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Nest-Site Selection in Individual Loggerhead Turtles and Consequences for Doomed-Egg Relocation

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Nest-Site Selection in Individual Loggerhead Turtles and Consequences for Doomed-Egg Relocation Contributed Paper Nest-Site Selection in Individual Loggerhead Turtles and Consequences for Doomed-Egg Relocation JOSEPH B. PFALLER,∗‡ COLIN J. LIMPUS,† AND KAREN A. BJORNDAL∗ ∗Archie Carr Center for Sea Turtle Research and Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A. †Queensland Environmental Protection Agency, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Abstract: Relocation of eggs is a common strategy for conservation of declining reptilian populations around the world. If individuals exhibit consistency in their nest-site selection and if nest-site selection is a heritable trait, relocating eggs deposited in vulnerable locations may impose artificial selection that would maintain traits favoring unsuccessful nest-site selection. Conversely, if most individuals scatter their nesting effort and individuals that consistently select unsuccessful nest sites are uncommon, then artificial selection would be less of a concern. During the 2005 nesting season of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) at Mon Repos beach, Queensland, Australia, we measured the perpendicular distance from the original nest site to a stationary dune baseline for in situ (unrelocated) and relocated clutches of eggs. We observed the fate of in situ clutches and predicted what would have been the fate of relocated clutches if they had not been moved by mapping tidal inundation and storm erosion lines. In 2005 turtles deposited an average of 3.84 nests and did not consistently select nest sites at particular distances from the stationary dune baseline. Selection of unsuccessful nest sites was distributed across the nesting population; 80.3% of the turtles selected at least one unsuccessful nest site and when previous breeding seasons were included, 97% selected at least one unsuccessful nest site. Females with nesting experience selected more successful nest sites than females with little or no experience. Relocating eggs vulnerable to tidal inundation and erosion saves the progeny from a large percentage of the population and the progeny from individuals who may in subsequent years nest successfully. Our results suggest that doomed-egg relocation does not substantially distort the gene pool in the eastern Australian loggerhead stock and should not be abandoned as a strategy for the conservation of marine turtle populations. Keywords: Caretta caretta, egg relocation, loggerhead sea turtle, nest-site selection, turtle conservation Seleccion´ de Sitios de Nidacion´ de Individuos de Tortugas de Carey y sus Consecuencias para la Reubicacion´ de Huevos Vulnerables Resumen: La reubicacion´ de huevos es una estrategia comun´ para la conservacion´ de poblaciones de reptiles en declinacion´ en todo el mundo. Si los individuos presentan consistencia en la seleccion´ de sitios de nidacion´ y si esta es hereditaria, la reubicacion´ de huevos depositados en sitios vulnerables puede imponer una seleccion´ artificial que mantendr´ıa la tendencia a favorecer la seleccion´ de sitios de nidacion´ no exitosos. Por el contrario, si la mayor´ıa de los individuos esparcen su esfuerzo de nidacion´ y los individuos que consistentemente seleccionan sitios no exitosos son comunes, entonces la seleccion´ artificial ser´ıa menos preocupante. Medimos la distancia perpendicular desde el sitio original del nido hasta la base de una duna fija para huevos in situ (no reubicados) y reubicados durante la ´epoca de nidacion´ de tortugas de carey (Caretta caretta) en la playa Mon Repos en 2005. Observamos el destino de las nidadas in situ y predijimos, mediante un mapa de la inundacion´ de la marea y de las l´ıneas de erosion,´ cual hubiera sido el destino de las nidadas reubicadas si no hubieran sido movidas. En 2005, las tortugas depositaron un promedio de 3.84 ‡Current address: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1100, U.S.A., email [email protected] Paper submitted February 18, 2008; revised manuscript accepted May 15, 2008. 72 Conservation Biology, Volume 23, No. 1, 72–80 C 2008 Society for Conservation Biology DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01055.x Pfaller et al. 73 nidos y no seleccionaron los sitios consistentemente a distancias particulares de la duna fija. La seleccion´ de nidos no exitosos se distribuyo´ en la poblacion;´ 80.3% de las tortugas seleccionaron por lo menos un sitio no exitoso y cuando incluimos datos de las temporadas de nidacion´ previas, 97% de los individuos selecciono´ por lo menos un sitio no exitoso. Las hembras con experiencia de nidacion´ seleccionaron mas´ sitios exitosos que las hembras con poca o ninguna experiencia. La reubicacion´ de huevos vulnerables a la inundacion´ de lamareayalaerosion´ salva a la progenie de un alto porcentaje de la poblacion´ y a la progenie de individuos que en anos˜ subsecuentes pueden anidar exitosamente. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la reubicacion´ de huevos vulnerables no distorsiona sustancialmente la poza g´enica de la poblacion´ de Australia oriental y no deber´ıa ser abandonada como estrategia para la conservacion´ de poblaciones de tortugas marinas. Palabras Clave: Caretta caretta, conservacion´ de tortugas, reubicacion´ de huevos, seleccion´ de sitios de nidacion,´ tortugas de carey Introduction uncommon, then distorting the gene pool may be less of a concern (Mrosovsky 1983; Pike 2008). Relocation of eggs is a common strategy for conserva- Marine turtles, because of their high site fidelity and tion of declining reptilian populations around the world, multiple nesting events within a season, provide an op- including crocodilians (Thorbjarnarson et al. 1992), ter- portunity to assess individual consistency in nest-site restrial and freshwater turtles (Kuchling 1999; Seigel & selection. In some threatened populations, 20–60% of Dodd 2000), and marine turtles (e.g., Limpus 1985; Mar- clutches are deposited in areas vulnerable to tidal inun- covaldi & Laurent 1996; Dutton et al. 2005; Kornaraki dation and erosion, which results in a substantial reduc- et al. 2006). Nest relocation has also been used in bird tion in hatchling production (e.g., Mrosovsky 1983; Whit- conservation programs (reviewed in Temple 1977). In an more & Dutton 1985; Eckert 1987). Distortion of the gene attempt to improve survival rates of eggs and hatchlings, pools by egg relocation in such populations merits con- clutches of eggs (i.e., doomed eggs) deposited in vul- cern only if these unsuccessful nest sites are consistently nerable areas (e.g., too close to the water) are relocated selected by the same individuals. Previous researchers away from their original nest site to a less vulnerable lo- have investigated sequential nest placement by individ- cation. Because selection of nest sites affects the fitness ual loggerheads (Caretta caretta) (Camhi 1993; Hays & of individual females through the survival and sex ratios Speakman 1993), green turtles (Chelonia mydas)(Bjorn- of the offspring (Wood & Bjorndal 2000; Congdon et al. dal & Bolten 1992), leatherbacks (Dermochelys coriacea) 2001), so saving eggs deposited in vulnerable locations (Eckert 1987; Tucker 1990; Kamel & Mrosovsky 2004; may impose artificial selection that maintains traits fa- Nordmoe et al. 2004), and hawksbills (Eretmochelys voring unsuccessful nest-site selection (Mrosovsky 1983, imbricata) (Kamel & Mrosovsky 2005, 2006). Most re- 2006, 2008) if nest-site selection is a heritable trait. port varying degrees of nest scattering, but Kamel and Concerns about distortion of gene pools through Mrosovsky (2005, 2006) found high consistency in nest doomed-egg relocation have received the greatest at- placement by individual hawksbills (E. imbricata)nest- tention in management programs for marine turtles ing in Guadeloupe, French West Indies, which suggests (Mrosovsky 2008; Pike 2008). As a result of this debate, that relocating doomed eggs in this population may main- the validity of egg relocation as a sound conservation tain negative traits linked to poor nest-site selection. To practice for marine turtles and management of nesting address the consistency of nest-site selection by indi- populations is currently being evaluated by the Marine vidual turtles further, we assessed nest-site selection by Turtle Specialist Group (International Union for the Con- individual loggerhead turtles within a single reproduc- servation of Nature [IUCN], Species Survival Commission tive season and across multiple seasons at Mon Repos, [SSC]). For doomed-egg relocation to distort gene pools, Australia. 2 criteria must be met. First, nest-site selection must be The Woongarra Coast of south Queensland, including heritable. Second, there must be consistent individual the beach at Mon Repos, supports the largest nesting ag- differences in nest-site selection. If individuals exhibit gregation of loggerhead turtles in eastern Australia and is consistency in their nest-site selection and if nest-site se- the primary index site for monitoring population trends lection is heritable, then relocating eggs deposited in vul- in the South Pacific (Limpus & Limpus 2003). Nesting nerable locations may impose artificial selection and in of marine turtles along the Woongarra Coast has been the long run may be unfavorable to the conservation of monitored each year since 1968, and essentially all nest- populations (Mrosovsky 1983, 2006, 2008). Conversely, ing loggerheads at Mon Repos and adjacent beaches have if most individuals scatter their nesting effort and individ- been tagged for individual recognition. Because of high uals that consistently
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