Mammalian Diversity Patterns: Effects of Bias and Scale

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Mammalian Diversity Patterns: Effects of Bias and Scale Mammalian diversity patterns: effects of bias and scale Ben Collen A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Imperial College London, University of London. September 2005 Abstract Abstract In recent years, conservation research has dramatically increased appreciation of the underlying mechanisms of changing biodiversity patterns. More specifically, phylogenetic comparative analyses have provided conservation biologists with a more rigorous tool to explore and understand the underlying processes and patterns of contemporary extinction. I use methods that control for phylogenetic non-independence of taxa, to examine several aspects of mammalian diversity patterns. The first section addresses a number of issues that may bias our current views of patterns of biodiversity. Species description is ongoing, even among well-studied taxa, so how will currently undiscovered species alter our view of biodiversity? Results from chapter two suggest that within groups, we can make some robust generalisations about what undescribed species may be like. A key tool for conservation is the assessment of extinction risk. As the impact and use of threatened species lists become wider reaching, the imperative to ensure they are robust, objective and reliable becomes greater. In chapter three I find that Red List assessments among multiple users of varying experience are remarkably consistent. The final category on the IUCN Red List is ‘Extinct’. Though apparently straightforward, applying the category can be problematic, as the disappearance of the final individual of a species is rarely observed. Conservation science must seek more robust and objective means to classify species for when data are sparse. A potential solution to the problem, which utilises a species sighting record, is tested in chapter four. The second section of this thesis addresses extinction risk and the effect of scale. Global species extinction typically represents the end point in a long sequence of population declines and local extinctions, but there is still little appreciation of how local processes scale up to global patterns. Regional scale analyses presented in chapters five and six, provide some insight and unlike the majority of global analyses, are more able to account for specific threatening processes which, mediated by species biology, are driving extinction. Making progress in understanding the processes 2 Abstract governing species extinction may require robust generalisations about the relationship of extinction between the population and species level. I synthesise these results in chapter seven, with published analyses of extinction risk and show some that correlates are really quite robust to changes in scale. 3 Declaration Declaration All the work presented in this thesis is my own, with the following acknowledgements: Chapter 2 This chapter is published in Global Ecology and Biogeography as a senior authored paper with Andy Purvis and John Gittleman. I was responsible for all aspects of the design, analysis and writing of the paper. The other two authors provided data and thoughtful comments on manuscript structure and clarity. Chapter 3 The idea for this chapter came from Georgina Mace. Many people at the Global Mammal Assessment, African small mammals workshop, and student groups from Imperial College London and Manchester Metropolitan University completed Red List assessments to enable me to write this chapter. All aspects of the design, analysis and writing are my own. Chapter 4 Part of the data presented in this chapter was collated whilst working at the University of Sydney in Chris Dickman’s lab. Dave Roberts and Andy Solow answered my incessant questions about the technique used. Dave Orme and Marcus Rowcliffe helped me implement it. Analyses and writing are my own. Chapter 5 This chapter is to be published in Biodiversity and Conservation in a special issue on extinction. Data for this chapter came from the INTAS funded project 99-1483 from E.J. Milner-Gulland and Stephen Ling. Elena Bykova was instrumental in collating and validating information for the database. Andy Purvis, E.J. Milner-Gulland and Stephen Ling provided comments on the structure and clarity of the final write up – they are all coauthors on the final paper. The design, analysis and write up were my own work. Chapter 6 Data for this chapter was collated during work with Chris Pavey at the Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory, Alice Springs, Australia. Marcel Cardillo generated the species lists from Mammal SuperTeam range maps. Data on the environmental variables came from the Pantheria database. All these are fully acknowledged in the text. Ben Collen 4 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements My supervisors Georgina Mace and Andy Purvis have offered advice and support throughout – they have been invaluable and have played a large part in constructing my thoughts on conservation biology. Above all, working with them has been great fun. Jon Bielby, Marcel Cardillo and Sarah Adamovicz have all read and improved multiple versions of my frequently grammar free manuscripts, and I thank them for their invaluable input. Jonathan Baillie, Nick Isaac, Sam Turvey, Craig Hilton-Taylor, Rich Grenyer, John Gittleman, Konrad Dolphin, Zoe Cokeliss, Ian Owens and Tim Barraclough have all offered discussion and advice for which I am grateful. Chris Pavey from the Parks and Wildlife Commission for the Northern Territory and the various members of the Dickman lab at the University of Sydney hosted me during those arduous long hot days of ‘field work’. Chris in particular made me feel very welcome whilst in Alice Springs and for a brief moment I wished we hadn’t beaten you so resoundingly in the Ashes…no, hang on. Andy Solow, Dave Roberts, Andy Beet, Marcus Rowcliffe and Dave Orme answered my questions and offered practical help regarding computing. I thank E.J. Milner-Gulland, Stephen Ling, Lena Bykova, Mike Hoffmann and the Mammal SuperTeam for data and advice. A large group of people, who I won’t name, took the time and trouble to complete Red List assessments necessary for one of my chapters, for which I am very grateful. NERC has provided the funding. Finally, countless friends and family have almost unfailingly acted interested in what I’m doing – the glazed over eyes gave you away. 5 Table of contents Table of Contents Abstract 2 Declaration 4 Acknowledgements 5 Table of Contents 6 List of Tables 8 List of Figures 10 Chapter 1 12 Introduction & chapter rationale 12 Bias in diversity patterns 12 Scaling of extinction 15 Chapter 2 17 Biological correlates of description date in carnivores and primates 17 Introduction 17 Methods 19 Data 19 Phylogenetic analysis 20 Species analysis 22 Results 22 Contrasts analysis 22 Species analysis 23 Discussion 23 Tables and Figures 29 Chapter 3 34 Consistent conservation: examining the reliability of IUCN Red List assessments 34 Introduction 34 Methods 37 Species information 37 Threat assessment protocol & application 37 Analysis 38 Results 39 Application of categories & criteria 39 Error – occurrence, direction, magnitude and type 40 Discussion 41 Consistency of classification 41 In the context of other risk assessment protocols 44 Recommendations 44 Tables and Figures 46 Chapter 4 54 When is a species really extinct? Inferring extinction from a sighting record to inform the IUCN Red List 54 Introduction 54 Methods 56 Data 56 6 Table of contents Analysis 57 Results 59 Tests of robustness 59 Estimating date of extinction 59 Discussion 60 Concerns over effort 62 Levels of certainty 62 Tables and Figures 64 Chapter 5 71 Regional extinction risk in central Asian vertebrates 71 Introduction 71 Methods 72 Data 72 Analysis 73 Results 75 Discussion 77 Tables and Figures 81 Chapter 6 87 Bioregional patterns of extinction in Australian mammals 87 Introduction 87 Methods 89 Database & data collection 89 Analysis 92 Results 94 Distribution of extinction 94 Predictors of extinction pattern 94 Discussion 95 Patterns of extinction 95 Inferring causes of extinction 97 Methodological issues & implications for risk scaling 99 Tables and Figures 101 Chapter 7 108 Synthesis: does extinction risk scale from a local to global level? 108 Summary 108 Introduction 109 Methods 111 Data collation 111 Analysis 113 Results 114 Discussion 115 Evidence of an effect of scale 115 Methodological concerns 116 Processes & measures 118 Conclusions 119 Tables and Figures 120 Chapter 8 126 Conclusions 126 Bias in diversity patterns 126 The scaling of extinction risk 127 Appendices 129 References 152 7 List of Tables List of Tables Table 2.1. Wilcoxon’s signed rank tests of categorical variables predicting description date. 29 Table 2.2. Results of single predictor regressions of contrast data and species data for each order. 30 Table 2.3. Multiple regression model for carnivores predicting description date. 31 Table 2.4. Multiple regression model across carnivores and primates. 31 Table 3.1. IUCN Red List categories and criteria. 46 Table 3.2. Variation in classification amongst the assessors. 47 Table 3.3. Variation within IUCN Red List category. 48 Table 3.4. Analysis of Deviance for the proportion of errors made by assessors in each level of experience. 49 Table 3.5. Proportions of different types of errors made by assessors at each level of experience. 49 Table 4.1. Evaluation of Type I error rate. Date of extinction sequentially estimated for each successive number of sightings starting from the most distant. 64 Table 4.2. Estimated dates of extinction for 10 species listed as Regionally Extinct in NSW. 65 Table 4.3. Estimated extinction dates for 10 Asian bird species considered globally extinct. 66 Table 5.1. Assessment of the contribution of phylogeny to each of the traits. 81 Table 5.2. Single predictor regressions for the phylogenetic analysis of correlates of threat on regional IUCN threat rating. 82 Table 5.3. Single predictor regressions of species data of correlates of threat on regional IUCN threat rating. 83 Table 5.4. Single predictor regressions for the phylogenetic analysis of correlates of threat on regional IUCN threat rating in mammals: game species and non-game species.
Recommended publications
  • An Inordinate Disdain for Beetles
    An Inordinate Disdain for Beetles: Imagining the Insect in Colonial Aotearoa A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts in English By Lillian Duval University of Canterbury August 2020 Table of Contents: TABLE OF CONTENTS: ................................................................................................................................. 2 TABLE OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................ 6 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. 7 INTRODUCTION: INSECTOCENTRISM..................................................................................................................................... 8 LANGUAGE ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 ALICE AND THE GNAT IN CONTEXT ............................................................................................................................ 17 FOCUS OF THIS RESEARCH ....................................................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER ONE: FRONTIER ENTOMOLOGY AND THE
    [Show full text]
  • Ba3444 MAMMAL BOOKLET FINAL.Indd
    Intot Obliv i The disappearing native mammals of northern Australia Compiled by James Fitzsimons Sarah Legge Barry Traill John Woinarski Into Oblivion? The disappearing native mammals of northern Australia 1 SUMMARY Since European settlement, the deepest loss of Australian biodiversity has been the spate of extinctions of endemic mammals. Historically, these losses occurred mostly in inland and in temperate parts of the country, and largely between 1890 and 1950. A new wave of extinctions is now threatening Australian mammals, this time in northern Australia. Many mammal species are in sharp decline across the north, even in extensive natural areas managed primarily for conservation. The main evidence of this decline comes consistently from two contrasting sources: robust scientifi c monitoring programs and more broad-scale Indigenous knowledge. The main drivers of the mammal decline in northern Australia include inappropriate fi re regimes (too much fi re) and predation by feral cats. Cane Toads are also implicated, particularly to the recent catastrophic decline of the Northern Quoll. Furthermore, some impacts are due to vegetation changes associated with the pastoral industry. Disease could also be a factor, but to date there is little evidence for or against it. Based on current trends, many native mammals will become extinct in northern Australia in the next 10-20 years, and even the largest and most iconic national parks in northern Australia will lose native mammal species. This problem needs to be solved. The fi rst step towards a solution is to recognise the problem, and this publication seeks to alert the Australian community and decision makers to this urgent issue.
    [Show full text]
  • Distributions of Extinction Times from Fossil Ages and Tree Topologies: the Example of Some Mid-Permian Synapsid Extinctions
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.11.448028; this version posted June 11, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions Gilles Didier1 and Michel Laurin2 1IMAG, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France 2CR2P (“Centre de Recherches sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements”; UMR 7207), CNRS/MNHN/UPMC, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France June 11, 2021 Abstract Given a phylogenetic tree of extinct and extant taxa with fossils where the only temporal infor- mation stands in the fossil ages, we devise a method to compute the distribution of the extinction time of a given set of taxa under the Fossilized-Birth-Death model. Our approach differs from the previous ones in that it takes into account the possibility that the taxa or the clade considered may diversify before going extinct, whilst previous methods just rely on the fossil recovery rate to estimate confidence intervals. We assess and compare our new approach with a standard previous one using simulated data. Results show that our method provides more accurate confidence intervals. This new approach is applied to the study of the extinction time of three Permo-Carboniferous synapsid taxa (Ophiacodontidae, Edaphosauridae, and Sphenacodontidae) that are thought to have disappeared toward the end of the Cisuralian, or possibly shortly thereafter. The timing of extinctions of these three taxa and of their component lineages supports the idea that a biological crisis occurred in the late Kungurian/early Roadian.
    [Show full text]
  • (2012). IUCN Knowledge Products – the Basis
    IUCN Knowledge Products The basis for a partnership to support the functions and work programme of IPBES ed Spec UCN Red ten ies I Lis ea ™ t hr of T E f c o o t s is y L s t e d m e R s N C measures measures U I extinction risk elimination risk e h T ) A K P e D y b W ( i o s d a i sites of biodiversity v sites with e r e importance requiring protected status A r s conservation action d it y te a c r te ea W o s o Pr P rld n ro Dat se o tec aba ted Planet INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE About IUCN IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges. IUCN works on biodiversity, climate change, energy, human livelihoods and greening the world economy by supporting scientific research, managing field projects all over the world, and bringing governments, NGOs, the UN and companies together to develop policy, laws and best practice. IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global environmental organization, with more than 1,200 government and NGO members and almost 11,000 volunteer experts in some 160 countries. IUCN’s work is supported by over 1,000 staff in 45 offices and hundreds of partners in public, NGO and private sectors around the world. www.iucn.org IUCN Knowledge Products The basis for a partnership to support the functions and work programme of IPBES A document prepared for the second session of a plenary meeting on the Intergovernmental science-policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), on 16-21 April 2012, in Panamá City, Panamá The designation of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Criteria Used in IUCN Assessment Overestimate Area of Occupancy for Freshwater Taxa
    Spatial Criteria Used in IUCN Assessment Overestimate Area of Occupancy for Freshwater Taxa By Jun Cheng A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto © Copyright Jun Cheng 2013 Spatial Criteria Used in IUCN Assessment Overestimate Area of Occupancy for Freshwater Taxa Jun Cheng Masters of Science Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto 2013 Abstract Area of Occupancy (AO) is a frequently used indicator to assess and inform designation of conservation status to wildlife species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The applicability of the current grid-based AO measurement on freshwater organisms has been questioned due to the restricted dimensionality of freshwater habitats. I investigated the extent to which AO influenced conservation status for freshwater taxa at a national level in Canada. I then used distribution data of 20 imperiled freshwater fish species of southwestern Ontario to (1) demonstrate biases produced by grid-based AO and (2) develop a biologically relevant AO index. My results showed grid-based AOs were sensitive to spatial scale, grid cell positioning, and number of records, and were subject to inconsistent decision making. Use of the biologically relevant AO changed conservation status for four freshwater fish species and may have important implications on the subsequent conservation practices. ii Acknowledgments I would like to thank many people who have supported and helped me with the production of this Master’s thesis. First is to my supervisor, Dr. Donald Jackson, who was the person that inspired me to study aquatic ecology and conservation biology in the first place, despite my background in environmental toxicology.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses Ecological Changes in the British Flora WALKER, KEVIN,JOHN How to cite: WALKER, KEVIN,JOHN (2009) Ecological Changes in the British Flora, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/121/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk Ecological Changes in the British Flora Kevin John Walker B.Sc., M.Sc. School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences University of Durham 2009 This thesis is submitted in candidature for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dedicated to Terry C. E. Wells (1935-2008) With thanks for the help and encouragement so generously given over the last ten years Plate 1 Pulsatilla vulgaris , Barnack Hills and Holes, Northamptonshire Photo: K.J. Walker Contents ii Contents List of tables vi List of figures viii List of plates x Declaration xi Abstract xii 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Detecting Patterns of Species Diversification in the Presence of Both Rate Shifts and Mass Extinctions
    Version dated: August 3, 2021 Detecting patterns of species diversification in the presence of both rate shifts and mass extinctions Sacha Laurent12, Marc Robinson-Rechavi12, and Nicolas Salamin12 1Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 2Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (Keywords: Phylogeny, Diversification, Mass Extinctions) Abstract Background: Recent methodological advances allow better examination of speciation and extinction processes and patterns. A major open question is the origin of large discrepancies in species number between groups of the same age. Existing frameworks to model this diversity either focus on changes between lineages, neglecting global effects such as mass arXiv:1404.5441v3 [q-bio.PE] 31 Aug 2015 extinctions, or focus on changes over time which would affect all lineages. Yet it seems probable that both lineages differences and mass extinctions affect the same groups. Results: Here we used simulations to test the performance of two widely used methods under complex scenarios of diversification. We report good performances, although with a tendency to over-predict events with increasing complexity of the scenario. Conclusion: Overall, we find that lineage shifts are better detected than mass extinctions. This work has significance to assess the methods currently used to estimate changes in diversification using phylogenetic trees. Our results also point toward the need to develop new models of diversification to expand our capabilities to analyse realistic and complex evolutionary scenarios. Background The estimation of the rates of speciation and extinction provides important information on the macro-evolutionary processes shaping biodiversity through time (Ricklefs 2007). Since the seminal paper by Nee et al: Nee et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Prominent Role of Invasive Species in Avian Biodiversity Loss
    Biological Conservation 142 (2009) 2043–2049 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Conservation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Prominent role of invasive species in avian biodiversity loss Miguel Clavero a,b,*, Lluís Brotons a, Pere Pons b, Daniel Sol c a Grup d’Ecologia del Paisatge, Àrea de Biodiversitat, Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya, Pujada del Seminari s/n. 25280 Solsona, Catalonia, Spain b Departament de Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain c CREAF-CSIC (Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries—Spanish National Research Council), Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain article info abstract Article history: The rise of extinction rates associated with human activities has led to a growing interest in identifying Received 20 January 2009 extinction-prone taxa and extinction-promoting drivers. Previous work has identified habitat alterations Received in revised form 23 March 2009 and invasive species as the major drivers of recent bird extinctions. Here, we extend this work to ask how Accepted 29 March 2009 these human-driven impacts differentially affect extinction-prone taxa, and if any specific driver pro- Available online 28 April 2009 motes taxonomic homogenization of avifauna. Like most previous studies, our analysis is based on global information of extinction drivers affecting threatened and extinct bird species from the IUCN Red List. Keywords: Unlike previous studies, we employ a multivariate statistical framework that allows us to identify the Extinction risk main gradients of variation in extinction drivers. By using these gradients, we show that bird families Extinction drivers Biotic homogenization with the highest extinction risk are primarily associated with threats posed by invasive species, once spe- Invasive species cies richness and phylogeny are taken into account.
    [Show full text]
  • David M. Raup 1933–2015
    David M. Raup 1933–2015 A Biographical Memoir by Michael Foote and Arnold I. Miller ©2017 National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. DAVID MALCOLM RAUP April 24, 1933–July 9, 2015 Elected to the NAS, 1979 David M. Raup, one of the most influential paleontolo- gists of the second half of the 20th century, infused the field with concepts from modern biology and established several major lines of research that continue today: Theoretical morphology. Why, despite eons of evolution, is the spectrum of realized biological forms such a tiny fraction of those that are theoretically possible? First-order patterns in the geologic history of biodiversity. Has biodiversity increased steadily over time? What does the answer imply about the biosphere and the nature of the fossil record? Mathematical modeling of evolution. What By Michael Foote patterns result, for example, from the structure of evolu- and Arnold I. Miller tionary trees? And what is the apparent order that emerges from stochastic processes? Biological extinction. What temporal patterns are evident in the history of life and what are their implications for the drivers of extinction and for Earth’s place in the cosmos? The pilot and the paleontologist In The Right Stuff(1979), author Tom Wolfe observed that the calm West Virginia drawl of the renowned test pilot and World War II ace Chuck Yeager could still be heard in the voices of virtually all commercial pilots, decades after Yeager became the first to break the sound barrier.
    [Show full text]
  • Prioritising Threatened Species and Threatening Processes Across Northern Australia
    Prioritising threatened species and threatening processes across northern Australia User guide for data by Anna Pintor, Mark Kennard, Jorge G. Álvarez-Romero and Stephanie Hernandez © James Cook University, 2019 Prioritising threatened species and threatening processes across northern Australia: User guide for data is licensed by James Cook University for use under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Australia licence. For licence conditions see creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 This report should be cited as: Pintor A,1 Kennard M,2 Álvarez-Romero JG,1,3 and Hernandez S.1 2019. Prioritising threatened species and threatening processes across northern Australia: User guide for data. James Cook University, Townsville. 1. James Cook University 2. Griffith University 3. ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies Cover photographs Front cover: Butler’s Dunnart is a threatened species which is found only on the Tiwi Islands in the Northern Territory, photo Alaric Fisher. Back cover: One of the spatially explicit maps created during this project. This report is available for download from the Northern Australia Environmental Resources (NAER) Hub website at nespnorthern.edu.au The Hub is supported through funding from the Australian Government’s National Environmental Science Program (NESP). The NESP NAER Hub is hosted by Charles Darwin University. ISBN 978-1-925800-44-9 December, 2019 Printed by Uniprint Contents Acronyms....................................................................................................................................vi
    [Show full text]
  • Fish-Movement Ecology in High-Gradient Headwater Streams: Its Relevance to Fish Passage Restoration Through Stream Culvert Barriers
    Fish-Movement Ecology in High-Gradient Headwater Streams: Its Relevance to Fish Passage Restoration Through Stream Culvert Barriers Hoffman, R., and Dunham, J. Open-File Report 2007–1140 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2007 Revised and reprinted: 2007 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Hoffman, R., and Dunham, J., 2007, Fish Movement Ecology in High Gradient Headwater Streams: Its Relevance to Fish Passage Restoration Through Stream Culvert Barriers: U.S. Geological Survey, OFR 2007- 1140, p. 40. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. ii Contents Contents ..............................................................................................................................................................................iii Executive Summary............................................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Long Term Evolutionary Responses to Whole Genome Duplication
    Unicentre CH-1015 Lausanne http://serval.unil.ch Year : 2016 Long term evolutionary responses to whole genome duplication Sacha Laurent Sacha Laurent, 2016, Long term evolutionary responses to whole genome duplication Originally published at : Thesis, University of Lausanne Posted at the University of Lausanne Open Archive http://serval.unil.ch Document URN : urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_8E5536BAC6042 Droits d’auteur L'Université de Lausanne attire expressément l'attention des utilisateurs sur le fait que tous les documents publiés dans l'Archive SERVAL sont protégés par le droit d'auteur, conformément à la loi fédérale sur le droit d'auteur et les droits voisins (LDA). A ce titre, il est indispensable d'obtenir le consentement préalable de l'auteur et/ou de l’éditeur avant toute utilisation d'une oeuvre ou d'une partie d'une oeuvre ne relevant pas d'une utilisation à des fins personnelles au sens de la LDA (art. 19, al. 1 lettre a). A défaut, tout contrevenant s'expose aux sanctions prévues par cette loi. Nous déclinons toute responsabilité en la matière. Copyright The University of Lausanne expressly draws the attention of users to the fact that all documents published in the SERVAL Archive are protected by copyright in accordance with federal law on copyright and similar rights (LDA). Accordingly it is indispensable to obtain prior consent from the author and/or publisher before any use of a work or part of a work for purposes other than personal use within the meaning of LDA (art. 19, para. 1 letter a). Failure to do so will expose offenders to the sanctions laid down by this law.
    [Show full text]