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Reconstruction Era and the Beginning of the The Years 1869-1877 APUSH Guide for PORTIONS of American Pageant chapters 23, 24, & 26 and PORTIONS of AMSCO chapters 15 & 16

Directions Print document and take notes in the spaces provided. Read through the guide before you begin reading each section. PAY ATTENTION TO PAGE NUMBERS, YOU ARE NOT READING ENTIRE CHAPTERS!. This step will help you focus on the most significant ideas and information as you read. This guide can earn bonus points PLUS the right to correct a quiz for ½ points back.

Learning Goal: Identify and evaluate political, economic, and social changes during Grant’s two terms as president, and assess the effectiveness of Grant’s leadership.

American Pageant, Ch.23: pages 502-510, 528-537, 590-596, 600-604 AMSCO pages 299-303, 310-312, 315-316 and 334-336

By the time Grant took office, the U.S. had become the third largest country in the Western world (Russia and France were larger). The era beginning with Grant is often called the Gilded Age… as “all that glitters is not gold.” Grant connects Civil War to Reconstruction to Gilded Age. He exemplifies the glorious victory for Union and equality while also illustrating all that went wrong. coined the phrase “Gilded Age.”

Identify major political and economic events and assess their significance. Highlight your cues and answer the questions in the spaces provided.

Republicans raised enthusiasm for Grant by “waving the bloody Why were Republicans trying to motivate voters with “the bloody shirt?” shirt,” which meant they revived gory memories of the Civil War. This helped gain support especially among the war’s veterans.

The “Ohio Idea” was thought up by poor, Midwestern delegates. It In the election of 1868, Democrats in the east favored gold backed bonds while called for war bonds to be repaid in greenbacks, or paper money, Midwesterners favored Greenbacks. What is the danger of paper money which would thus keep more money in circulation and keep interest (Greenbacks)? rates lower. This contradicted the wealthy easterners who wished to have them redeemed in gold.

Jim Fisk and plotted to corner the gold market in 1869. To what extent was Grant culpable in the Fisk and Gould scandal? Many people were financially ruined when the price of gold skyrocketed and then plummeted when the Treasury released gold into the market.

Boss Tweed was the leader of the Tweed Ring in City. How did bring down Tweed? He employed bribery, graft and fraudulent elections to scam the city for as much as $200 million. Working citizens were cowed into silence and protestors had their tax assessments increased.

Thomas Nast was a cartoonist who attacked “Boss” Tweed. Tweed became upset because everyone, even illiterate people, could understand the pictures.

Identify major political and economic events and assess their significance. Highlight your cues and answer the questions in the spaces provided.

In the , Union Railroad workers Why is Credit Mobilier one of the most commonly associated events with President Grant? created the Crédit Mobilier construction company and hired themselves to build the railroads at inflated prices. In order to keep Congress quiet, they distributed shares of its stock to key Who was President when the corruption/plan began? congressmen.

In 1874-1875, the sprawling Whiskey Ring robbed the Treasury Why didn’t grant support prosecution of his personal secretary once he learned his own of millions in excise tax revenues. At first determined to punish administration was involved in the Whiskey Ring? the guilty; when his own private secretary turned up among the culprits he volunteered a written statement to the jury to help exonerate him.

The Indian Ring scandal involved Grant’s Secretary of War, What was the impact of the Indian Ring scandal on American Indians? William Belknap. He and others were accepting bribes from suppliers to Indian Reservations.

What caused the Republican Party to split? Horace Greeley was the editor of the New York Tribune who was nominated for the presidency by the newly formed Liberal Republican party. He ran against Grant in 1872. Greeley was How did the Democratic Party respond to this new, Liberal Republican Party? eccentric and judgmental, outspoken and emotional.

Who won the 1872 election?

“Hard money” advocates won a victory when they got the Where did debtors turn to for financial relief after these limitations on paper currency? Resumption Act of 1875 passed. This act called for the withdrawal of all greenbacks from circulation and redemption of all paper money in gold at face value, beginning in 1879.

Due to the government-imposed low value of silver (1/16 that of Why did Western farmers desire inflation? gold), silver miners stopped offering their product to the federal mints. With no silver flowing, Congress dropped the coinage of the silver dollar in 1873 and embraced the “gold standard.” Later in the , however, new silver discoveries shot What is the Crime of ’73? production up and forced silver prices down, killing hopes of widespread inflation. Silver-mining westerners joined debtors in calling this the “Crime of ’73.”

The GAR, Grand Army of the Republic, was a politically potent What was the goal of the Grand Army of the Republic? fraternal organization of Union Civil War veterans. This group provided an important bloc of Republican ballots.

A “Stalwart” faction was led by that employed What is the difference between a Stalwart and a Half-Breed? the process of trading civil-service jobs for votes. Those that were against the faction were called Half-Breeds, led by James G. Blaine (). The conflicts over civil-service reform led the Republican Party into a deadlock.

The resolved the election deadlock as the What was the long-term impact of the Compromise of 1877? Electoral Count Act was passed. Democrats agreed to give Hayes the presidency provided that the remaining federal troops would be withdrawn, and the Republicans appeased them with a subsidy for a southern transcontinental line.

Identify major events impacting racial equality and assess their significance. Highlight your cues and answer the questions in the spaces provided.

The promised to guarantee equal Were the Reconstruction Amendments flawed? accommodations in public places and prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection, but was later ruled largely unconstitutional in the Civil Rights Cases (1883) which were five similar cases consolidated into one issue. The Supreme Court held Congress didn’t pass another Civil Rights Act until 1957. that Congress lacked the constitutional authority under the What is significant about this fact? enforcement provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals and organizations, rather than state and local governments.

The “” were Democrats that resumed political power in How could the federal government had prevented the disenfranchisement of Southern the South, and excised it ruthlessly. Because of them, many blacks Blacks? faced unemployment, eviction, and physical harm.

Through the “crop-lien” system, storekeepers provided What was the primary goal of this system? Did it work? sharecroppers with credit for food and supplies while taking a portion of their harvests, as a “lien” (to help pay back some of the debt). Unfortunately, the creditors manipulated the system so that the sharecroppers were in perpetual debt.

The were legal codes of segregation that set literacy What are the differences between Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws? requirements, voter registration laws, and poll taxes. They made it extremely difficult if not impossible for blacks to vote, even though the 15th Amendment legally allowed them to.

Explain the impact railroad construction had on . Highlight your cues and answer the questions in the spaces provided.

What year was the Pacific Railway Act passed? The Union Pacific Railroad was commissioned by Congress (Pacific Railway Act) to go west from Omaha, Nebraska. The builders got a Who was president when it passed? lot of money and land for each mile of rail they put down. Irish immigrants did much of the building. The Democrats opposed federally funded internal improvements. Why weren’t they successful in stopping this legislation? The started on the California end. It started from Sacramento and went over the Sierra Nevada. The Big Four, including and Collis P. Huntington, used many Chinese workers to do labor on the railroad.

Why did the transcontinental railroad go through Utah instead of the territory purchased In 1869, the “wedding of the rails” was the completion between the for it, Gadsden Purchase? Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad. They were connected in Ogden, Utah by ex- Leland Stamford. It marked the first completion of an American transcontinental What was the economic impact of this transcontinental railroad? transportation system, and was commemorated with a gold spike.

A favorite device of moguls of manipulation, “stock watering” What was the economic impact of stock watering on those who managed the lines? originally referred to the practice of making cattle thirsty by feeding them salt and those having them bloat themselves with water before they were weighed in for sale. Railroad stock promoters similarly How did this corruption impact the consumer of rail travel? inflated claims about a line’s assets and profitability, selling stocks and bonds in excess of the railroad’s actual value.

Cornelius made millions in steam boating and turned to What improvements did use to improve the quality of rail lines? railroading in his late sixties. He was good at using the enterprise of creating western railroads by welding together and expanding eastern ones. Vanderbilt made $100 million by offering superior service at lower rates. Explain the impact railroad construction had on the nation… continued. Highlight your cues and answer the questions in the spaces provided.

William H. Vanderbilt was the son of Cornelius Vanderbilt and also What impact did William Vanderbilt have on the national economy? worked with the railroads very similar to his father, he was a powerhouse in the railroad industry, doing what he wanted when he wanted. He is best known for his quote “the public be damned.”

An agreement to divide the railroad business in a given area and Are pools ethical? Defend your answer. share the profits, the “pool” was the earliest form of combination. It was considered to be a defensive alliance against other groups.

The continental is divided into four time zones: What role did railroads play in the creation of time zones? Pacific, Mountain, Central, and Eastern. Each zone differs by one hour.

Bonus: History Channel The Men Who Built America episode 1 View the episode at http://www.history.com/topics/cornelius-vanderbilt, and write a one to two page essay responding the prompt below. Use substantial evidence from the episode as well as quotes from commentators.

Prompt: Assess the validity of the following statement: “For the first time in the country’s short existence, (following the death of Lincoln in 1865), the man most capable of leading America [was] not a politician.” Your essay will be worth an additional 10 points on the quiz.

Explain the impact of westward movement and investment during the Grant years. Highlight your cues and answer the questions in the spaces provided.

The Homestead Act of 1862 allowed a settler to obtain as much as Who was president when this Act was created? 160 acres of land by living on it for five years, improving it, and paying a small fee of about $30. The act also allowed a settler to What was the purpose of the Homestead Act? purchase land after living on it for 6 months for $1.25 per acre. Before the act, public land was sold for revenue; now it was to be given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to What was the impact of the Homestead Act? provide a stimulus to the family farm—the “backbone of democracy.” The one problem with the act was that 160 acres was not usually enough for a family to survive so the members would often give their Why did Southern Planters oppose this act before they seceded? land up before the five years was over. About half a million families took advantage of the Homestead Act.

Frederick Remington was a young New Yorker who went west to What is the significance of the romanticized cowboy? become a cowboy. He became a famous artist there, painting vivid descriptions of the dying Old West.

In fighting the American troops for their lands, the Plains Indians Summarize the contributions of Black soldiers during the Civil War and began to call Black personnel Buffalo Soldiers because their hair . resembled the bison’s furry coat.

At Sand Creek, Colorado in 1864, Colonel J. M. Chivington’s militia To what extent was synonymous with genocide? massacred in cold blood some 400 Indians who apparently thought that they had been promised immunity. Women were shot praying for mercy, children had their brains dashed out, and braves were tortured, scalped, and unspeakably mutilated.

Explain the impact of westward movement and investment during the Grant years… continued. Highlight your cues and answer the questions in the spaces provided.

The Fetterman Massacre was when, in 1866, a Sioux war party What role did President Grant play in preventing or enabling the destruction of Native ambushed William J. Fetterman’s command of eighty one soldiers American societies? and civilians. The Indians did not leave a single man alive and mutilated several of the corpses. Despite its continuation of the cycle of cruelty, the massacre led to one of the few Indian triumphs. Why was the Treaty of Fort Laramie temporary? In Treaty of Fort Laramie, the government stopped efforts to construct the Bozeman Trail and established a “Great Sioux reservation.” This lasted until 1874, when gold was discovered in the area and warfare began anew.

General Custer claimed he had found gold in the Black Hills of What is this event known as? South Dakota, part of the sacred Sioux land. This claim caused hordes of gold-grubbers to flock to the hills, sparking Sitting Bull and the Sioux Indians to defend their lands. In the process of defending Who is portrayed as the hero? Why? the sacred lands, the Sioux completely devastated Custer’s Seventh Calvary.

William “Buffalo Bill” Cody was a hunter for hire who worked for the What was the impact of buffalo hunters on Native American societies? Kansas Pacific. Over an eighteen-month period, he killed over 4,000 buffalo. Buffalo were considered a nuisance because herds of them would graze over train tracks and cause delays, sometimes losing the passengers as much as eight hours. In response to this, Buffalo Bill became one of the most famous people in America. What did he create that the railroad companies hired gunmen like Buffalo Bill to kill as many resulted in this? buffalo as possible.

The golden gravel of California continued to yield gold, but in 1858 What is the difference between 49ers and 59ers? an electrifying discovery of gold shook Colorado. These new “fifty- niners” (otherwise known as “Pikes Peakers”) rushed west to rip at the ramparts of the Rockies. After one or two months, the gold What is the difference between Pike’s Peak and Comstock? supply in Colorado dwindled, so the fifty-niners poured feverishly into Nevada in 1859, after the fabulous Comstock Lode had been uncovered. What was the impact of gold and silver rushes on Native American societies?

The Comstock Lode was a fantastic amount of gold and silver, worth more than $340 million that was mined by the “Kings of the Comstock” from 1860 – 1890. The scantily populated state Nevada, What role did women play in these rushes? “child of the Comstock Lode,” was prematurely railroaded into the Union in 1864, partly to provide three more electoral votes for President Lincoln.

The “Long Drive” was a spectacular feeder of the new White cowboys were only 35% of total cowboys… why are most Westerns – Cowboy slaughterhouses. Texas cowboys – black, white, and Mexican – stories – about white cowboys? drove herds numbering from one thousand to ten thousand heads slowly over the unfenced and unpeopled plains until they reached a railroad terminal. Chisholm Trail, Western Trail, Goodnight-Loving How did the Long Drive benefit Easterners? Trail all connected ranchers in Texas to the railroad in Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming respectfully.

Joseph F. Glidden was the inventor of barbed wire, which he What put an end to the Long Drive? perfected in 1874. This invention solved the problem of how to build fences on the plains where few trees could be found, allowing farmers to enclose large tracts of land without worrying about finding huge amounts of wood.

Sodbusters were people who broke the sod of the prairie with large iron plows and four yokes of oxen. The soil was very fertile. They Describe the quality of life sodbusters and other plains pioneers had. used the land for farming as well as building their homes out of sod and burning corncobs produced from the soil for heat. Why didn’t they build their homes out of wood? “Dry farming” was a method of farming the plains that involved frequent shallow cultivation of the land. While it was supposed to be an adaptation to the western environment, over time it destroyed What was the long term impact of dry farming? the top layer of soil that would contribute to the “Dust Bowl” and other similar effects. Explain the impact of westward movement and investment during the Grant years… continued. Highlight your cues and answer the questions in the spaces provided.

The Chicago firm of Aaron Montgomery Ward mailed out its first Explain how the average American farmer changed from pre-Civil War to post Civil catalogue in 1872. They had formerly been experts at all facets of War. life- growing many different crops, subsisting off some of what they had grown, and bartering with neighbors for needed goods. However, the expansion of industry in the late caused How does Montgomery Ward illustrate the impact of the railroad on the American it to be more profitable for farmers to farm a single cash crop. economy? Catalogs like this one allowed farmers to use their profits to buy equipment to increase efficiency.

The Granger Movement developed in the 1860s. The Grangers Granger Goals: raised their goals from individual self-improvement to improvement of the farmers’ collective plight. In a determined effort to escape the clutches of trusts, they established cooperatively owned stores for consumers and cooperatively owned grain elevators and Granger Accomplishments: warehouses for producers. They also strove to regulate railway rates and the storage fees charged by railroads and by the operators of warehouses and grain elevators.

Your conclusions and final analysis of the Grant Years… THESIS practice.

To what extent was the Reconstruction Era the Age of the Railroad? Support your answer.

Assess the validity of the following statement. “Grant . . . had no right to exist. He should have been extinct for ages.. . . That, two thousand years after Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar, a man like Grant should be called—and should actually and truly be—the highest product of the most advanced evolution, made evolution ludicrous. . . . The progress of evolution, from President Washington to President Grant, was alone evidence enough to upset Darwin. . . . Grant . . . should have lived in a cave and worn skins.” , THE EDUCATION OF HENRY ADAMS, 1907

Review the following information and then reassess your answer to the last question. Highlight cues.

Grant and Reconstruction Describing the surrender at Appomattox, he wrote: ''I felt like anything rather than rejoicing at the downfall of a foe who had fought so long and valiantly, and had suffered so much for a cause, though that cause was, I believe, one of the worst for which a people ever fought, and one for which there was the least excuse.”

Grant’s style of Presidential government Administration of Reconstruction fell to Atty General and Sect. of Defense  Amos T. Ackerman “no atty general more vigorous in the prosecution of cases designed to protect Black ” Grant exercised closer scrutiny over the military than he did other departments  Grant continued to give orders, as commander in chief, to the army.  Grant was reluctant to use military force against civilians when other means were available.  Grant, however, had no hesitation to deploy the army if that were the only way to combat terrorism in the South. Grant put faith in ballot box and fought to secure 15th Amendment’s passage.  15th—proposed by Congress in 1869 and ratified by 1870, enfranchises black men.  Garrison…nothing equaled the “sudden transformation” from the “auction block to the ballot box”  American Anti-Slavery society disbanded in 1870

Fight against the KKK Assertion here is that neither Grant, nor reformers, nor Republicans in Congress foresaw the extent of virulence in southern states  KKK—avowed purpose—undermine Reconstruction, destroy the Republican Party in the eleven states of the Confederacy, reestablish black subordination and institute white supremacy.

Issue is of state/federal responsibility—traditionally crime a state issue.  Prosecution of such crimes by national government would indicate a significant departure from precedent…however, inaction would mean Klan would go unpunished.  14th and 15th Amendment appeared to authorize federal government, and over Democratic opposition, in 1870 Congress enacted first of three Enforcement Acts

Enforcement Acts  To counteract terrorist violence  Statute made it a federal offense to attempt to deprive anyone of his civil or political rights.

Prosecution of the Klan began in earnest.  US attorneys secured nearly 1000 indictments in early 1870s, fully 55% of cases resulted in conviction  Ackerman believed suppressing the Klan required “extraordinary means”  Many localities saw continued violence o South Carolina—227 “outrages” in one , 300 in an other o Klan terrorism helped NC return Democrats to Congress  Congress responded with Second Enforcement Act in 1871—provided for federal oversight of voter registration and elections

1871—42nd Congress Grant requested special legislation to suppress the Klan If Congress could tackle one issue, he wrote James Blaine, this should be it. KKK Bill  Federal crime to “overthrow or destroy by force the government of the United States” or  Conspire to prevent persons from holding office, voting, or enjoying equal protection of the laws  Empowered the president to use the army to enforce the measure, as well as to suspend the writ of habeas corpus in areas he declared in insurrection  Unprecedented peacetime extension of national authority  Private acts of violence made punishable in federal court—first time this happens.  Engenders opposition from: white supremacists, states righters, civil libertarians, those Grant haters  Reconstruction lost political/electoral appeal  Members request Grant to put himself out in front of the issue  Grant wrote “A condition of affairs now exists in some of the States of the Union rendering life and property insecure, and the carrying of the mails, and the collection of revenue dangerous.”  Gave hook to those wary of federal intervention with reference to mail, asked Congress for authority noting there was “no other subject on which I would recommend legislation during the current session.”

KKK Bill in effect 1871  Grant issues proclamation urging voluntary support and asking people of South to suppress the Klan  Would not take action unless violence continued  May, orders troops to the field, and by October, suspended habeas corpus in 9 South Carolina counties  Klan put on the defensive-600 convicted, fines and jail time, 65 imprisoned in federal prison  Broken the Klan’s back in 1872  1882 Supreme Court will declare it unconstitutional

1872 Election

Liberal Republicans—Sumner, Jacob Cox, Carl Shurz, “liberals” heterogeneous, free traders, disillusioned reformers, civil libertarians, some east coast intellectuals New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley  Wanted new policy for South—uniting factor  Greely—universal amnesty and reconciliation with gentlemen of South  Critical of freedmen  Called for “local self government”  Condemned Grant’s “arbitrary measures,” railed at “bayonet rule”

Frederick Douglass—supporting Grant—if Grant had not acted to crush the Klan—the Negro would have been remanded to a condition worse than that from which the Civil War delivered him. “The Republican party is the ship and all else is the sea.”—watchword for African-Americans

 Grant viewed the liberal Republicans as the prairie wolves he had once encountered while serving with Zachary Taylor in Texas— estimated he was listening to a lest a hundred only to discover that all of the noise came from but two animals. …..Grant wins  Greeley, tragic story—dominated in election, wife lost week before, lost control of paper due to declining circulation, he himself died by end of month.  Election of 1872 the high water mark of Grant’s two terms

1873-74, while Grant floundered under scandal, however, also a big issue is his nomination for the Supreme Court  After a dizzying number of appointees, Grant settled on Morrison Waite, an obscure attorney living in Toledo, Ohio, brilliant lawyer, no singe of partisan politics, character unassailable.  Grant had 4 justices on bench…only one voted to uphold rights of freedmen  Two of most egregious decisions wrote by Waite…

US v. Reese  Voting rights case in KY  Court invalidated the operative sections of the —holding that the 15th Amendment did not confer the right of suffrage in state and local elections  Court’s reasoning in Reese, reflecting a determined effort to restrict the scope of the national government, rested on limited view of citizenship from previous year in Minor v. Heppersett denying women the right to vote. “Citizenship, did not necessarily confer right of suffrage”  Citizenship—idea of membership of a nation—nothing more  Effect of Court’s decision overturned with 19th Amendment in 1920

Same day as Reese, court handed down US v. Cruikshank  14th and 15th applied only to actions by states, not individuals  “The power of Congress to legislate (to enforce the amendments) does not extend to the passage of the laws for the suppression of ordinary crimes within the States. That duty was originally assumed by the States, and it still remains there.”  Retreat from Reconstruction—these two cases are key in that retreat.  Justice Hunt—lone dissenter  Court had brought to “an impotent conclusion the vigorous Amendments on the subject of slavery.”

Cruikshank had greater impact—  Context is Louisiana—disputed election in 1872—both Republicans and Democrats claimed victory, Grant ordered troops to enforce federal judge ruling that Republicans won, Louisiana whites refused to accept decision, White Leagues (paramilitary organizations) formed, state became an armed camp, violence flared. Worst violence—Colfax, in central part of state  In the spring of 1873, Blacks in the town of Colfax, Louisiana, cordoned it off, dug trenches, and formed a small militia. Drilling under the command of black veterans, they were preparing for war. Grant had crushed the Klan, but whites were still determined to take back control and restore Southern society. All across the defeated states, new and more open armed groups had sprung up. In Mississippi, they were called "white liners;" in Louisiana, the White League.  Lots of these vigilante groups are roaming the roads of Louisiana and Mississippi, roaming the streets of towns like Baton Rouge and Vicksburg, and shooting black people in the open. Like one observer said, almost like you'd shoot pigeons. And there's no consequences for this. These are real racial riots, in a sense. And blacks didn't just sit back and accept this. In some corners of the South, it came close to all out racial warfare.  In all of Louisiana, there were fewer than seven hundred federal troops, thinly spread across the state. Blacks in Colfax dug in and waited. They held on for three weeks, skirmishing with bands of armed white men, but on Easter Sunday, whites armed with rifles and a small cannon overpowered them. Blacks took refuge in the courthouse.  African American faction in control there, on Easter Sunday—attack on local courthouse—over a hundred blacks killed, many in cold blood after they surrendered.  There was a momentary truce, and then the Caucasians set fire to the building, burning and killing a number of the people in the building. When they came out of the building and were marched to the local jailhouse, the guards shot a number of the black men in the head, disemboweled some of them. And then the bodies of seventy-one of these people were thrown into the river along with the bodies of two white men.  72 indicted, nine tried, three convicted—Supreme Court overturned those convictions, and doomed Grant administration legal efforts to protect freedmen.  Louisiana still seething—Coushatta, 1874—six Republican officeholders killed by White Leagues  —White League intent on taking city—conflict with federal troops, insurgency crushed…but only after Grant sent 5000 troops and three frigates.  Sent Phil Sheridan to Louisiana  Sheridan writes back to the president that these people won't be converted. “Suasion won't work. They have to be taken out like banditti and shot.” Those are the words he used.

Republicans paid heavily for Grant’s actions  1874—Democrats took control of House  But Grant dug in “Under existing conditions, the negro votes the Republican ticket because he knows his friends are of that party. Many a good citizen votes the opposite, not because he agrees with the great principles of state which separate parties, but because he is opposed to negro rule. This is a most delusive cry. Treat the negro as a citizen and as a voter, as he is and must remain, and soon parties will be divided, not on the color line, but on principle. Then we shall have no complaint of sectional interference.”  Yet to those critical of executive leadership, "If this can be done in Louisiana," said one Senator, "how long will it be before it can be done in Massachusetts and in Ohio?"

To reassure the Senate, Grant added he had no desire to push US troops  “I have repeatedly and earnestly entreated the people of the South to live together in peace and obey the laws….I regret to say that this state of things does not exist, nor does its existence seem to be desired in some localities.”  “To the extent that Congress has conferred power upon me to prevent it, neither Ku Klux Klans, White Leagues, nor any other associations using arms and violence can be permitted to govern any part of this country.” But Grant paid dearly for intervention against White League, as many gave up on the fight as backlash ensued.