So-Iuy Mullet (Planiliza Haematocheilus) ERSS

Home , Actinopterygii, Chelon, Elopiformes, Lateolabrax, Mediterranean killifish, Mugil

So-iuy Mullet (Planiliza haematocheilus) Ecological Risk Screening Summary

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, May 2011 Revised, July 2019 Web Version, 2/8/2021

Organism Type: Fish Overall Risk Assessment Category: Uncertain

1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range From Froese and Pauly (2019):

“Northwest Pacific: Hokkaido southward to Kyushu, Japan; Amur River southward to Xiamen [China] through the Korean Peninsula [Nakabo 2002]. Reported from Vietnam [Nguyen and Nguyen 1994].”

“Reported from China's coast [Huang 2001]. […] Recorded from Yalu, Chefoo [Berg 1965] and chiefly cultured north of Changjiang (the Yangtze River) [Xu 1985].”

“Recorded from Wonsan, Pusa, Chemulpo, Yalu [North Korea] [Berg 1965].”

“Known from Tai-chung and Chang-hwa, western Taiwan [Shao et al. 1993].”

“Known from the Gulf of Tonkin [Nguyen and Nguyen 1994] and Quang Ninh-Cat Ba [Vietnam] [Nguyen and Nguyen 2006].”

“[In Russia:] Occurs in Peter the Great Bay (Vladivostok, Sedanka River, Suifun upstream to Voroshilov, Tumen'-ula, and other rivers), and as far north as the Amur Liman [Berg 1965]. Recorded from Sakhalin [Pietsch et al. 2000].”

Froese and Pauly (2019) lists Planiliza haematocheilus native to China, Japan, Korea (North and South), Taiwan, Viet Nam, and Russia.

Status in the United States No records of Planiliza haematocheilus in the wild or in trade were found in the United States.

Means of Introductions in the United States No records of Planiliza haematocheilus were found in the United States.

Remarks Synomyns of Planiliza haematocheilus are Planiliza haematocheila, Liza haematocheilus, Chelon haematocheilus, and Mugil soiuy (occasionally spelled Mugil so-iuy). Literature searches were conducted using the valid name along with all the synonyms. Red lipped mullet is another common name used for this species.

2 Biology and Ecology Taxonomic Hierarchy and Taxonomic Standing Fricke et al. (2019):

“Current status: Valid as Planiliza haematocheilus (Temminck & Schlegel 1845).”

From Bailly (2017):

“Biota > Animalia (Kingdom) > Chordata (Phylum) > Vertebrata (Subphylum) > Gnathostomata (Superclass) > […] Actinopterygii (Class) > Perciformes (Order) > Mugiloidei (Suborder) > Mugilidae (Family) > Planiliza (Genus) > Planiliza haematocheila (Species)”

Size, Weight, and Age Range From Froese and Pauly (2019):

“Maturity: Lm ?, range 48 - ? cm Max length : 80.0 cm TL male/unsexed; [Novikov et al. 2002]; common length : 50.0 cm TL male/unsexed; [Masuda and Allen 1993]; max. published weight: 5.0 kg [Novikov et al. 2002]”

From Kottelat and Freyhof (2007):

“Size up to about 530 mm SL.” 2

Environment From Froese and Pauly (2019):

“Marine; freshwater; brackish; pelagic-neritic; catadromous [McDowall 1997]; depth range 5 - 10 m [Masuda et al. 1984].”

From Kottelat and Freyhof (2007):

“Juveniles entering brackish waters of lagoons and lower reaches of rivers. […] Enters freshwater to overwinter.”

Climate From Froese and Pauly (2019):

“Temperate; 53°N - 18°N, 105°E - 146°E”

Distribution Outside the United States Native From Froese and Pauly (2019):

“Northwest Pacific: Hokkaido southward to Kyushu, Japan; Amur River southward to Xiamen [China] through the Korean Peninsula [Nakabo 2002]. Reported from Vietnam [Nguyen and Nguyen 1994].”

“Reported from China's coast [Huang 2001]. […] Recorded from Yalu, Chefoo [Berg 1965] and chiefly cultured north of Changjiang (the Yangtze River) [Xu 1985].”

“Recorded from Wonsan, Pusa, Chemulpo, Yalu [North Korea] [Berg 1965].”

“Known from Tai-chung and Chang-hwa, western Taiwan [Shao et al. 1993].”

“Known from the Gulf of Tonkin [Nguyen and Nguyen 1994] and Quang Ninh-Cat Ba [Vietnam] [Nguyen and Nguyen 2006].”

Froese and Pauly (2019) lists Planiliza haematocheilus native to China, Japan, Korea (North and South), Taiwan, Viet Nam, and Russia.

Introduced From Froese and Pauly (2019):

“Introduced in the Aegean Sea [Papaconstantinou 2014], Black Sea and the Mediterranean [Streftaris and Zenetos 2006].”

“[In Turkey:] Known from the Black Sea, Sea of Marmara, Aegean Sea and its watersheds, European Black Sea watersheds, European Mediterranean Sea watersheds and Anatolian Black Sea watersheds [Fricke et al. 2007]. Found off Trabzon coasts, eastern Black sea [Unsal 1992] and Homa lagoon, Aegean Sea [Kaya et al. 1998]. Found in central coast of Black Sea (Sinop and Samsun vicinity) [Bat et al. 2005].”

“Introduced from its native range [in China] to other regions in the country, intensive culture and extensive stocking in all kinds of inland waters [Ma et al. 2003].”

“[In Greece:] Recorded from Thracian Sea [Corsini-Foka 2010]. Entered the Mediterranean via the Sea of Marmara after its introduction to the Sea of Azov for aquaculture [Golani et al. 2002]. Also from the Strymonikos Gulf [Koutrakis 2004].”

“Introduced into the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov [Russia] [Reshetnikov et al. 1997]. Introduction in the Sea of Azov occurred in late 1960s [Kottelat and Freyhof 2007].”

“[In Ukraine:] Widely idstributed [sic] along the coastal areas of the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea [Starushenko and Kazansky 1996].”

Froese and Pauly (2019) lists Planiliza haematocheilus as introduced and established in Russia (areas outside the native range in eastern Russia), Greece, Ukraine, Romania, Georgia, and Bulgaria, as introduced and probably established in Turkey, and introduced and not established in the Caspian Sea in Russia.

From Schemmel et al. (2019):

“Planiliza haematocheila (also known as Mugil so-iuy or Liza haematocheila), a valuable fisheries and aquaculture species throughout its native range of the western North Pacific and the Sea of Japan, was intentionally introduced to the Azov and Black Seas in the late 1970s and early1980s in efforts to improve aquaculture in the region (Okumuş and Başçinar 1997).”

Means of Introduction Outside the United States From Froese and Pauly (2019):

“Entered the Mediterranean via the Sea of Marmara after its introduction to the Azov and Black Seas for aquaculture [Golani et al. 2002; Bilecenoglu 2010].”

“Introduced by Dr Lubov Semenenko; Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries in Berdiansk, Ukraine. There are announcements of spreading in the black sea [sic] where may be [sic] competition on spawning grounds with other local species.”

“Successful introduction [in Ukraine] as native mullet fisheries collapsed.”

“Diffused [into Bulgaria, Romania, and Georgia] from Black Sea.”

From Schemmel et al. (2019):

“P. haematocheila is an euryhaline mullet species that was purposely introduced to Black and Azov Seas because native mullets were in decline due to changing environmental conditions resulting from decreased freshwater discharges and overfishing (Starushenko and Kazanskiĭ 1996).”

Short Description From Kottelat and Freyhof (2007):

“Distinguished from other species of Liza in Europe by: […] posterior extremity of upper jaw reaching beyond anterior rim of eye […] predorsal scales with longitudinal groove […] 41–42 lateral line scales (not including scales on caudal base) […] 24 circumpeduncular scale rows.”

Biology From Froese and Pauly (2019):

“Adults inhabit shallow coastal waters as well as freshwater regions of rivers [Nakabo 2002]. Very common in the rivers discharging into Peter the Great Bay [Russia]; enter freshwater. Large concentrations of fry-of-the-year measuring 3.1-6.2 cm in the mouths of rivers in August. Length in the Black Sea is usually 20-30 cm but may reach 43 cm; length in the Atlantic Ocean may reach 50 cm [Berg 1965]. Omnivorous [Masuda and Allen 1993]. Oviparous, eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive [Breder and Rosen 1966].”

“Mnemiopsis [introduced jellyfish] doesn't seem to affect species. Natural spawning of wild stock and supplemental induced spawning for stocking lagoons now practiced [in Ukraine].”

From Kottelat and Freyhof (2007):

“Spawns at sea and in brackish limans.”

“Juveniles spend their first year in freshwater then migrate to sea.”

Human Uses From Froese and Pauly (2019):

“Fisheries: commercial”

“highly commercial [in North Korea]”

From Schemmel et al. (2019):

From Jin et al. (2007):

“The three most abundant fish species [in the Yangtze River estuary, China] comprised 95.65% of the total catch, i.e., Asian freshwater goby Synechogobius ommaturus (54.25%), the red lip mullet Chelon haematocheilus [Planiliza haematocheilus] (36.43%) and Chinese sea bass Lateolabrax maculatus (4.97%), which were also the most important fishery species in the Yangtze River estuary [China].”

From Han et al. (2015):

“Grey mullet Mugil cephalus and red lip mullet Chelon haematocheilus [Planiliza haematocheilus] are distributed along the entire coast of Korea. Mullets have been caught frequently from the Yeongsan River, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do, and Ganghwa regions, and their consumption has increased despite the reduced catch in recent years due to overhunting and reclamation (Jang, 2002). Mullets are cultivated to meet the demand for consumption and accounted for 8% of the total amount of cultivated fish in Korea in 2012, […]. Red lip mullet [Planiliza haematocheilus], one of the most valuable species in the Korean aquaculture industry, is mainly cultured along the west coast of Korea.”

Diseases No records of OIE reportable diseases (OIE 2019) were found for Planiliza haematocheilus.

From Cho et al. (2012):

“In 37 redlip mullets (Chelon haematocheilus) [Planiliza haematocheilus], Heterophyes nocens metacercariae were found in 56.8%, Pygidiopsis summa in 94.6%, and Stictodora fuscata in 45.9%, and the average metacercarial densities were 17.4, 31.3, and 35.1 per infected fish, respectively.”

From Han et al. (2015):

“There is little research regarding mullet [Mugil cephalus and Planiliza haematocheilus] disease in Korea, with only Myxobolus sp. and Amyloodinium sp. infections reported so far (Park et al., 2006; Kim et al., 2013).”

“Diseased mullets [Planiliza haematocheilus] displayed green liver syndrome, and Lactococcus garvieae were isolated from their internal organs. Argulus sp., Trichodina sp., and/or Vibrio spp. were also discovered in some infected fish.”

Threat to Humans From Froese and Pauly (2019):

“Harmless”

3 Impacts of Introductions From Kottelat and Freyhof (2007):

“Alien. Invasive. In Azov Sea, it is now the most abundant mugilid species. Along shores of Black Sea, its expansion corresponds to a sharp decline of native species of Mugilidae, which it apparently replaces.”

From Erdogan et al. (2010):

“Pacific mullet [Planiliza haematocheilus], introduced into Azov Sea in 1985, was first observed in the Black Sea in 1989 (Ünsal,1992; Okumus and Bascinar, 1997). It successfully competes with such native mullet species as Mugil cephalus, M. auratus for food. As a result of this competition, catch quantity of native mullet species declined from 14189 tones to 1518 tones during the period 2000-2008.”

From Kasapoglu et al. (2011):

“Pacific mullet Mugil so-iuy [Planiliza haematocheilus] is one of the new introduced species in the eastern Black Sea. It was intentionally carried to the cages in the Azov Sea for aquaculture. However, it was accidentally released to the sea and has well adapted to the Black Sea since 1980. Recently it reached to the Mediterranean. It prefers the southeastern Black Sea coasts especially in the reproduction season starting in May and June. During spawning migration, it is harvested by gill nets all over the Black Sea coasts. Size of this fish is bigger than the local mullet species. There were 5 endemic mullet species before its introduction. At present, all the native species almost disappeared due to high food competition. Fishermen also were obliged to change their gill nets to catch bigger sized Pacific mullet.”

From Froese and Pauly (2019):

“There are announcements of spreading in the black sea [sic] where may be [sic] competition on spawning grounds with other local species.”

4 History of Invasiveness Planiliza haematocheilus has been introduced and established in Russia (areas outside the native range in eastern Russia), Greece, Ukraine, Romania, Georgia, and Bulgaria, was introduced and probably established in Turkey, and introduced and not established in the Caspian Sea in Russia. Records were found of native species of mullet significantly declining in the Black Sea after introduction of P. haematocheilus. The introduction of P. haematocheilus also altered the commercial fishery for mullet, necessitating that fishermen change the size of gear used to harvest fish. These impacts were documented in brackish environments with low levels of salinity and therefore can be considered in assessing the history of invasiveness for this screening. Therefore, the history of invasiveness is classified as High.

5 Global Distribution

Figure 1. Known global distribution of Planiliza haematocheilus. Map from GBIF Secretariat (2020). The observation in Seychelles (islands east of Africa) was not used to select source source points for the climate match as there was no information to verify that this is an established population. Because the climate matching analysis (section 7) is not valid for marine waters, no marine occurrences were used in the climate matching analysis.

P. haematocheilus is native to Vietnam (Froese and Pauly 2019) but no georeferenced observations were available to use in selecting source points for the climate match. Froese and Pauly (2019) state P. haematocheilus has been introduced and established in Ukraine, Romania, Georgia, and Bulgaria; however no additional information was found to determine the locations of these populations and therefore these populations were not used for climate matching.

6 Distribution Within the United States No records of Planiliza haematocheilus were found in the United States.

7 Climate Matching Summary of Climate Matching Analysis The climate match for Planiliza haematocheilus was medium to high for the majority of the contiguous United States. Areas of high match were found in the upper Midwest, the Great Lakes basin, and inland New England, as well as small spots along the southern Atlantic Coast, Florida, and scattered throughout the west. Areas of low match were found along the New England coast, the northern Pacific Coast, and in patches throughout the west. Everywhere else had a medium match. The Climate 6 score (Sanders et al. 2018; 16 climate variables; Euclidean distance) for the contiguous United States was 0.364, high (scores 0.103 and greater are classified as high). The majority of the States had high individual Climate 6 scores except for Alabama, Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming, which had medium scores, and Louisiana, Mississippi, and Rhode Island, which had low scores. Most of the introduced range was not represented in the source points for the climate match, which reduces the certainty in the interpretation of the results. The climate match does not account for salinity tolerance. The results of this climate match refer only to where P. haematocheilus can survive and not where it can reproduce. This species requires marine or brackish waters for reproduction.

Figure 2. RAMP (Sanders et al. 2018) source map showing weather stations in Europe, Asia, and Russia selected as source locations (red; China, Greece, Japan, Korea (North and South), Taiwan, Viet Nam, and Russia.) and non-source locations (gray) for Planiliza haematocheilus climate matching. Source locations from GBIF Secretariat (2020). Selected source locations are within 100 km of one or more species occurrences, and do not necessarily represent the locations of occurrences themselves.

Figure 3. Map of RAMP (Sanders et al. 2018) climate matches for Planiliza haematocheilus in the contiguous United States based on source locations reported by GBIF Secretariat (2020). Counts of climate match scores are tabulated on the left. 0/Blue = Lowest match, 10/Red = Highest match.

The High, Medium, and Low Climate match Categories are based on the following table:

Climate 6: Overall (Count of target points with climate scores 6-10)/ Climate Match (Count of all target points) Category 0.000≤X≤0.005 Low 0.005

8 Certainty of Assessment The certainty of assessment for Planiliza haematocheilus is low. There is some biological and ecological information available for this species. The range is well described but there were no georeferenced observations in the majority of the introduced range to use in selecting source points for the climate match. The climate match results also do not account for salinity

conditions needed for reproduction, which reduces the certainty in the interpretation of the results of the climate match. Information on introductions was found for P. haematocheilus. Information regarding an ecological and an economic impact was found in the literature. However, the impacts occurred in brackish environments and there was no information on any impacts in strictly freshwater areas. Supporting information for the statements made about impacts was not available in English. The lack of representation of the introduced range in the climate match, the fact that the species reproduces in marine and brackish waters, and that impact information is from brackish conditions result in the low certainty.

9 Risk Assessment Summary of Risk to the Contiguous United States So-iuy Mullet (Planiliza haematocheilus) is a fish native to eastern Asia (Russia, Korean Peninsula, Japan, China, and Vietnam). P. haematocheilus is a catadromous species, requiring marine or brackish water to reproduce. It is considered commercially valuable in many Asian countries and is used in aquaculture to support commercial fisheries. It has been deliberately introduced outside the native range to create commercial fisheries. The history of invasiveness for P. haematocheilus is High. P. haematocheilus has been introduced in Eastern Europe and around the Black Sea, which resulted in established populations in those areas. There are records of negative impacts to commercial fisheries in the brackish areas of the introduced ranges. Five species of native mullet have become extirpated after the introduction of P. haematocheilus. The climate match for the contiguous United States was High. Areas of high match were found from the Upper Midwest through inland New England, in some spots along the southern Atlantic Coast, southern Florida, and scattered around the west. The climate match results only cover the portion of the life cycle that occurs in freshwater and not the marine environment needed to reproduce. The certainty of assessment is low due to reproduction occurring in marine environments and a lack of representation of the introduced range in the climate match. Even though the climate match is high and the history of invasiveness is high, due to the need for marine environments for reproduction and the impacts occurring in brackish waters, the overall risk assessment category cannot be classified as high. Therefore, the overall risk assessment category for Planiliza haematocheilus is Uncertain.

Assessment Elements • History of Invasiveness (Sec. 4): High • Overall Climate Match Category (Sec. 7): High • Certainty of Assessment (Sec. 8): Low • Remarks/Important additional information: Reproduction only occurs in marine and brackish environments. There is a documented history of invasiveness in brackish areas. • Overall Risk Assessment Category: Uncertain

10 Literature Cited Note: The following references were accessed for this ERSS. References cited within quoted text but not accessed are included below in Section 11.

Bailly N. 2017. Planiliza haematocheila. In World Register of Marine Species. Available: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1043603 (July 2019).

Cho SH, Kim IS, Hwang EJ, Kim TS, Na BK, Sohn WM. 2012. Infection status of estuarine fish and oysters with intestinal fluke metacercariae in Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea. Korean Journal of Parasitology 50:215–220.

Erdogan N, Duzgunes E, Ogut H, Kasapoglu. 2010. Introduced species and their impacts in the Black Sea. Rapport Commission International Mer Méditerranée 39:504.

Fricke R, Eschmeyer WN, van der Laan R, editors. 2019. Eschmeyer’s catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. California Academy of Science. Available: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp (July 2019).

Froese R, Pauly D, editors. 2019. Planiliza haematocheila Temminck & Schlegel, 1845. FishBase. Available: https://www.fishbase.de/summary/Planiliza-haematocheila.html (July 2019).

GBIF Secretariat. 2020. GBIF backbone taxonomy: Planiliza haematocheila (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845). Copenhagen: Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Available: https://www.gbif.org/species/9377860 (July 2020).

Han HJ, Lee NS, Kim MS, Jung SH. 2015. An outbreak of Lactococcus garvieae infection in cage-cultured red lip mullet Chelon haematocheilus with green live syndrome. Fisheries of Aquatic Sciences 18:333–339.

Jin B, Fu C, Zhong J, Li B, Chen J, Wu J. 2007. Fish utilization of a salt marsh intertidal creek in the Yangtze River estuary, China. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 73:844–852.

Kasapoglu N, Duzgunes E, Sağlam N E, Sağlam H. 2011. Alien species and their impacts in the Black Sea. Pages 256–260 in V International conference “Aquaculture & Fishery”. Belgrade, Serbia. Conference Proceedings.

Kottelat M, Freyhof J. 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Cornol, Switzerland: Kottelat; Berlin, Germany: Freyhof.

[OIE] World Organisation for Animal Health. 2019. OIE-listed diseases, infections and infestations in force in 2019. Available: http://www.oie.int/animal-health-in-the- world/oie-listed-diseases-2019/ (June 2019).

Sanders S, Castiglione C, Hoff M. 2018. Risk Assessment Mapping Program: RAMP. Version 3.1. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Schemmel E, Kamikawa K, Shimoda T, Peyton KA. 2019. The life history of the invasive mullet, Osteomugil engeli (Bleeker, 1858) in Hawaiian estuaries. Environmental Biology of Fishes 102:553–568.

11 Literature Cited in Quoted Material Note: The following references are cited within quoted text within this ERSS, but were not accessed for its preparation. They are included here to provide the reader with more information.

Bat L, Erdem Y, Ustaoğlu S, Yardım Ö, Hüseyin Satılmış H. 2005. A study on the fishes of the Central Black Sea coast of Turkey. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 11:291–296.

Berg LS. 1965. Freshwater fishes of the U.S.S.R. and adjacent countries, volume 3, 4th edition. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations.

Bilecenoglu M. 2010. Alien marine fishes of Turkey - an updated review. Pages 189–217 in Golani D, Appelbaum-Golani B, editors. Fish invasions in the Mediterranean Sea: change and renewal. Sofia-Moscow, Russia: Pensoft.

Breder CM, Rosen DE. 1966. Modes of reproduction in fishes. Neptune City, New Jersey: T.F.H. Publications.

Corsini-Foka M. 2010. Current status of alien species in Greek seas. Pages 219–253 in Golani D, Appelbaum-Golani B, editors. Fish invasions in the Mediterranean Sea: change and renewal. Sofia-Moscow: Pensoft.

Fricke R, Bilecenoglu M, Sari HM. 2007. Annotated checklist of fish and lamprey species (Gnathostoma and Petromyzontomorphi) of Turkey, including a Red List of threatened and declining species. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde A (Biologie) 706:1–172.

Golani D, Orsi Relini L, Massutí E, Quignard JP. 2002. CIESM atlas of exotic species in the Mediterranean, volume 1. Fishes. F. Briand. Monaco: CIESM Publishers.

Huang Z. 2001. Marine species and their distribution in China's seas. Pages 404–463 in [No editor given.] Vertebrata. Florida: Smithsonian Institution.

Jang LN. 2002. [No title given.] Pages 318–378 in [No editor given.] Fish culture. Korea: Sam- Kwang Publisher.

Kaya M, Mater S, Korkut AY. 1998. A new grey mullet species "Mugil so-iuy Basilewsky" (Teleostei: Mugilidae) from the Aegean coast of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology 22(4):303–306. 14

Kim WS, Kim JH, Jang MS, Jung SJ, Oh MJ. 2013. Infection of wild mullet (Mugil cephalus) with Myxobolus episquamalis in Korea. Parasitology Research 112:447–451.

Koutrakis ET. 2004. Temporal occurrence and size distribution of grey mullet juveniles (Pisces, Mugilidae) in the estuarine systems of the Strymonikos Gulf (Greece). Journal of Applied Ichthyology 20:76–78.

Ma X, Bangxi X, Yindong W, Mingxue W. 2003. Intentionally introduced and transferred fishes in China's inland waters. Asian Fisheries Science 16(3&4):279–290.

Masuda H, Amaoka K, Araga C, Uyeno T, Yoshino T. 1984. The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago, volume 1. Tokyo: Tokai University Press.

Masuda H, Allen GR. 1993. Meeresfische der Welt - Groß-Indopazifische Region. Melle, Germany: Tetra Verlag, Herrenteich.

McDowall RM. 1997. The evolution of diadromy in fishes (revisited) and its place in phylogenetic analysis. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 7:443–462.

Nakabo T. 2002. Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, English edition I. Japan: Tokai University Press.

Nguyen HP, Nguyen NT. 1994. Checklist of marine fishes in Vietnam, volume 2. Osteichthyes, from Elopiformes to Mugiliformes. Vietnam: Science and Technics Publishing House.

Nguyen NT, Nguyen VQ. 2006. Biodiversity and living resources of the coral reef fishes in Vietnam marine waters. Hanoi, Vietnam: Science and Technology Publishing House.

Novikov NP, Sokolovsky AS, Sokolovskaya TG, Yakovlev YM. 2002. The fishes of Primorye. Vladivostok, Russia: Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University.

Okumuş İ, Başçinar N. 1997. Population structure, growth and reproduction of introduced Pacific mullet, Mugil so-iuy, in the Black Sea. Fisheries Research 33:131–137.

Papaconstantinou C. 2014. Fauna Graeciae. an updated checklist of the fishes in the Hellenic seas. Monagraphs on Marine Sciences 7.

Park SW, Yu JH, Lee CH. 2006. Amyloodinium sp. infestation in Mullet (Mugil cephalus) cultured in a pond on land. Journal of Fish Pathology 19:7–15.

Pietsch TW, Amaoka K, Stevenson DE, MacDonald EL, Urbain BK, López JA. 2000. Freshwater fishes of the Kuril Islands and adjacent regions. Washington: University of Washington Fish Collection, International Kuril Island Project.

Reshetnikov YS, Bogutskaya NG, Vasil'eva ED, Dorofeeva EA, Naseka AM, Popova OA, Savvaitova KA, Sideleva VG, Sokolov LI. 1997. An annotated check-list of the freshwater fishes of Russia. Journal of Ichthyology 37(9):687–736.

Shao K-T, Chen J-P, Kao P-H, Wu C-Y. 1993. Fish fauna and their geographical distribution along the western coast of Taiwan. Acata Zoologica Taiwanica 4(2):113–140.

Starushenko LI, Kazanskiĭ AB. 1996. Introduction of mullet haarder (Mugil so-iuy Basilewsky) into the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. FAO 52:197–219.

Starushenko LI, Kazansky AB. 1996. Introduction of mullet haader (Mugil soiuy Basilevsky) into the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. Rome: FAP. GFCM Studies and Reviews 67.

Streftaris N, Zenetos A. 2006. Alien marine species in the Mediterranean - the 100 ‘worst invasives’ and their impact. Mediterranean Marine Science 7:87–118.

Temminck CJ, Schlegel H. 1845. Pisces. Pages 113–172 in de Siebold PF, editor. Fauna Japonica, sive descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per Japoniam ... suscepto annis 1823- 1830 collegit, notis, observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit Ph. Fr. de Siebold. Lugduni Batavorum.

Unsal S. 1992. Turkiye denizleri icin yeni bir kefal baligi turu: Mugil so-iuy Basilewsky. DOGA, Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 16:427-432.

Xu G. 1985. Fish mariculture studies in China. ICLARM Newsletter 8(4):5–6.