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Dubbelga Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales Amborellales Dubbelga Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales Acorales G Eenzaadlobbigen G Alismatales Dubbelgangers Petrosaviales Pandanales Dioscoreales Het plantenrijk telt talrijke dubb Liliales uiterlijk zo op elkaar lijken dat Asparagales elkaar verwant zijn. Hoe komt h Arecales dubbelgangers toch in verschille G Commeliniden G Dasypogonales geplaatst? Poales Commelinales Zingiberales Zoals elders in de systeemtuin t worden de verwantschappen va Ceratophyllales afgeleid op gro Chloranthales en van kenmer oog te zien zijn Canellales Piperales chemische en D G Magnoliiden G Magnoliales van de plant do Laurales minder toe. Ranunculales Sabiales In de meest rec Proteales verwantschapp Trochodendrales Buxales moeten we aan kenmerken ver Gunnerales ontstaan. Voor Berberidopsidales Dilleniales kiemplanten m Caryophyllales al in de Naaktz Santalales vinden, maar o Saxifragales bloemplanten z G Geavanceerde tweezaadlobbigen G Waterlelie (Nym Vitales Kiemplant van Crossosomatales Welwitschia geavanceerde g mirabilis Geraniales Asteriden. Dit h Myrtales Zygophyllales Nog verwarrender wordt het bi Celastrales planten uit heel verschillende g Malpighiales G Fabiden G Oxalidales opzichten erg op elkaar gaan lij Fabales loop der tijden aan dezelfde Rosales Cucurbitales Fagales Brassicales G G Malviden Malvales Sapindales Cornales Ericales G Asteriden G Garryales Pilocereus houlettii G Lamiiden G Gentianales (Cactusfamilie) Solanales Lamiales omstandigheden aangepast zijn Aquifoliales hiervan zijn droogteplanten als G Campanuliden G Apiales Dipsacales veel planten uit de Wolfsmelkfa 28 Asterales Niet alle gelijkenis is functionee rekening hangt de evolutie van Dubbelgangers Dubbelgangers Doubles Het plantenrijk telt talrijke dubbelgangers: planten die The Plant Kingdom uiterlijk zo op elkaar lijken dat je zou zweren dat ze met knows many doubles: elkaar verwant zijn. Hoe komt het dat dergelijke plants that look so much dubbelgangers toch in verschillende ordes worden alike that you’d suppose them to be closely geplaatst? related. How come that such Hul look-alikes may be placed in (Aq Zoals elders in de systeemtuin te zien en te lezen is, different orders? worden de verwantschappen van bloemplanten meestal As shown elsewhere in the systematic garden, afgeleid op grond van bloemkenmerken, relationships between plants are inferred mainly en van kenmerken die niet met het blote from flower characters, and from oog te zien zijn zoals anatomische, characters that cannot be seen chemische en DNA-kenmerken. De rest with the naked eye, such as van de plant doet er in dit opzicht vaak morphological, chemical and DNA- minder toe. characters. The rest of the plant usually is less important. In de meest recente reconstructie van The most probable verwantschappen tussen bloemplanten reconstruction of moeten we aannemen dat een aantal relationships between kenmerken verscheidene keren is flowering plants supposes ontstaan. Voorbeelden hiervan zijn some characters to have kiemplanten met 2 zaadlobben. Deze zijn originated several times. Examples are al in de Naaktzadigen bij Welwitschia te seedlings with 2 cotyledons in vinden, maar ook in de meest eenvoudige Welwitschia, but also in the most Itea bloemplanten zoals Amborella en de basal of flowering plants such as (Saxifragales, b Waterlelie (Nymphaea), en in meer Amborella and the Water Lily Kiemplant van Welwitschia geavanceerde groepen als Rosiden en (Nymphaea), and in more mirabilis Asteriden. Dit heet parallelle evolutie. advanced groups such as Rosids and Asterids. This is called parallel evolution. Nog verwarrender wordt het bij convergente evolutie: planten uit heel verschillende groepen zijn in bepaalde Convergent evolution opzichten erg op elkaar gaan lijken, vaak omdat ze in de makes things more loop der tijden aan dezelfde complicated: plants from different groups have come to look alike, often because they are adapted to the same environment. Examples are Desfon drought-resistant plants like cacti (Desfon (Cactaceae) and many plants from the Euphorbiaceae. Not all likeness may Pilocereus houlettii Euphorbia cereiformis be explained in terms (Cactusfamilie) (Wolfsmelkfamilie) of function, as evolution is based omstandigheden aangepast zijn geraakt. Voorbeelden upon chance. hiervan zijn droogteplanten als cactussen (Cactaceae) en veel planten uit de Wolfsmelkfamilie (Euphorbiaceae). Alchorne (Malpigh Niet alle gelijkenis is functioneel te verklaren – per slot van rekening hangt de evolutie van toevalligheden aan elkaar! Het bestuivingstype bepaalt voor een groot de hoe een bloem eruit ziet. Windbestuivers hebb kleine, gereduceerde bloemen waar de meeldr en stempels meestal ver uitsteken, zodat het stuifmeel door de wind van de ene bloem naar Doubles andere kan worden gebracht. De kleine bloem staan meestal met veel bijeen, zoals bij de Gras The Plant Kingdom (Poaceae), Wilgen (Salix, Salicaceae) en Berken knows many doubles: (Betula, Betulaceae). plants that look so much alike that you’d Insectenbestuivers hebben vaak juist grote, suppose them to be closely opvallende bloemen of bloeiwijzen, die met hu kleur en geur insecten verleiden om hun stuifm related. How come that such Hulst look-alikes may be placed in (Aquifoliales, bed 25) te vervoeren naar andere bloemen. In veel fam different orders? komen bloeiwijzen voor die uit veel kleine As shown elsewhere in the systematic garden, bloemetjes zijn opgebouwd, en samen op 1 gro relationships between plants are inferred mainly opvallende bloem lijken, met name in de from flower characters, and from Composietenfamilie (Asteraceae) en characters that cannot be seen Schermbloemenfamilie (Apiaceae), maar ook b with the naked eye, such as Vlier (Sambucus) en Hortensia (Hydrangea). morphological, chemical and DNA- Vlinderbloemen zoals Kamperfoelie (Lonicera) characters. The rest of the plant verbergen hun honing vaak in een lange spoor waar alleen een vlinder met zijn lange roltong usually is less important. bijkan. Vleermuisbestuivers hebben grote bloe die ’s nachts op hun best zijn. The most probable reconstruction of relationships between flowering plants supposes some characters to have originated several times. Examples are seedlings with 2 cotyledons in Welwitschia, but also in the most Itea basal of flowering plants such as (Saxifragales, bed 11) Amborella and the Water Lily (Nymphaea), and in more advanced groups such as Rosids and Asterids. This is called Haver, een Caryocar glabrum, een parallel evolution. windbestuiver vleermuisbestuiver Convergent evolution makes things more complicated: plants from different groups have come to look alike, often because they are adapted to the same environment. Examples are Desfontainea spinosa drought-resistant plants like cacti (Desfontaineaceae, bed 24) Erythrina crista-galli, (Cactaceae) and many plants from the een vogelbestuiver Kamperfoelie, een vlinderbestuiv Euphorbiaceae. In veel gevallen is het uiterlijk van een plant Not all likeness may bepaald door de omgeving waarin hij groeit, z be explained in terms bij aanpassingen aan droogte of juist aan leven of function, as het water. Wat hierbij telt is dat er voor elk evolution is based probleem slechts een beperkt aantal oplossinge upon chance. Aanpassingen aan droogte zijn in feite manier de verdamping te beperken: verkleining van he oppervlak (terug naar de gestroomlijnde bolvo Alchornea ilicifolia (Malpighiales, bed 13) reductie van het aantal bladeren, een waslaag Het bestuivingstype bepaalt voor een groot deel ziedaar de droogteplant. Aanpassingen aan leven in Paras hoe een bloem eruit ziet. Windbestuivers hebben het water zijn juist de rijkvertakte, dunne blaadjes, ding kleine, gereduceerde bloemen waar de meeldraden waardoor zoveel mogelijk contact met het water en te do en stempels meestal ver uitsteken, zodat het de daarin aanwezige gassen mogelijk is. wate stuifmeel door de wind van de ene bloem naar de Een waterplant heeft weinig steunweefsel nodig: voed andere kan worden gebracht. De kleine bloemetjes zijn gewicht wordt door het water gedragen. hun staan meestal met veel bijeen, zoals bij de Grassen Ze he (Poaceae), Wilgen (Salix, Salicaceae) en Berken blad (Betula, Betulaceae). gere helem Insectenbestuivers hebben vaak juist grote, Allee opvallende bloemen of bloeiwijzen, die met hun zade kleur en geur insecten verleiden om hun stuifmeel belan te vervoeren naar andere bloemen. In veel families voor komen bloeiwijzen voor die uit veel kleine vaak bloemetjes zijn opgebouwd, en samen op 1 grote, verw opvallende bloem lijken, met name in de sterk Composietenfamilie (Asteraceae) en te ac Schermbloemenfamilie (Apiaceae), maar ook bij Een v Vlier (Sambucus) en Hortensia (Hydrangea). een Vlinderbloemen zoals Kamperfoelie (Lonicera) Ceratophyllum, Grof hoornblad: voor plant met mnl. en vrl. bloemen verbergen hun honing vaak in een lange spoor, (bed 6) van C waar alleen een vlinder met zijn lange roltong Ooit bijkan. Vleermuisbestuivers hebben grote bloemen, gepl die ’s nachts op hun best zijn. Cytin niet Naast de noodzakelijke aanpassingen aan droogte, Sinds vinden we bijvoorbeeld in het Middellandse plant Zeegebied erg veel bolvormige, stekelige struikjes zijn: die de gemiddelde geit erg weinig te bieden zijn m hebben: de anti-vraatformule. Als bescherming kleur tegen begrazing hebben ze stekels en tot gemeen jaren scherpe dorens omgevormde takken bestu en bladeren. ertoe Ze behoren tot heel uiteenlopende families: voor distels horen meestal in een v de Composietenfamilie De m Haver, een Caryocar glabrum, een windbestuiver vleermuisbestuiver
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