Energy Units and Conversion Factors

Home , British thermal unit, Tonne of oil equivalent

Deﬁnitions

One Joule (J) is the SI or MKS unit of energy, which is equal to energy spent or work done by a force of one Newton, acting over a distance of 1 m. The rate of doing this work per second is power and is equal to 1 W. If this is electrical power, then 1 W would be the power from a current of one Ampere (A) ﬂowing through a potential difference of one Volt (V). It is clear from the deﬁnition that work and energy are measured by the same units. Work can be considered as spent energy. Electricity consumption unit is the kilowatt-hour (kWh). 1 kWh is the quantity of power in kilowatts consumed in 1 h. For example, if a 50 W light bulb is used continuously for 20 h, the total power consumption would be 1000 Wh, which is equal to 1 kWh. Thus using a 1000 W electric iron for 1 h will consume 1 kWh of electricity. It is, in fact, the energy consumed in 1 h. Another example: A hydropower station rated to produce 120 MW of power would produce, in one year, 1,051,200 MWh of energy, if it operates steadily and continuously at the rated power. A British Thermal Unit (BTU) is the amount of heat required to raise one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit (F). While one Calorie of heat is the amount required to raise one gram of water through 1 °C. One kilogram (kg) is equivalent to 2.205 pounds (lb)

Energy Units 1 Calorie (cal.) = 4.184 J 1 British Thermal Units (Btu) = 1055 J 1 Electron volt (eV) = 1.602 × 10−19 J 1 BTU = 252 cal = 1055 J 1000 kWh = 3.41 million BTU 1 kWh = 3.6 × 106 J 1000 BTU = 1.055 MJ = 0.293 kWh

Power Units 1W=1VA 1Js−1 = 1 watt (W) 1 horse power (hp) = 746 W 1 Btu s−1 = 1060 W

Energy Equivalences

1 tonne of oil equivalent (TOE) equals: 42.2 GJ 0.93 tonnes gasoline 0.99 tonnes diesel oil 0.96 tonnes kerosene 1.04 tonnes fuel oil 0.93 tonnes LPG 1.61 tonnes coal 1.35 tonnes charcoal 2.63 tonnes fuel wood 6.25 tonnes bagasse One barrel of oil is 0.159 m3 and weighs about 136.4 kg (density of −3 oil = 857.9 kg m ). Environmental pollution through emission of CO2 due to consumption of fossil fuels per billion BTU is a major global concern. Emissions of CO2 in terms of pounds per billion BTU of energy, which can also be converted into kilograms per Joules or kilo-Joules of energy, are:

Coal 208,000 pounds Oil 164,000 pounds Natural Gas 117,000 pounds

Pounds of CO2 per 1000 kWh, at 100% efﬁciency:

Coal 709 pounds Oil 559 pounds Natural Gas 399 pounds Index

A Biomass regeneration, 304 Adamson’s Falls, 77 agro-forestry, 304 Agro-based industries, 58 Biomass residues, 218 Aerodynamic torque, 257 Biomass technologies, 102, 108, 126 Agro-forestry, 58, 299 Bituminous coal, 148, 149 Anaerobic decay, 147 Blue Nile, 219 Anaerobic decomposition, 152 Box cookers, 232 Anaerobic digester, 284 Briquette machines, 303 Anaerobic digestion, 283 Briquette technology, 280 Angola Briquettes Cambambe, Matala, Capanda, 144 charcoal dust, 90 oil production, 154 coffee husks, 90 Animal dung, 50 dry leaves, 90 Aswan Dam, 214 rice husks, 90 Atlantic Ocean, 193 sawdust, 90 Atlas Chain, 193 Briquetting of biomass, 279 Bujagali, 311 B Bujagali site, 75 Bagasse, 43, 61, 85, 86, 89, 167, 279, 281, 301 Bakassi Peninsula, 185 C Bellerive Foundation, 273 Cahora Bassa Powe, 144 institutional stove, 273 Mozambique, 144 Betz criterion, 252 Carbon dioxide, 21 Bio-diesel, 206, 304, 333 Carbon dioxide emissions, 131 Bio-diesel crops, 304 Carbon production, 131 Bio-diversities, 29 Casamance kiln, 278 Bio-ethanol, 16 Ceramic stoves, 58 Bio-fuels, 17 Charcoal, 92, 109 Biogas plant, 93, 301 Charcoal briquettes, 93 Biomass Charcoal firing kiln, 277 gasification, 264, 286 Charcoal kilns, 300 pyrolysis, 286 improved, 278 Biomass digester, 100 Charcoal producers, 100, 104, 330 Biomass energy centres, 105 Charcoal production, 94, 95, 108, 126 Biomass energy conversion, 122 Charcoal production techniques, 100 Biomass energy efficiency, 106 Charcoal stove, 93, 100, 108, 266, 267, 271, Biomass energy production, 104 279, 303 Biomass energy technologies, 100, 105, 108 traditional, 267 Biomass materials, 34 Charcoal stove producers, 105

Charge controller, 243, 244 Co-generation potential, 293 Chari River, 189 Co-generation systems, 61, 282, 332 Chemical vapour deposition, 236 Co-generation turbine, 282 Chevron, 169 Commercial charcoal production, 333 Chinese hydro potential, 78 Commercial energy, 46, 48, 50, 52, 56, 64, Hanoi, 78 104, 313 Climate change, 115, 324 Commercial sources of energy, 111 Coal, 45 Compound parabolic concentrators, 232 Coal formation Concentrating Solar Power, 211 anthracite, 147 Concentrators, 230 lignite, 147 Congo, 45 peat, 147 Convective cooling, 230 sub-bituninous, 147 Convenient energy sources, 34 Coal mines, 151, 161 Conversion technologies, 35, 68, 224 Coal mine wastes Cook stoves, 100 arsenic, 161 Cow dung, 57 cadmium, 161 Czochralski process, 246 chromium, 161 lead, 161 D water pollution, 161 Date palms, 207 Coal mining areas Decentralised systems, 294 Ermelo, 150 Decentralized generation facility, 111 KwaZulu-Natal, 150 Decentralized systems, 64 Standerton-Secunda, 150 Deforestation, 39, 40 Vereenigiing, 150 Desalination, 202 Coal reserves Diesel generators, 21 Australia, 160 Diesel power generators, 216 China, 160 Diffusion constant, 241 Germany, 160 Diffusion length, 241 India, 160 Digester types Kazakhstan, 160 fixed dome, 283 Russia, 160 floating drum, 283 South Africa, 160 Dioxide emissions, 132 Southern Africa, 150 Doping, 238 Ukraine, 160 Dry cells, 62 USA, 160 Duma institutional stove, 273 Coal-to-liquids, 158 Dynamic matching, 256 Coaxial force coefficient, 255 E Coffee husks, 280, 281 East African Community, 33 Co-generation, 265, 281, 296, 301 Eburru field, 80 Agro-chemcal and food Co, 85 Electromotive force, 237 bagasse, 301 Emergency power producers, 55, 70 commercial, 282 Energy capacity Chemelil sugar, 85 Morocco, 213 Kagera sugar, 85 Energy conservation technologies, 105 Kakira, 85 Energy conversion technologies, 5, 21 Kiliombero Sugar company, 85 Energy production Mtibwa, 85 Egypt, 214 Muhoroni sugar, 85 Energy resources Mumias sugar, 85 Algeria, 215 Nzoia sugar, 85 Energy technologies, 63, 105 Sony sugar, 85 Eni, 169 Spctra International, 85 Environmental pollutants, 5, 303 Index 341

Environmental pollution, 169 Ethiopia, 219 Ethanol plants Libya, 216 Agrochemical and food company, 91 Tunisia, 217 kisumu Molasses (spectra Int.), 91 Zambia, 143 Ethanol production, 126 Institutional stove, 93, 273–275, 301, 330 ExxonMobil, 185 Interference factor, 251 Inverter, 244 F Isolated power facilities, 185 Flat plate collector, 227 Itezhi-Tezhi Dam, 142 Force coaxial coefficient, 255 J Friction correction height, 259 Jaggaries, 61 Fuel briquettes, 279, 301, 303 Jatropha, 206 Fuel briquette stoves, 303 Jiko bora Morogoro clay, 269 G Garissa Power Plant, 84 K Gas flaring, 169 Kafue Gorge, 142 Gasifiers, 122 Kamburu, 71 fluidized bed, 288 Kenya Ceramic Jiko, 93, 123, 268, 301, 330 Gas Pipeline, 170, 176, 177, 180 ceramic liner, 268 Gas-to-liquids, 158 Kuni mbili, 268 Gas turbines, 202 Maendeleo, 268 Geothermal facility, 55 Kenyan oil refinery, 52 Geothermal potential, 19, 80 Kericho highlands, 72 Buranga, 80 Kerosene lanterns, 332 Katwe, 80 Kerosene stoves, 331 Kibiro, 80 Kiambere, 71 Geothermal power plants, 219 Kidatu, 72 Gitaru, 71 Kihansi, 72 Global warming, 11, 115, 132, 133, 267 Kiira Plant, 73 Government monopoly, 54 Kijito wind pumps, 124 Great Rift Valley, 19, 77, 79, 81, 293 Kilns Greenhouse gases, 295, 300, 303, 322 Katugo, 300 Mark v, 300 H Kindaruma, 71 Herbal medicine, 50 Kinetic energy, 4 Household chores, 58 Kipevu diesel generator, 84 Household energy, 50, 51, 59 Kipevu system, 84 Hurricane lamps, 332 Kipevu thermal, 84 Hydro power plants, 313 Kiwira Coal Mine, 84 Muchuchuma coal, 81 I Kora Falls, 77 Improved cook stoves, 183 Kuni Mbili, 330 Impulse turbines Banki-Mitchell, 263 L Pelton, 263 Lake Baringo, 80 Turgo, 263 Lake Chad, 189 Independent electricity producers, 329 Lake Kivu, 187 Independent power producer, 71, 84, 116, 160, Lake Nyasa, 81 177, 178, 217, 297, 301 Lake Victoria, 36, 40, 65, 66, 74, 75, 77, 78, Inga Dam, 186 88, 130, 225, 320, 323 Insolation, 200 sardine, 247 Installed capacity Lake Victoria sardine, 332 342 Index

Lamu Power Plant, 84 Nuclear power, 7 Lead-acid batteries, 62, 110, 331 Nuclear power plants, 157 Lignite coal, 149 Nuclear reactors, 156 Limpopo, 45 Nyumba ya Mungu, 72 Linear Momentum Theory, 250–252 O M Oil-fired dryers, 227 Maendeleo stoves, 276 Olkaria Maendeleo wood stoves, 301 Lake Naivasha, 80 Maghreb region, 193 Olkaria II, 80 Manantali dam, 180, 182 Olkaria III, 80 Mark v kiln, 278 OPEC Marsabit thermal generator, 84 Nigeria, 167 Masinga, 71 Operational losses, 24 Mediterranean coastline, 203 Orange, 45 Mediterranean Pipeline, 217 Mediterranean Sea, 193, 217 P Medium hydropower facilities Parabolic concentrators, 230, 231 Ewaso Nyiro, 77 Parabolic cookers, 232 Sondu-Miriu, 77 Parabolic reflectors, 308 Metal charcoal stove, 267 Parabolic trough, 202 Metal stoves, 270 Parastatal organizations, 55 Microscopic plants, 151 Pelton type turbine, 259 Mini hydro schemes, 79, 312 Per capita electricity consumption, 58 Missouri kiln, 278 Per capita energy consumption, 1, 324 Mnazi Bay, 81, 82 Per capita kerosene consumption, 110 Modern biomass technologies, 123 Per capita power consumption, 35 Molten silicon, 245 Perturbation factor, 252, 255 Monopolistic practices, 315 Photon energy, 4 Mountainous regions Photovoltaic effect, 233 Elgon, 64 Photovoltaic home systems, 68 Kenya, 64 Photovoltaic materials, 67 Kilimanjaro, 64 Photovoltaic panels, 69 Multinational oil companies, 53 Photovoltaic systems, 243, 305 Multinational oil corporations, 83 Photovoltaic technology, 234, 244, 296 Pit kiln, 278 N P-n junction, 238 Nalubaale power station, 73 Pollutants, 40 National Forest Authority, 97 Portable generators, 55, 88 Niger, 45 Power coefficient, 252, 255 Niger Delta Power consumption tariffs, 223 oil, gas, 169 Power Pool, 178, 298 Nile, 45 Power tariffs, 332 Nile Delta, 196 Pwani wind pumps, 124 Nile perch, 40 Pyrolysis, 236 Nile river, 215 Pyrolysis stage, 286 Nile Valley, 193 Nilepet, 218 R Non-commercial energies, 34, 314, 336 Radiation spectrum, 245 Non-commercial energy resources, 134 Reaction turbines Nuclear energy, 4 Francis and Kaplan, 263 Nuclear plant, 156 Red Sea, 193, 203, 215, 219 Index 343

Refinery facility, 53 Solar energy devices, 122 Rice husks, 281 Solar grade silicon, 235 River Congo, 186, 189 Solar lanterns, 68, 332 River Niger, 184 Solar radiation spectrum, 240 River Nile, 72–74, 218, 219 Solar spectrum, 229 Blue Nile, 74 Solar thermal converter, 229, 230 River Tana, 70 Solar thermal systems Gitaru, 70 Bugando hospital, 69 Kamburu, 70 Chunya catholic mission, 69 Kiambere, 70 Solar water heaters, 68 Kindaruma, 70 Solid biomass, 62 Masinga, 70 Solid fuels, 45 Ruacana Hydro power Sondu Miriu, 78 Cunene river, 144 Songo Songo Island, 81 Namibia, 144 South Africa Rukungiri-Bushenyi Power Project, 77 coal export, 159 Rural electrification, 58, 63, 78 Nuclear plant, 157 Rural households, 59 uranium, 157 Sputtering, 236 S State monopoly, 112 Sahara desert, 193 Steam turbine, 202 Sahel, 19 Stoves Sananga river, 185 Black power, 270 Selective surfaces, 229 Usika, 270 Selenium, 234 Structural Adjustments, 56 Semiconductors, 237, 238 Sudapet, 218 n-type, 247 Suez Gulf, 203 p-type, 247 Sugar milling industries, 61 Shale gas, 197, 198 Synthetic fuels, 158 Shale oil, 197, 198, 214 Shape factor, 261 T Shell, 169, 185 Tenwek Hospital, 72 Silicon Thermal conductivities, 275, 276 metallurgical grade, 245 Thermal generators, 81, 83, 84, 88, 179, 182, monoxide, 247 188 multi-crystalline, 246 Thermal power generator nitride, 247 Eldoret, 84 purified, 245 Embakasi, 84 semiconductor grade, 245 Lanet, 84 zone refining, 245 Ruaraka, 84 Silicon semiconductor Thin film, 235, 236 n-type, 246 Tilapia, 40 p-n junction, 246 Torque coefficient, 255 Sinai Peninsula, 195, 214 Total, 169, 185 Soil erosion, 40 Traditional energy sources, 223 Solar box cookers, 231 Traditional metal stoves, 270 Solar car, 325 Tropical forests, 64 Solar cells, 234–237, 239, 242, 245 Tropics of cancer Solar concentrators, 200 capricorn, 19 Solar cookers, 68, 230, 232, 233, 304, 308 Tsavo Power Ltd, 84 Solar dryers, 68, 225, 227 Tullow Oil, 82 344 Index

Turbines Marsabit, 65 hydro, 310 Singida, 65 wind, 310 Wind machines, 248 Turkwel Gorge, 71 horizontal axis, 249 vertical axis, 249 U Wind pumps, 65, 309 Ubangi River, 189 Wind speed Ubungo thermal generator, 82 cut-in, 253 Uranium, 21 cut-in speed, 249 cut-out speed, 249 V Wind speed measurements Vacuum Evaporation Method, 236 velocity-frequency curve, 252 Volta, 45 Wood stove, 95, 127, 266, 271, 330 World Bank, 20, 55, 117, 146 W World energy consumption, 9 Water-born diseases, 307 World’s hydropower potential Water hyacinth, 40, 284, 285 Africa, 78 Water puriﬁcation medium, 276 rest of the world, 78 Water wheel type South America, 78 breastshot, 261 World uranium reserves, 158 undershot, 261 Western Europe, 19 Z Wind generators, 65, 248, 296, 309 Zambezi, 45 Chunya mission, 65