The initial arrangement between each city-state and Sparta was reciprocal and membership in the League did not interfere with their individual development. By the fifth century, Elis, Mantinea, and Tegea had created their own symmachies and were continuing to expand within the Peloponnesos. Eventually, the prosperity and growth of these regional symmachies were seen by Sparta as hazardous to its security. Hostilities erupted when Sparta interfered with the intent to dismantle these leagues. Although the dissolution of the allied leagues became an essential factor in the preservation of Sparta's security, it also engendered a rift between its oldest and most important allies. This ultimately contributed to the demise of Spartan power in 371 and the termination of the Peloponnesian League soon thereafter. 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ii Table of Contents iii List of Maps iv List of Abbreviations v Acknowledgements viii Introduction • 1 Chapter One: Elis 20 Chapter Two: Tegea and southern Arkadia 107 Chapter Three: Mantinea and northern Arkadia 181 Conclusion 231 Bibliography , 234 iii Maps Map 1: Elis 21 Map 2: Tegean Territory 108 Map 3: The Peloponnesos 109 Map 4: Phigalia 117 Map 5: Mantinea and Tegea 182 Map 6: Mantinea and its environs 182 Abbreviations Amit, Poleis M.
  • 1. Reading Civil War in Frontinus' Strategemata

    1. Reading Civil War in Frontinus' Strategemata

    1. Reading Civil War in Frontinus’ Strategemata: A case-study for Flavian Literary Studies Alice König To avoid having to touch upon the detestable memory of the civil wars (ac ne... ad civilium bellorum detestandam memoriam progredi cogar) by looking at too many home-grown examples of this sort, I will confine myself to just two Roman examples which reflect well on some very illustrious families without evoking public sorrow (ita nullum publicum maerorum continent)... (Valerius Maximus, Facta et dicta memorabilia 3.3.2)1 Part way through his collection of Memorable Deeds and Sayings, Valerius Maximus famously stops short, just as his section on patientia (‘endurance’) is getting going. Most sections of the text boast a healthy number of Roman exempla, followed by a smaller number of foreign tales. This section tells just two Roman stories (compared with seven foreign ones) before Valerius decides that enough is enough: additional Roman exempla on this topic might test the patientia of author and reader, because they would lead to detestable recollections of Rome’s civil wars. As Valerius presents it here, civil war is both a distinctively Roman problem and a taboo subject, although one never far away from the Roman consciousness: a festering historical wound, not to be casually uncovered in the quest for exemplary anecdotes.2 Frontinus’ Strategemata takes a different approach. This collection of specifically military exempla is first and foremost a didactic handbook, part of a well-established military writing tradition; but it draws also on historiography and the exempla tradition, and on Valerius’ text in particular.
  • 3.2 on War: Concepts, Definitions, Research Data a Short

    3.2 on War: Concepts, Definitions, Research Data a Short

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Groningen Digital Archive ON WAR: CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS, RESEARCH DATA - A SHORT LITERATURE REVIEW AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Johan M.G. van der Dennen 1 WAR: CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS 1.1 Introduction Even casual inspection of the literature reveals the following, incomplete, list of ‘war’ terms: limited war and total (or all-out) war, cold war and hot war, local war and world war, controlled and uncontrolled war, accidental war and premeditated war, conventional and nuclear war, declared and undeclared war, aggressive or offensive war and defensive war, general war and proxy war, international war and civil war, tribal and civilized war, preventive or pre-emptive war, protracted war, absolute war, war of liberation, war of conquest, war of commerce, war of plunder, revolutionary war, political war, economic war, social war, imperialist war, guerilla war, psychological war, strategic war, counter-insurgency war, dynastic war, monarchical war, ritual war, agonistic war, sacred war, instrumental war, genocidal war. Much of the complexity stems from the fact that the epithets refer to different aspects of, and perspectives on, war: e.g. war as condition, techniques of warfare, alleged motives and/or objectives of war, or assumptions about belligerent behavior and the causes (causative factors, determinants, conditions, etc. ) of war (cf. Grieves 1977). War is a species in the genus of violence; more specifically it is collective, direct, manifest, personal, intentional, organized, institutionalized, instrumental, sanctioned, and sometimes ritualized and regulated, violence. These distinguishing features and dimensional delineations are not limitative.

  • JACOB BURCKHARDT Judgments on History and Historians

    Judgments on History and Historians JACOB BURCKHARDT Judgments on History and Historians Translated by Harry Zohn WITH A FOREWORD BY ALBERTO R. COLL LIBERTY FUND Indianapolis This book is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a foundation established to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. The cuneiform inscription that serves as our logo and as the design motif for our endpapers is the earliest-known written appearance of the word ªfreedomº (amagi), or ªliberty.º It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 b.c. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash. q 1999 by Liberty Fund, Inc. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Originally published in 1958 by Beacon Press Frontispiece: Jacob Burckhardt, courtesy of Corbis-Bettmann. Used by permission. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Burckhardt, Jacob, 1818±1897. [Historische Fragmente. English] Judgments on history and historians / Jacob Burckhardt; translated by Harry Zohn; with a foreword by Alberto Coll. p. cm. Originally published: Boston: Beacon Press, 1958. With new foreword. isbn 0-86597-206-0 (alk. paper).Ðisbn 0-86597-207-9 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. HistoryÐPhilosophy. 2. World history. 3. Historiography. I. Title. d16.8.b813 1999 9078.2Ðdc21 98-17504 0302010099c54321 0302010099p54321 Liberty Fund, Inc. 8335 Allison Pointe Trail, Suite 300 Indianapolis, IN 46250-1687 Contents Foreword, xvii Translator's Preface, xxiii I. Antiquity 1. Ancient History and Its Scope, 1 2. On the Intellectual Indispensability of Studying Ancient History, 2 3. The Limits of Civilization and Barbarism, 4 4. Why Today's ªEducated Manº Can No Longer Understand Antiquity, 5 5.
  • Social Struggles of Early Rome 753-121 B.C.E. Philip John Porta a Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Salisbury Univers

    Social Struggles of Early Rome 753-121 B.C.E. Philip John Porta a Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Salisbury Univers

    Social Struggles of Early Rome 753-121 B.C.E. Philip John Porta A Thesis Submitted to The Graduate Faculty of Salisbury University In Partial Fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Arts Salisbury, Maryland February, 2016 Philip JohnPorta This project for the M.A. degree in History has been approved forthe HistoryDepartment by Theses Director Department Chair 2/29/16 Abstract This thesis is a short history of the social struggles of the Roman nation from the beginning of the Monarchy until the times of Julius Caesar in the late Republic. Some of the topics enclosed concern with the establishment of the Republic after the Monarchy, the creation and explanation of the offices of the Republic, the process of the Conflict of the orders, the class conflict between the patricians and the plebeians, and the creation of the Roman constitution. Other topics look at the expansion of Rome across the Mediterranean world through conquest during the Italian, Punic, Macedonian, and Seleucid Wars and how these events shaped the Roman government and social relations between the patricians and plebeians, as well as how the two classes came together during these times of crisis. The latter part of the paper deals with the rise of the Gracchi and the Roman Revolution, and how these events shaped the late Republic and allowed the rise of political figures such as Sulla, Marius, and Caesar. The conclusion finishes with the wrap up of the paper, as well as giving the reader a few small glimpses into the events after the Gracchan revolution. Introduction Rome: the name of this ancient civilizations city inspires thoughts of grandeur, imperial might, military conquest, and tales of tragedy.
  • Atlas of Ancient & Classical Geography

    Atlas of Ancient & Classical Geography

    mm '> Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Boston Library Consortium Member Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/atlasofancientclOO EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY EDITED BY ERNEST RHYS REFERENCE ATLAS OF ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY this is no. 451 of ere'Rjr&izdstis LIB%tA CRjT. THE PUBLISHERS WILL BE PLEASED TO SEND FREELY TO ALL APPLICANTS A LIST OF THE PUBLISHED AND PROJECTED VOLUMES ARRANGED UNDER THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS! TRAVEL ^ SCIENCE ^ FICTION THEOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY HISTORY ^ CLASSICAL FOR YOUNG PEOPLE ESSAYS ^ ORATORY POETRY & DRAMA BIOGRAPHY REFERENCE ' ROMANCE THE ORDINARY EDITION IS BOUND IN CLOTH WITH GILT DESIGN AND COLOURED TOP. THERE IS ALSO A LIBRARY EDITION IN REINFORCED CLOTH J. M. DENT & SONS LTD. ALDINE HOUSE, BEDFORD STREET, LONDON, W.C.2 E. P. DUTTON & CO. INC. 286-302 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK ATLAS OF>S ANCIENT Jg & CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY (EVERY LONDON &.TORONTO PUBLISHED BYJ M DENT &SONS DP &.IN NEWYORK BY E P DUTTON & CO First Issue of this Edition . 1907 Reprinted .... 1908, 1909, 1910, 1912, 1914, i9*7> 1921, 1925, 1928 1 3"537& Or 1033 A8 All rights reserved PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN INTRODUCTION Dr. Butler's atlas, which for a time filled the place in the series taken by this volume, has only been laid aside in response to a demand for better maps, clearer in detail. The new maps are designed to lighten the search for the place-names and the landmarks they contain by a freer spacing and lettering of the towns, fortresses, harbours, rivers and so forth, likely to be needed by readers of the classical writers and the histories of Greece and Rome.
  • The Historians' Portrayal of Bandits, Pirates, Mercenaries and Politicians

    The Historians' Portrayal of Bandits, Pirates, Mercenaries and Politicians

    Freelance Warfare and Illegitimacy: the Historians’ Portrayal of Bandits, Pirates, Mercenaries and Politicians A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the University of Minnesota BY Aaron L. Beek In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Advised by Andrew Gallia April 30, 2015 © Aaron L. Beek 2015 Abstract This dissertation examines freelance warfare in the ancient world. The ‘freelancer’ needs to be understood as a unified category, not compartmentalized as three (or more) groups: pirates, bandits, and mercenaries. Throughout, I contend that ancient authors’ perception and portrayal of the actions of freelancers dramatically affected the perceived legitimacy of those actions. Most other studies (e.g. Shaw 1984, de Souza 1999, Grünewald 1999, Pohl 1993, Trundle 2004, Knapp 2011) focus on ‘real’ bandits and on a single one of these groups. I examine these three groups together, but also ask what semantic baggage words like latro or leistes had to carry that they were commonly used in invectives. Thus rhetorical piracy is also important for my study. The work unfolds in three parts. The first is a brief chronological survey of ‘freelance men of violence’ of all stripes down to the second century BC. Freelancers engage in, at best, semi-legitimate acts of force. Excluded are standing paid forces and theft by means other than force, vis. In a form of ancient realpolitik, the freelancer was generally more acceptable to states than our aristocratic historians would prefer that we believe. Moreover, states were more concerned with control of these ‘freelancers’ than in their elimination. The second section explains events of the second and first century in greater detail.