GSEM: War and Peace in the Ancient World Annette M. Baertschi / Fall 2009 Astrid Lindenlauf

Preliminary Schedule of Readings and Lectures Note: This is a tentative syllabus, and subject to change or revision by the instructors.

WEEK 1 INTRODUCTION: THE STUDY OF WAR

September 3 ▪ Introduction and Overview ▪ Topics: approaches to war, ideologies of war, warfare in the classical world, perceptions in art and literature, etc. ▪ Core Readings: 1. H. van Wees, “Warfare and Society”, in: The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, Vol. 1: Greece, the Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome, ed. P. Sabin, H. van Wees, and M. Whitby (2007), 273–299 2. T. Hölscher, “Images of War in Greece and Rome: Between Military Practice, Public Memory, and Cultural Symbolism”, Journal of Roman Studies 93 (2003), 1–17 3. P. J. Holliday, “Scenes of Battle, Emblems of Conquest”, in: The Origins of Roman Historical Commemoration in the Visual Arts (2002), 63–121 4. J. Cobet, “Herodotus and Thucydides on War”, in: Past Perspectives. Studies in Greek and Roman Historical Writing, ed. I. S. Moxon, J. D. Smart, and A. J. Woodman (1986), 1–18 5. P. A. Brunt, “Laus Imperii”, in: Roman Imperial Themes, ed. P. A. Brunt (1990), 288–323 6. H. Sidebottom, “Philosophers’ Attitudes to Warfare under the Principate”, in: War and Society in the Roman World, ed. J. Rich and G. Shipley (1993), 241–264 ▪ Further Readings: 1. A. Cohen, “The Battle between Darius and Alexander; The First Level of Existence”, in: The Alexander Mosaic. Stories of Victory and Defeat (1997), 83–142 2. I. M. Ferris, “Image and Reality”, in: Enemies of Rome. Barbarians Through Roman Eyes (2000), 148–177

WEEK 2 INTRODUCTION: THE STUDY OF WAR (CONT.)

September 10 ▪ Topics: war and masculinity, women and war, self and other, foreign war vs. civil war, aristocratic vs. democratic warfare, etc. ▪ Core Readings: 1. D. Ogden, “Homosexuality and Warfare in Ancient Greece”, in: Battle in Antiquity, ed. A. B. Lloyd (1996), 107–168 2. K. Dowden, “The Amazons: Development and Functions”, Rheinisches

1 GSEM: War and Peace in the Ancient World Annette M. Baertschi / Fall 2009 Astrid Lindenlauf

Museum für Philologie 140 (1997), 97–128 3. E. Hall, “Asia Unmanned: Images of Victory in Classical Athens”, in: War and Society in the Greek World, ed. J. Rich and G. Shipley (1993), 108–133 4. I. M. Ferris, “The Enemy Within”, in: Enemies of Rome. Barbarians Through Roman Eyes (2000), 119–147 5. A. N. Sherwin-White, “The Northern Barbarians in Strabo and Caesar”, “Tacitus and the Barbarians”, in: Racial Prejudice in Imperial Rome (1967), 1–61 6. H. van Wees, “Homeric Warfare”, in: A New Companion to Homer, ed. I. Morris and B. Powell (1997), 668–693 7. V. Hanson, “Democratic Warfare, Ancient and Modern”, in: War and Democracy. A Comparative Study of the Korean War and the Peloponnesian War, ed. B. Strauss and D. McCann (2001), 3–33 8. K. Raaflaub, “Father of All – Destroyer of All: War in Late Fifth- Century Athenian Discourse and Ideology”, in: War and Democracy. A Comparative Study of the Korean War and the Peloponnesian War, ed. B. Strauss and D. McCann (2001), 307–356 ▪ Further Readings: 1. E. Hall, “The Barbarian Enters Myth”, in: Inventing the Barbarian. Greek Self-Definition Through Tragedy (1989), 101–159 2. L. Rawlings, “Caesar’s Portrayal of Gauls as Warriors”, in: Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter. The War Commentaries as Political Instruments, ed. K. Welch and A. Powell (1998), 171–192 3. K. Clarke, “An Island Nation: Re-Reading Tacitus’ Agricola”, Journal of Roman Studies 91 (2001), 94–112 4. P. Heather, “The Barbarian in Late Antiquity: Image, Reality, and Transformation”, in: Constructing Identities in Late Antiquity, ed. R. Miles (1999), 234–258

WEEK 3 INTRODUCTION: THE STUDY OF PEACE: GREECE

September 17 ▪ Topics: concepts, notions and theories of peace, criteria and strategies for peace, peace time, etc. ▪ Core Readings: 1. M. Defourny, “The Aim of the State: Peace”, in: Articles on Aristotle. 2. Ethics and Politics, ed. J. Barnes, M. Schofield, and R. Sorabji (1977), 195–201 2. K. Raaflaub, “Introduction: Searching for Peace in the Ancient World”, in: War and Peace in the Ancient World, ed. K. A. Raaflaub (2007), 1– 33 3. L. A. Tritle, “War and Peace Among the Greeks”, in: War and Peace in the Ancient World, ed. K. A. Raaflaub (2007), 172–190 4. D. Konstan, “War and Reconciliation in Greek Literature”, in: War and Peace in the Ancient World, ed. K. A. Raaflaub (2007), 191–205 5. C. L. Lawton, “Attic Votive Reliefs and the Peloponnesian War”, in:

2 GSEM: War and Peace in the Ancient World Annette M. Baertschi / Fall 2009 Astrid Lindenlauf

Art in Athens During the Peloponnesian War, ed. O. Palagia (2009), 66–93 ▪ Further Readings: 1. K. Raaflaub, “Homer and Thucydides on Peace and Just War”, in: Experiencing War. Trauma and Society in Ancient Greece and Today, ed. M. B. Cosmopoulos (2007), 81–94 2. M. Ostwald, “Peace and War in Plato and Aristotle”, Scripta Classica Israelica 15 (1996), 102–118

WEEK 4 INTRODUCTION: THE STUDY OF PEACE: ROME

September 24 ▪ Topics: concepts, notions and theories of peace, criteria and strategies for peace, pax Romana, etc. ▪ Core Readings: 1. G. Woolf, “Roman Peace”, in: War and Society in the Roman World, ed. J. Rich and G. Shipley (1993), 171–194 2. N. Rosenstein, “War and Peace, Fear and Reconciliation at Rome”, in: War and Peace in the Ancient World, ed. K. A. Raaflaub (2007), 226– 244 3. C. A. Barton, “The Price of Peace in Ancient Rome”, in: War and Peace in the Ancient World, ed. K. A. Raaflaub (2007), 245–255 4. J. Blair DeBrohun, “The Gates of War (and Peace): Roman Literary Perspectives”, in: War and Peace in the Ancient World, ed. K. A. Raaflaub (2007), 256–277 5. P. J. Holliday,“Time, History and Ritual on the Ara Pacis Augustae”, Art Bulletin 72 (1990), 542–557 6. D. Cloud, “Roman Poetry and Anti-Militarism”, in: War and Society in the Roman World, ed. J. Rich and G. Shipley (1993), 113–138 ▪ Further Readings: 1. M. J. Strazzulla, “War and Peace: Housing the Ara Pacis in the Eternal City”, American Journal of Archaeology Online 113 (2009)

WEEK 5 COMMEMORATION OF WAR AND PEACE: GREECE

October 1 ▪ Topics: burial places (Marathon), grave monuments and funerary art, “memorial spaces”, private and public, historiography of ancient warfare, etc. ▪ Core Readings: 1. S. Hornblower, “Warfare in Ancient Literature: The Paradox of War”, in: The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, Vol. 1: Greece, the Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome, ed. P. Sabin, H. van Wees, and M. Whitby (2007), 22–81 2. B. Bosworth, “Thucydides and the Unheroic Dead”, in: Art in Athens During the Peloponnesian War, ed. O. Palagia (2009), 168–187

3 GSEM: War and Peace in the Ancient World Annette M. Baertschi / Fall 2009 Astrid Lindenlauf

3. H. R. Goette, “Images in the Athenian ‘Demosion Semac’ ” , in: Art in Athens During the Peloponnesian War, ed. O. Palagia (2009), 188–206 4. H. R. Goette and T. M. Weber, Marathon. Siedlungskammer und Schlachtfeld – Sommerfrische und Olymische Wettkampfstätte (2004), 78–85 5. J. M. Hurwit, “The Problem with Dexileos: Heroic and Other Nudities in Greek Art”, American Journal of Archaeology 111 (2007), 35–60 6. E. Rice, “The Glorious Dead: Commemoration of the Fallen and Portrayal of Victory in the Late Classical and Hellenistic World”, in: War and Society in the Greek World, ed. J. Rich and G. Shipley (1993), 224–257 ▪ Further Readings: 1. C. W. Clairmont, Classical Attic Tombstones (1993) 2. J. H. Oakley, Picturing Death in Classical Athens (2004) 3. G. J. Oliver, The Epigraphy of Death (2000) 4. L. Parlama, “Palaiologou Shaft, Athens”, in: The City Beneath the City. Antiquities From the Metropolitan Railway Excavations, ed. L. Parlama and N. C. Stampolidis (2001), 396–399 5. R. Stupperich. Staatsbegräbnis und Privatgrabmal im klassischen Athen, Ph.D. Münster (1977)

WEEK 6 COMMEMORATION OF WAR AND PEACE: ROME

October 8 ▪ Topics: “memorial spaces”, private and public, triumph, historiography of ancient warfare, etc. ▪ Core Readings: 1. M. Beard, “The Impact of the Triumph”, in: The Roman Triumph (2007), 42–71 2. M. Beard, “Constructions and Reconstructions”, in: The Roman Triumph (2007), 72–106 3. P. J. Holliday, “Images of Triumph”, in: The Origins of Roman Historical Commemoration in the Visual Arts (2002), 22–62 4. P. J. Holliday, “Funerary Commemorations”, in: The Origins of Roman Historical Commemoration in the Visual Arts (2002), 122–154 5. P. J. E. Davies, “The Politics of Perpetuation. Trajan’s Column and the Art of Commemoration”, American Journal of Archaeology 101 (1997), 41–65 ▪ Further Readings: 1. T. Corey Brennan, “Triumphus in Monte Albano“, in: Transitions to Empire. Essays in Greco-Roman History, 360-146 B.C. in Honor of E. Badian, ed. R. W. Wallace and E. M. Harris (1996), 315–337 2. A. Powell, “Julius Caesar and the Presentation of Massacre”, in: Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter. The War Commentaries as Political Instruments, ed. K. Welch and A. Powell (1998), 111–137 3. B. A. Kellum, “What We See and What We Don’t See. Narrative

4 Annette M. Baertschi / GSEM: War and Peace in the Ancient World Astrid Lindenlauf

Structure and the Ara Pacis Augustae”, Art History 17 (1994), 46–58

WEEK 7

October 10–18 FALL BREAK – NO SEMINAR!

WEEK 8 ARCHAEOLOGY OF WARFARE: BATTLEFIELDS

October 22 ▪ Topics: individual battlefields (Marathon, Teutoburg Forest, etc.), battlefields as “memorial spaces”, etc. ▪ Core Readings: 1. C. Hein, “Hiroshima: The Atomic Bomb and Kenzo Tange's Hiroshima Peace Center”, in Out of Ground Zero: Case Studies in Urban Reinvention, ed. J. Ockman (2002), 63–83 2. P. Krentz, “Casualties in Hoplite Battles”, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 26 (1985), 13–20 3. N. Sekunda, Marathon 490 BC. The First Persian Invasion of Greece (2002), esp. 46–50, 81–83, 87, 88–92 4. W. K. Pritchett, “The Battles of Mantineia (418, 362, and 207 B.C.)”, in: Studies in Ancient Greek Topography II. Battlefields (1969), 37–72 5. A. Rost, “The Battle between Romans and Germans in Kalkriese: Interpreting the Archaeological Remains from an Ancient Battlefield”, in: Limes XX. Estudios sobre la frontera romana I, ed. Á. Morillo, N. Hanel and E. Martín (2009), 1339–1345 6. S. Wilbers-Rost, “The Sites of the Varus Battle at Kalkriese. Recent Results from Archaeological Research”, in: Limes XX. Estudios sobre la frontera romana I, ed. Á. Morillo, N. Hanel and E. Martín (2009), 1347–1352 7. Online resource for an English overview over the excavations at Kalkriese (esp. “finds and findings” and “news from the excavations”): http://www.kalkriese-varusschlacht.de/en/varusschlacht-archaeology-2- 6/ ▪ Further Readings: 1. T. L. Sutherland, Battlefield Archaeology – A Guide to the Archaeology of Conflict (2005), http://www.scribd.com/doc/404876/BATTLEFIELD- ARCHAEOLOGY-THE-ARCHAEOLOGY-OF-CONFLICT 2. J. Carman and P. Carman, “Mustering Landscapes: What Historic Battlefields Share in Common”, in: Fields of Conflict: Battlefield Archaeology from the Roman Empire to the Korean War I. Searching for War in the Ancient and Early Modern World, ed. D. Scott, L. Babits and C. Haecker (2007), 39–49 3. G. M. Pratt, “How Do you Know It’s a Battlefield”, in: Fields of Conflict: Battlefield Archaeology from the Roman Empire to the Korean War I. Searching for War in the Ancient and Early Modern World, ed. D. Scott, L. Babits and C. Haecker (2007), 5–38 4. H. R. Goette and T. M. Weber, Marathon. Siedlungskammer und 5

Annette M. Baertschi / GSEM: War and Peace in the Ancient World Astrid Lindenlauf

Schlachtfeld – Sommerfrische und Olympische Wettkampfstätte (2004), 61–94 5. J. B. Wilson, Pylos 425 B.C. A Historiographical and Topographical Study of Thucydides’ Account of the Campaign (1979) 6. G. Moosbauer and S. Wilbers-Rost, “Kalkriese und die Varusschlacht. Multidisziplinäre Forschungen zu einem militärischen Konflikt”, in: 2000 Jahre Varusschlacht. Imperium – Konflikt – Mythos (2009), 56– 67 7. A. Rost, “Das Schlachtfeld von Kalkriese. Eine archäologische Quelle für die Konfliktforschung”, in: 2000 Jahre Varusschlacht. Imperium – Konflikt – Mythos (2009), 68–76 ▪ Additional Activities: 1) Guest Lecture C. Hein: “The Peace Memorial in Hiroshima”; 2) Field Trip to Gettysburg (October 24)

WEEK 9 ARCHAEOLOGY OF WARFARE: FORTIFICATIONS

October 29 ▪ Topics: fortifications, walls, methods of fighting, concepts of defense, professionalization of warfare, construction, etc. ▪ Core Readings: 1. F. Winter, “The Critical Periods in the History of Greek Fortifications“, in: Greek Fortifications (1971), 289–333 2. D. Baatz, “Town Walls and Defensive Weapons”, in: Roman Urban Defences in the West, ed. J. Maloney and B. Hobley (1983), 136–140 3. D. B. Campbell, “The Design and Development of Legionary Fortresses”, Roman Legionary Fortresses 27 BC–AD 378 (2006), 7–32 4. E. N. Luttwak, “Introduction”, in: The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire. From the First Century A.D. to the Third (1976), 1–5 5. H. N. Parker, “Why Were the Vestals Virgins? Or The Chastity of Women and the Safety of the Roman State,” American Journal of Philology 125 (2004) 563–601 6. E. N. Luttwak, “Epilogue. The Three Systems: An Evaluation”, in: The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire. From the First Century A.D. to the Third (1976), 191–194 7. E. N. Luttwak, “The Invention of Byzantine Strategy”, in: The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire (2009), 2–13 ▪ Further Readings: 1. F. Rumscheid, “Mylasas Verteidigung: Burgen statt Stadtmauern?”, in: Stadt und Umland. Neue Ergebnisse der archäologischen Bau- und Siedlungsforschung. Bauforschungskolloquium in Berlin vom 7. bis 10. Mai 1997, ed. E.-L. Schwandner and K. Rheidt (1999), 206–222 2. F. Winter, “The Military Aspects of Greek Town-planning. Conclusions”, in: Greek Fortifications (1979), 54–65 3. F. Winter, “The Walls. Materials and Style of Masonry”, in: Greek Fortifications (1971), 68–100, esp. 68–95 4. F. A. Cooper, “The Fortifications of Epaminondas and the Rise of the Monumental Greek City”, in: City Walls. The Urban Enceinte in 6 Annette M. Baertschi / GSEM: War and Peace in the Ancient World Astrid Lindenlauf

Global Perspective, ed. J. D. Tracy (2000), 155–191 5. F. E. Winter, “A Summary of Recent Work on Greek Fortifications”, in: La fortification dans l’histoire du monde grec. Actes du colloque international. La fortification et sa place dans l’histoire politique, culturelle et sociale du monde grec, ed. P. Leriche and H. Tréziny (1986) 6. A. McNicoll, “Some Developments in Hellenistic Siege Warfare with Special Reference to Asia Minor”, in: Tenth International Congress of Classical Archaeology (1973), 405–420 7. E. W. Marsden, Greek and Roman Artillery. 2 vols. (1969-1971)M. Todd, “Town Walls and Defensive Weapons”, in: Roman Urban Defences in the West, ed. J. Maloney and B. Hobley (1983), 58–67 8. E. N. Luttwak, “Appendix. Power and Force. Definitions and Implications”, in: The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire. From the First Century A.D. to the Third (1976), 195–200 9. S. Johnson, Late Roman Fortifications (1983) ▪ Additional Activities: Public Lecture E. Luttwak: “Attila the Hun and Roman Strategy. A Comparison between the Earlier Romans and the East Roman Empire”

WEEK 10 SIEGE WARFARE

November 5 ▪ Topics: famous sieges and their representation in art and literature, strategies and tactics, technology of warfare, etc. ▪ Core Readings: 1. P. B. Kern, “Early Sieges through the Peloponnesian War”, in: Ancient Siege Warfare (1999), esp. 112–134 2. Y. Garlan, “War and Siegecraft”, in: The Cambridge Ancient History 7.1, ed. F. W. Walbank and A. E. Astin (21984), 353–362 3. Y. Connolly, “Hellenistic Warfare”, in: The Cambridge Ancient History 7.2, ed. R. Ling (1984), 81–90 4. B. Kern, “Early Sieges and the Punic Wars”, in: Ancient Siege Warfare (1999), esp. 278–285 5. http://www.le.ac.uk/ar/PoisongasatDura-Europos.htm [use of poison gas in ancient siege?] 6. P. Krentz, “Deception in Archaic and Classical Greek Warfare”, in: War and Violence in Archaic Greece, ed. H. van Wees (2000), 167– 200 7. J. P. Roth, “Siege Narrative in Livy”, in: Representations of War in Ancient Rome, ed. S. Dillon and K. E. Welch (2006), 49–67 8. S. Bartsch, “The Subject under Siege”, in: Ideology in Cold Blood. A Reading of Lucan’s Civil War (1997), 10–47 ▪ Further Readings: 1. F. G. Maier, “Ausgrabungen in Alt-Paphos, Stadtmauer und Belagerungswerke”, Archäologischer Anzeiger (1967), 303–330 2. B. Bosworth, “Alexander and the Army”, in: Conquest and Empire 7 Annette M. Baertschi / GSEM: War and Peace in the Ancient World Astrid Lindenlauf

(1988), 259–277 3. B. Kern, “The Age of Imperialism”, in: Ancient Siege Warfare (1999), 286–322 4. M. Bibby, “Fragging the Chain of Command: GI Resistance Poetry and Mutilation”, Journal of American Culture 16 (1993), 29–38

WEEK 11 SOLDIERS AND GENERALS

November 13 (!), ▪ Guest Lecture K. Raaflaub: “Riding on Homer’s Chariot: Early Greek 11:00am – 1:00pm Battles in an Epic, Historical, and Mediterranean Context” Taylor C ▪ Topics: structure of army, battle formations, single combat vs. mass fighting, recruiting, education of soldiers, support service, logistics, charismatic leaders, etc. ▪ Core Readings: 1. K. A. Raaflaub, “Soldiers, Citizens, and the Evolution of the Early Greek Polis”, in: The Development of the Polis in Archaic Greece, ed. L. G. Mitchell and P. J. Rhodes (1997), 49–59 2. H. van Wees, “The Development of the Hoplite Phalanx: Iconography and Reality in the Seventh Century”, in: War and Violence in Archaic Greece, ed. H. van Wees (2000), 125–166 3. P. A. Cartledge, “The Birth of the Hoplite: Sparta’s Contribution to Early Greek Military Organization”, in: Spartan Reflections, ed. P. A. Cartledge (2001), 153–166 4. R. Wallace, “Charismatic Leaders”, in: A Companion to Archaic Greece, ed. K. Raaflaub and H. van Wees (2009), 411–426 5. P. Beston, “Hellenistic Military Leadership”, in: War and Violence in Archaic Greece, ed. H. van Wees (2000), 315–335 6. A. Chaniotis, “Local Hero: The Statesman as Military Leader”, in: War in the Hellenistic World. A Social and Cultural History (2005), 31–36 7. A. K. Goldsworthy, “ ‘Instinctive Genius’: The Depiction of Caesar the General”, in: Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter. The War Commentaries as Political Instruments, ed. K. Welch and A. Powell (1998), 193–219 ▪ Further Readings: 1. K. Raaflaub, “Homeric Warriors and Battles: Trying to Resolve Old Problems”, Classical World 101.4 (2008), 469–483 2. H. Bowden, “Hoplites and Homer: Warfare, Hero Cult, and the Ideology of the Polis”, in: War and Society in the Greek World, ed. J. Rich and G. Shipley (1993), 45–63 3. N. Rosenstein, “Republican Rome”, in: War and Society in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds, ed. K. Raaflaub and N. Rosenstein (1999), 193– 216 4. B. Campbell, “The Roman Empire”, in: War and Society in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds, ed. K. Raaflaub and N. Rosenstein (1999), 217– 240 5. J. P. Roth, “War in the Hellenistic World and Roman Republic”, in: The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, Vol. 1: Greece, 8 Annette M. Baertschi / GSEM: War and Peace in the Ancient World Astrid Lindenlauf

the Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome, ed. P. Sabin, H. van Wees, and M. Whitby (2007), 368–398 ▪ Additional Activities: Public Lecture K. Raaflaub: “Peace as the Highest Good and End? The Role of Peace in Roman Thought and Politics”

WEEK 12 WAR, LAW, AND JUSTICE

November 19 ▪ Topics: legal aspects of war and peace, diplomacy and treaty-making, conflict and reconciliation, crime and guilt ▪ Core Readings: 1. M. M. Sage, “Truces and Peace Treaties”, in: Warfare in Ancient Greece. A Sourcebook (1996), 127–134 [under Primary Sources on Blackboard] 2. J. Ober, “Classical Greek Times”, in: The Laws of War: Constraints on Warfare in the Western World, ed. M. Howard, G. J. Andreopoulos, and M. R. Shulman (1994), 12–26, 227–230 3. V. Alonso, “War, Peace and International Law in Ancient Greece”, in: War and Peace in the Ancient World, ed. K. A. Raaflaub (2007), 206– 225 4. H. Sidebottom, “International Relations”, in: The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, Vol. 2: Rome From the Late Republic to the Late Empire, ed. P. Sabin, H. van Wees, and M. Whitby (2007), 3– 29 5. B. Campbell, “War and Diplomacy: Rome and Parthia, 31BC–AD 235”, in: War and Society in the Roman World, ed. J. Rich and G. Shipley (1993), 213–240 ▪ Further Readings: 1. M. M. Sage, “Treaties of Alliance”, in: Warfare in Ancient Greece. A Sourcebook (1996), 66–72 [under Primary Sources on Blackboard]

WEEK 13

November 26-29 THANKSGIVING BREAK – NO SEMINAR!

WEEK 14 VIOLENCE AND TRAUMA

December 3 ▪ Topics: war and violence, victims and survivors, forms of representations of violence, Christian views on violence, the trauma of war, etc.

▪ Core Readings: 1. J. Shay, “Killing Rage: physis or nomos – or both?”, in: War and Violence in Archaic Greece, ed. H. van Wees (2000), 31–56

9 Annette M. Baertschi / GSEM: War and Peace in the Ancient World Astrid Lindenlauf

2. J. Shay, “Berserk”, in: Achilles in Vietnam. Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character (1994), 77–99 3. L. Tritle, “Hector’s Body: Mutilation of the Dead in Ancient Greece and Vietnam”, Ancient History Bulletin 11 (1997), 123–136. 4. S. Deacy, “Athena and Ares. War, Violence and Warlike Deities”, in: War and Violence in Archaic Greece, ed. H. van Wees (2000), 285– 298 5. S. Dillon, “Women on the Columns of Trajan and Marcus Aurelius and the Visual Language of Roman Victory”, in: Representations of War in Ancient Rome, ed. S. Dillon and K. E. Welch (2006), 244–271 6. L. J. Swift, “Early Christian Views on Violence, War, and Peace”, in: War and Peace in the Ancient World, ed. K. A. Raaflaub (2007), 279– 296 ▪ Further Readings: 1. S. Hornblower, “Sticks, Stones, and Spartans. The Sociology of Spartan Violence”, in: War and Violence in Archaic Greece, ed. H. van Wees (2000), 57–82 2. T. G. Palaima, “Civilian Knowledge of War and Violence in Ancient Athens and Modern America”, in: Experiencing War. Trauma and Society in Ancient Greece and Today, ed. M. B. Cosmopoulos (2007), 9–34 3. S. Chrissanthos, “Aeneas in Iraq: Comparing the Roman and Modern Battle Experience”, in: Experiencing War. Trauma and Society in Ancient Greece and Today, ed. M. B. Cosmopoulos (2007), 225–257 4. Dominick LaCapra, “Trauma, Absence, Loss”, in: Writing History, Writing Trauma (2001), 43–85 5. S. Muth, “Extreme Positionen als Einstieg: Monsterhopliten und Helden im Kampf”, in: Gewalt im Bild. Das Phänomen der medialen Gewalt im Athen des 6. und 5. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. (2008), 25–64 6. S. Muth, “Summary”, in: Gewalt im Bild. Das Phänomen der medialen Gewalt im Athen des 6. und 5. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. (2008), 638–644 7. B. Cohen, “Man-Killers and Their Victims: Inversions of the Heroic Ideal in Classical Art”, in: Not the Classical Ideal. Athens and the Construction of the Other in Greek Art, ed. B. Cohen (2000), 98–131

WEEK 15 STUDENT PRESENTATIONS; SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING DISCUSSION

December 10 ▪ Topics: TBA

FINAL PAPER due December 31, 2009

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