Government of Western Australia Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety
CODE OF PRACTICE Safe storage of solid ammonium nitrate Fourth edition
Government of Western Australia Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety
CODE OF PRACTICE Safe storage of solid ammonium nitrate Fourth edition Disclaimer The information contained in this publication is provided in good faith and believed to be reliable and accurate at the time of publication. However, the information is provided on the basis that the reader will be solely responsible for assessing the information and its veracity and usefulness. The State shall in no way be liable, in negligence or howsoever, for any loss sustained or incurred by anyone relying on the information, even if such information is or turns out to be wrong, incomplete, out-of-date or misleading. In this disclaimer: State means the State of Western Australia and includes every Minister, agent, agency, department, statutory body corporate and instrumentality thereof and each employee or agent of any of them. Information includes information, data, representations, advice, statements and opinions, expressly or implied set out in this publication. Loss includes loss, damage, liability, cost, expense, illness and injury (including death).
Reference Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, 2021, Safe storage of solid ammonium nitrate – code of practice (4th edition): Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australia, 35 pp. ISBN 978 1 922149 90 9 (web) © State of Western Australia (Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety) 2021 This publication is available on request in other formats for people with special needs. Further details of resources safety publications can be obtained by contacting: Safety Regulation Group – Regulatory Support Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety 100 Plain Street EAST PERTH WA 6004 Telephone: +61 8 9358 8001 NRS: 13 36 77 Email: [email protected]
II long asthesamelevel ofsafety orbetterisachieved. and donotprevent innovations thatimprove safety by analternatemethodas performance level ofrisk. The codesallowflexibilityofthemeans to achieve thedesired safety outcomes demonstrated thattheuseofalternative riskcontrol measures provides anequivalent orlower it isexpectedthatdeviations from recommended practice willbejustifiedanditcan in law(s.62oftheAct).Althoughcompliancewithanapproved codeisnotmandatory, the Ministerundersection20ofAct,andcompliancewiththemmay beusedasadefence obligations undertheActandrelated regulations. The codesare approved andgazetted by Approved codesofpractice provide safety recommendations to assistpeopleinmeetingtheir Codes ofpractice serious casescanleadto prosecution orthesuspensionofalicence. breaches are likely to result inremediation noticesto improve safety requirements, andin Dangerous GoodsSafety regulations are actively enforced by Dangerous GoodsOfficersand comply withanapproved safety report. Hazard Facilities) Regulations2007(MHFRegulations),withtherequirement to produce and major hazard facilities(MHFs)and willalsobesubjectto theDangerous GoodsSafety (Major Some siteswhere ANstorage and/orhandlingoccursatmanufacturing sitesare classifiedas exceeding 10talsorequiring licensingundertheStorage Regulations. Safety requirements existforthestorage andhandlingofANabove 1t,withquantities than 3kg ofANisstored foruseatlaboratories underspecificconditions. All storages ofANrequire asecuritylicenceundertheSSANRegulations,except where less (SSAN Regulations)deliver securityoutcomesforammoniumnitrate (AN). and theDangerous GoodsSafety (SecuritySensitive Ammonium Nitrate) Regulations2007 Handling ofNon-explosives) Regulations2007(Storage Regulations)deliver safety outcomes by severalThe Actissupported setsofregulations. The Dangerous GoodsSafety (Storage and Regulations goods andgoesbeyond theworkplacedutiesof including membersofthepublic. This dutyisplacedoneveryone involved withdangerous dangerous goods. This dutynotonlyappliesto employers andemployees, butto allpersons, A key focusofthe The Act Foreword features oftheAct. and theMinesSafety andInspectionAct1994 Dangerous GoodsSafety Act2004 . Public safety is one of the most important . Publicsafety isoneofthemostimportant Occupational Safety andHealthAct1984 (theAct)isthedutyto minimiseriskfrom
III SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) IV Appendix 4 Appendix 3 Appendix 2 Appendix 1 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Foreword
reight containerstorage 3.3 ypes ofstores andgeneral requirements 3.2 3.1 quired risk control measures Store design andconstruction zards ofAN 2.2 2.1 Hazard and risk control measures 1.2 1.1 Introduction arking requirements withrestricted access private on property 8.2 8.1 requirementsquipment Parking ofvehicles withrestricted loaded withANonprivate access property 7.2 7.1 e protection gency response Powered transfer equipment 6.2 6.1 Emergency response and fire protection quirements inastorage building 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 ation distances orage with highexplosives anddetonators Storage requirements 4.2 4.1 Store location andseparation distances andbinstorage 3.6 3.5 3.4
P Overview E General Fir Emer Compatib Loose pri Re Disposal ofcak Caking ofAN General St Separ Magazine st Silo Building st F Open-air s T Re Ha Application Scope . .. .
...... Accidental storage explosions 2000–2020 Toxic ofAN gasand explosion chemistry Glossary References ...... ll ...... le and incompatible substances le andincompatible torage ...... orage ...... orage ...... ed and contaminated AN ...... Contents ...... 34 32 29 28 25 15 11 23 20 26 25 23 23 21 20 18 17 17 16 15 12 11 10 10 18 III 6 4 2 7 7 7 6 5 4 2 2 1 SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) (the Dangerous Goods Safety Act 2004 Goods Safety Dangerous The handling and transport of dangerous The handling and transport of dangerous y e this code does not apply e this code applies Intr Wher Wher Glossar A Scope
AN containing substances classified as Class 1 explosives or Class 9 miscellaneous AN containing substances classified as Class 1 explosives ammonium of hot concentrated the hazards goods. It also does not address dangerous solutions UN 2426 nitrate sites storing less than 1 t of AN sites storing on an and used (not retailed) AN is stored locations”, where goods dangerous “rural for primary production that is used exclusively than 5 hectares site of more agricultural stationed vehicles and from to between ship and berth and AN transfers AN transfers at the berth, AS 3846 dealt with by which are under section 20 of the Act code of practice in portcargoes , another approved areas
(d) (a) (b) (c) 1.2.2 This code does not apply to: 1.2 1.2.1 agent, as classified of solid AN in Division 5.1 – oxidising storage the The code applies to pplication as belonging Goods Classification System Dangerous the United Nations internationally by of Dangerous Transport Code for the by the Australian UN 1942 and UN 2067 and defined to Road and Rail (ADG Code). Goods by 1.1.1 in Appendix 2. is given A glossary of practice of terms used in this code 1.1 solid ammonium or handling assist those storing to produced has been This code of practice obligations under the meet their safety (AN) to nitrate 1 oduction Act) and associated regulations (see Appendix 1). The code provides practical guidance on guidance on practical The code provides (see Appendix 1). regulations Act) and associated work practices safe It describes the preferred of the risks associated with AN. managing many used at places such as ports, mine sites, manufacturers’ that can be readily stores, merchant property. loaded with AN on private parking of vehicles facilities and the of the properties understanding current information is based on the The risk control and and and the experience of past fires testing, research solid AN gained from of hazards should regulations relevant duties under the Act and have people who explosions. However, this code of not be fully dealt with by that may alert and hazards remain developments to assess what further should They be may material. or other guidance measures practice local circumstances. and working practice considering good necessary or desirable, under the required for AN, which are the security requirements This code does not address Guidance Note No. 2 Ammonium Nitrate practice, code of SSAN Regulations and the approved 2004). (COAG, Storage
SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) 2 (f) (e)
the transport ofdangerousthe transport goods. Division 5.1 of forallANfertilisers countries inEurope, CANismandatedasasubstitutefertiliser hazard ofAN.SSANRegulationsstillapplyasforallsubstances.Insome under theUNDangerous GoodsClassificationSystem.Itessentiallylackstheexplosion calcium carbonate.CANissignificantlysafer thanAN,andisanon-dangerous goods Ammonium Nitrate (CAN)withnomore than80%ofANandwith20%ormore of Goods ClassificationSystem. Themostprominent exampleofthistypeisCalcium ammonium nitrate containingmixtures thatare notclassifiedundertheUNDangerous 3 SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) d ds of AN ) is a white, odourless salt with a melting point of about 170°C. salt with a melting point of ) is a white, odourless 3 ds of AN NO 4 Hazar The explosion hazar The hazar Hazar
if the AN is impure, or the melt mixes with contaminants and/or fuels or the melt mixes if the AN is impure, pipes, plant or machinery and the if molten AN becomes confined in drains, decomposition gases cannot escape freely. health hazard – AN is moderately toxic on ingestion, like all inorganic nitrates. Continued nitrates. all inorganic like on ingestion, toxic – AN is moderately health hazard skin irritation. skin contact leads to toxic gas hazard – high-temperature decompositions evolve ammonia, nitric acid evolve decompositions – high-temperature gas hazard toxic dioxide and nitrogen vapours fertiliser cause algal – AN is a nitrogen the potential to and has hazard environmental of inland and coastal waters blooms and the eutrophication explosion hazard with many dangerously substance and reacts – AN is an oxidising hazard reaction explosion and materials potentially causing fires
(a) (b) (e) 2.1.2 melt increases the explosion sensitivity of the decomposing an external fire, When heated by and is further increased: temperature with increasing dangerously (c) (d) (a) (b) 2.1.1 and their hazards three the top AN, the focus of this code is on of storage the safe ensure To measures. control storage associated safe the explosion hazard most significant being of significance – from of AN in order The hazards listed as follows: – are the least significant being the health hazard to 2.1 AN (NH Pure 2 measures d andriskcontrol and/or involving the hot melt. Fires Decomposing AN can also explode if mechanical shock impacts AN without explosions, involving fires been more have caused explosions, but there AN have depending on the circumstances. of an in accidental explosions, usually as the result of involvement AN has a long history of combustible substances. to the presence due fire uncontrolled in Beirut, Lebanon (2020) occurred intense external fires caused by explosions Recent storage (2003). Accidental France (2013), Saint-Romain-Jarez, Texas Tianjin, China (2015), West, reactions between AN and incompatible result of as a fire, explosions without an uncontrolled (2001) is the plant explosion in France chemical Toulouse The the exception. substances are explosions. only known example. Appendix 4 contains a summary storage of these five Solid AN is stable to mechanical shock and does not burn. AN is a potentially explosive not burn. AN is a potentially explosive mechanical shock and does to Solid AN is stable contact with a ion in intimate nitrate it is a combination of the oxidising substance, because ion. fuel, the ammonium
SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) 4 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. under oneofthefollowingsixsafe storage principles. against thetop three hazards. Allriskcontrol measures required by thiscodecanbegrouped This codeoutlinestherequired riskcontrol measures thatneedto beimplementedto guard 2.2 oxic ofAN gasandexplosionchemistry explosion. melting pointproduces anumberoftoxic gases,andthecircumstances thatresult inan ofheatingANaboveAppendix 3explainsindetailhowthedecompositionchemistry its 2.1.3
Australian Standard. firefighting equipmentis keptingoodconditionandmaintainedasperthe relevant Prepare asite-specificemergency plan,practise the evacuation ofpeople,andensure (ii) (i) occupancies: Implement safety distancesto reduce theconsequenceofanexplosionatnearby spaces. AN to theoutsideofbuildingandprevent theflowfrom enteringconfining drains and products canescapefreely by providing natural ventilation, channeltheflowofmolten Do notconfinedecomposingmoltenAN.Make sure thatgaseousdecomposition Guard againsttheftandsabotageby preventing unauthorisedaccessto thestorage site. hence dedicatedANstorage buildingsare normallyrequired. substances mustbesuspectedofbeingincompatibleunlessknownto becompatible; Preserve thepurityofANandprevent incompatiblematerial mixingwithAN.All principles. and sources ofthesix ofignitionfrom thevicinityofAN. This isthemostimportant Prevent externalfires from impactingontheAN by removing allcombustiblematerial
Requir T detonation betweenstacksandreduce theconsequenceofanexplosion. AN shouldbedividedinto sufficientlyseparated stacks to prevent asympathetic by minimumsafety distances the storage locationshouldbeseparated from exposedsitesorprotected works ed riskcontrol measures 5 SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION)
ective ective e for dedicated, stand- one IBC storage IBC one A modern, light-weight, cost eff dome structur al
Figure 3.2 Figure
otection IBC storage IBC ete building for dedicated, onne, high security, steel onne, high security, alone
al considerations A 9,000 t and concr stand- St Lightning pr Gener T
storage in blasting explosive magazines of packages. in blasting explosive storage dedicated, stand-alone building storage which includes dome structures for packages, includes dome structures which dedicated, stand-alone building storage and 3.2) 3.1 IBCs or loose bulk (Figures a non-AN dedicated building for packages or IBCs (10 t or within, attached to, storage 3.3) limit) (Figure in silos and bins of loose bulk storage open-air storage of intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) of intermediate bulk containers open-air storage of IBCs or loose bulk container storage freight
Protect the storage building, silo or bin against lightning strike as specified in AS/NZS 1768. as specified building, silo or bin against lightning strike the storage Protect In assessing the vulnerable. more therefore and are contact with AN in direct Silos and bins are and non-explosive. be non-flammable AN is deemed to required, of lightning protection level location and other account topography, a risk assessment taking into AS/NZS 1768 involves is needed. of lightning protection determine what level to factors 3.1.2 (f) 3.1.1 constructing when designing, should be considered or hot ground of reactive The presence and locating an AN store. of materials and sources combustible from away area AN is in a secure Providing container or in silos and bins freight in a completely open-air store, contamination, storage in a building. with storage compared advantages distinct safety offers (c) (d) (e) 3.1 including: in a number of ways, be stored AN may (a) requirements andgeneral ypes ofstores (b) Figure 3.1 Figure 3 designandconstruction ore
SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) 6 (e) (d) (c) (b) (a) a domestructure. requirements listedbelow. Where relevant, theserequirements also applywhenANisstored in All buildingsusedforANstorage shouldbedesignedandconstructedto complywiththe 3.4 usual handlingequipmentandatleast10mapart. required to beseparated sufficiently toallowsafe access tobothsidesofthestackwith separated by 10mfrom thenextstackatheadandtailofchain.Parallel chainsare The maximumstacksize hasto besmallerifrequired by Table 4.1.Eachstackhas to be deep inaclose-packed chainthatnever exceeds amaximumstacksize of500t. Freight containersshouldbestacked nomore thantwocontainershighand reight containerstorage ratings accordance withAS/NZS3711.1 A freight containermay beusedforthededicatedstorage ofANprovided itisconstructedin 3.3 Regulations andtheAmmoniumNitrate GuidanceNoteNo.2Storage (COAG, 2004). the securitycontrol measures. For guidanceonANsecurityrequirements, seetheSSAN Adequate securityforopen-airstorage inIBCsusuallyinvolves securityfencing asoneof 3.2.1 away from surrounding structures orstorages. the ground. The ground shouldslopesuchthat,intheevent ofafire, anymoltenANflows accumulation ofrainwater. Plasticpalletsare acceptableinremote locationsto keep ANoff IBCs inanopen-airstore shouldbelocatedonslightlyraised ground to prevent the provide adequateprotection from theweather, aswellsecuritycontrols. For safe storage inopen-airstores, nospecialconstructionrequirements applyexcept to of combustiblematerials,sources ofignitionandsituationsleadingto confinement. In open-airstores, theriskfrom accidentalfire, arson and explosionis reduced due to thelack 3.2
area, allotherstorages, buildingsandcombustiblematerials,be retained onthesite. as covered drains, pipes,andtunnels.AnymoltenANshould flowclearofthestorage become confinedwithin thebuildinginwhichitisbeingstored orotherenclosures such Design theANstore anditssurrounds sothat,intheevent offire, moltenANdoesnot to prevent corrosion by AN. epoxy-based materialsorchlorinatedrubber).Mildsteelmay require suitableprotection copper orotherincompatiblesunlesssuitablyprotected (e.g.by coatingwithsuitable contact withANduringnormaloperations orintheevent ofspillage,donotcontainzinc, Ensure anymaterialsorfittings usedinthebuildingconstructionthatcouldcomeinto material. floor madeofconcrete (protected from ANattackwhere orothersuitable necessary) Construct theentire building,including theroof, from non-combustiblematerial,withthe Store theANonalevel thathasimmediate ground accessfrom outsidethebuilding. Provide adequateventilation.
. Itshouldnotcontainanywoodliningorhave awoodenfloor. Building st F Open-air st AN securityr orage orage equirements Freight 1–Classification,dimensionsand containers,Part 7 SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) Degrees of protection provided by by provided of protection Degrees molten AN to flow clear of the building in the event of a fire event building in the flow clear of the molten AN to from outside of the building. using water jets firefighting natural ventilation and the escape of potential decomposition gases ventilation natural
(ii) (iii) If an AN store is located inside a building, at least one wall of the store should be an is located inside a building, at least one wall of the store If an AN store allow: wall is constructed to external wall of the building so this (i) Where an AN store of 10 t or less is either attached to another building or located inside another building attached to of 10 t or less is either an AN store Where a horizontal by of AN, isolate the store the storage not dedicated to a building that is be This distance may 3.3a, 3.3b). 5 m that is left clear (Figures distance of at least and having of the AN store the roof wall extending 1 m above a around measured of (FRL), as per the National Construction Code level resistance a 240/240/240 fire 3.3c, 3.3d). (Figures Australia Do not store AN in a cabinet or similar enclosed and confined manner. and confined similar enclosed in a cabinet or AN Do not store water seepage. dry building from entire the and free Keep falling light from a hot prevent lighting to for ceiling devices additional securing Provide of the AN. on top a rating electrical equipment has AN, ensure from of corrosion is a risk there Where 60529 with AS in accordance of not less than IP65 Design and construct the AN store, including any shelving or racking, so that spilt AN can so that spilt AN or racking, any shelving including AN store, construct the Design and up. detected and cleaned be easily (IP Code). enclosures
(l) (k) (g) (h) (i) (j) (f)
SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) 8 Attached ANstore Figure 3.3 (b) AN store locatedinsideanon-dedicated building (a) 5 m(min)
Examples illustr store AN 5 m(min) 5 m(min) ating therequired stores isolationofAN of10torless store 5 m(min) 5 m(min) AN (d) (c) inside anon-dedicatedbuilding Attached ANstore withfire-resistant wallslocated Attached ANstore withfire-resistant wall 240/240/240 FRLwall or activitiesconducted Isolation area inwhichnogoodsmay bestored Other building 5 m(min) 5 m(min) AN store AN store 5 m(min) 5 m(min) 9 SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) Magazine storage Silo and bin storage Silo and AN in silos should be separated by at least 10 m from the next silo, otherwise m from at least 10 the by AN in silos should be separated establish the required to be aggregated silos need to quantities of AN in separate quantity should The maximum aggregated 4.1. Table off-site occupancies in distances to 500 t. not exceed areas, buildings and combustible materials, and be retained on the site. and be retained buildings and combustible materials, areas, Do not locate them inside or attached to stand-alone AN storages. silos are Ensure buildings. from and should be protected impact and collapse vehicle to vulnerable Silos are traffic. damage by Where there is a risk of corrosion from AN, ensure electrical equipment has a rating of equipment has a rating electrical AN, ensure from is a risk of corrosion there Where with the IP Code. not less than IP65 in accordance of water and allow for the the ingress prevent bin to Design and construct the silo or of a fire. in the event of gases release cannot enter any molten AN of a fire, the silo or bin so that, in the event Position flow clear of all other storage bund, pit or tunnel, and will such as a drain, enclosure forces. can withstand wind the empty container structure ensure The design should be such to locations. in some be encountered which may and seismic forces, AN attack from (protected concrete beneath the AN silo or bin from Construct the area necessary) or other suitable material. where prevent corrosion by AN. by corrosion prevent coating as above. with AN by contact direct from steel should be protected Galvanised to forces all foreseeable of resisting the silo or bin so it is capable Design and construct and cake to tendency AN’s account be exposed. It is importantwhich it may into take to of potential when determining the magnitude lumps of AN caked large the impact from Construct the silo or bin from non-combustible, corrosion-resistant materials. corrosion-resistant non-combustible, from the silo or bin Construct come into building construction that could materials or fittings used in the any Ensure zinc, of spillage do not contain or in the event during normal operations contact with AN coating with suitable (e.g. by unless suitably protected copper or other incompatibles to suitable protection rubber). Mild steel requires materials or chlorinated epoxy-based Storage of packaged AN is allowed inside a blasting explosive magazine subject to it being magazine subject to of packaged AN is allowed inside a blasting explosive Storage magazine must comply with the in a blasting explosive AN stored as an explosive. treated Regulations). Regulations 2007 (Explosives (Explosives) Goods Safety Dangerous (l) 3.6 (j) (k) (g) (h) (i) (e) (f) (c) (d) (a) (b) 3.5 listed below. with the requirements should comply AN storage and bins used for All silos
SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) 10 distances betweenstacksofclosed-packed freight containers. detonations. The inter-stack distancesforIBCsare shownin Table 5.1. This includessufficient Table 4.1requires theadoptionofsufficient inter-stackdistances to prevent sympathetic small chanceofanaccidentalexplosion. distances. ItisalsotruethatanyANstorage infullcompliancewiththiscodemay have avery an accidentalexplosionandhencethe Table 4.1distancesshouldberegarded asminimum to AN storages. These separation distancesdonotprovide completeprotection incaseof 2014), whichtogether withHIPAP4 provides guidanceregarding riskassessmentinrelation Practice Guide:Storage ofSolid Technical Grade AmmoniumNitrate Table 4.1distancesare basedonthehistoric frequency ofexplosionstaken from the need forthediligentapplicationofprevention controls ofthiscode. protection to thecommunityandare aconsequencereduction control. They donotreplace the planning from the This codehaschosentheseparation distancesof Table 4.1to harmonisewiththeriskcriteria site occupiedbuildingsare describedbelowandsetoutin Table 4.1. Recommended minimumseparation distancesforquantitiesexceeding 1tto fourtypesofoff- 4.1.2 moundsisnotappropriate. firewalls orearth between 1and10tthesedistancesmay bereduced to 5m.Measuringthesedistancesaround of thesiteandfrom on-siteprotected worksby adistanceofatleast10m.For quantities Where ANisstored inquantitiesexceeding 10t,itshouldbeseparated from theboundary works 4.1.1 from HIPAP4 andtheChiefDangerous GoodsOfficer. Guidanceshouldbesought stadium,alarge shoppingcentre orahigh-riseapartment. sports consideration ofsocietalriskmay ariseforplaceswithhighpopulationdensitysuchasalarge because Table risk. 4.1 isbasedonindividualfatalityriskandinjury The needfor For highpopulationdensities,anadditionalassessmentofsocietalriskmay benecessary, before licensingasite. The separation distancesin Table 4.1are bestappliedfortown planningdecisionsand/or protected worksincludingoff-siteoccupiedbuildings,placesofpublicassembly, andpipelines. The locationofanANstore issubjectto acceptanceby theregulator regarding theproximity to 4.1 distances 4 [HIPAP4] (NSWPlanning,2011). These distancesare intendedto provide additional Separation distances Separation distancesto off-siteoccupied buildings– Table 4.1 Separation distancesfrom andfrom theboundary on-siteprotected Store location and separation Hazardous Industry Planning Advisory Paper No.4–RiskcriteriaforlandusesafetyHazardous PlanningAdvisory Industry (SAFEXInternational,
Good 11 SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) . Where mounding is used, it must . Where
Explosives – Storage, transport and use – Storage – Storage, Explosives Separation distances on mine sites Separation Storage with high explosives and detonators with high explosives Storage the predicted explosion overpressure does not exceed 14 kPa for residential buildings for residential 14 kPa not exceed does explosion overpressure the predicted distances. reduced separation to the Goods Officer has consented the Chief Dangerous successful evacuation of off-site occupancies successful evacuation 20 people than 10 to house fewer the off-site occupancies and all be evacuated to all the persons that need over control has complete the operator persons can be alerted 45 minutes) timely manner (e.g. 30 to in a evacuated and occupancies and allows for their the off-site plan covers a site-specific emergency evacuation efficient it is not reasonably practicable to achieve the full Table 4.1 distances 4.1 Table the full achieve to practicable it is not reasonably code and in particular compliance with this demonstrates a sound risk assessment the decompose some of the to with the ability sustain a fire that may absence of material practicable AN as far as is reasonably a met without assuming risk criteria are that HIPAP4 demonstrates the risk assessment distances given in distances given AS 2187.1 of AS 2187.1. comply with the requirements it as though 50 per cent of the quantity of AN is an treat with high explosives, If AN is stored Regulations. must comply with the Explosives and the AN storage explosive separation distance that is in keeping with the corresponding risk criteria from HIPAP4, while HIPAP4, risk criteria from with the corresponding distance that is in keeping separation practicable. as much as is reasonably maximise the separation seeking to 4.2 the minimum by and detonators high explosives from of AN must be separated A store is permitted by the mine it serves. Under these circumstances, mine site premises are not are mine site premises the mine it serves. Under these circumstances, is permitted by occupied buildings”, but as on-site premises. as “off-site regarded 4.1 distances column for “industrial Table utilise the Nevertheless, to it is recommended the practicable, not reasonably If these are premises. for such on-site plant and factories” the most appropriate to determine site-specific risk assessment should do a AN operator (g) (h) 4.1.3 if the AN storage premises mine site 4.1 distances do not apply to Table criteria and HIPAP4 (d) (e) (f) (a) (b) (c) For all off-site occupied buildings, section 8 of the Act allows for a reduction in separation in separation for a reduction 8 of the Act allows buildings, section occupied all off-site For following conditions: 4.1 under the Table by those provided from distances
SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) 12 Table 4.1 Quantity ofANstored in the largest stack(kg)
Recommended minimumsepar 500,000 450,000 400,000 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 175,000 150,000 125,000 100,000 * 7,000 * 5,000 * 3,000 * 1,001 75,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 infrastructure and critical Vulnerable facilities 1,110 1,070 1,030 990 940 880 820 780 740 700 650 590 520 480 440 410 350 300 270 240 200 140 (m) Recommended minimumseparation distances(D) ation distancesforANstores buildings (m) Residential 890 860 825 790 750 710 660 630 600 560 520 470 410 380 350 330 280 240 210 190 160 110 buildings (m) Commercial 520 500 480 460 440 410 380 370 350 330 300 280 240 220 200 180 160 140 >15 >15 >15 >15 factories (m) Industrial plant and 390 380 360 350 330 310 290 270 260 240 230 210 180 170 150 130 120 110 >15 >15 >15 >15 13 SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) for vulnerable facilities and critical infrastructure corresponding to 5.5 kPa 5.5 kPa to corresponding critical infrastructure facilities and for vulnerable including hotels, buildings and othermotels accommodation for residential offices and centres, including retail developments for commercial for industrial buildings corresponding to 21 kPa blast overpressure 21 kPa to for industrial buildings corresponding 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 places corresponding to 7 kPa blast overpressure 7 kPa to places corresponding D = 10.4 Q blast overpressure 14 kPa entertainment to corresponding centres D = 7.8 Q D = 22.2 Q blast overpressure D = 17.8 Q
based on the TNT equivalence of the full scale test. Based on a combination of the results test. Based on a combination of the results of the full scale equivalence TNT based on the TNT AN) a Grade (Technical TGAN in accidents for equivalence TNT of the tests and the situations.” for practical appears appropriate of 20-25% equivalence In calculating separation distances, AN is taken to have a TNT equivalence of 25%, as equivalence TNT a have to distances, AN is taken In calculating separation (The Products” Nitrate of Ammonium Testing No. 580 – Safety “Proceedings from sourced used for equivalence, TNT 2006), which indicates: “The International Fertiliser Society, part (i.e. the power’ and the ‘efficiency’ of the ‘explosive situations, is a combination practical power’ is The ‘explosive in a detonation). effect the blast of the bulk which contributes to – – the closest to been rounded Distances have – see note below. TNT Q is the quantity of multiple of 10 m. separation distances) separation formulae: using the following obtained by 4.1 were Table Distances in – – “Quantity of AN stored” means the quantity in the largest individual stack or pile, not the individual in the largest means the quantity “Quantity of AN stored” prevent to or piles between stacks sufficient separation to subject stored, quantity total on inter-stack (see Section 5 for guidance another to in one propagating a detonation
• • should be at least 15 m for off-site protected works. However, residential development and development residential However, works. off-site protected at least 15 m for should be 4.1. Table in distances indicated the respective by should be separated facilities vulnerable • Notes: distance separation The than 1 t. more than 10 t and of less indicate AN stores * Asterisks
SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) 14 • • • Notes: o anadjacentstack.Separation distanceswere derived from small-scalegaptestsperformed able showingtherecommended minimumdistancesto bemaintainedbetweenstacksof Table 5.1. stack stabilitybeingmaintainedatalltimes. The stackingheightshouldnotexceed three IBCsofANorthree palletsofANpackages,with 5.1.2 for IBCstackseparation distances). separated from eachotherinamannerthatprevents sympatheticdetonation (see Table 5.1 AN inpackages,IBCsoraslooseprillmay bestored inmaximumstacksizes of500t, 5.1.1 liquids, flammablesolidsandexplosives. excessive heat,fire orexplosion,suchasoilstorages, gaspipelines,timber yards, flammable orage requirements AN shouldbestored inanadequatelyventilated placeaway from possiblesources of 5.1 5
High densityAN:greater than0.85g/cc Medium densityAN:equalto orgreater than0.75g/cc,butlessorequalto 0.85g/cc Low densityAN:lessthan0.75g/cc(750kg/m
st T
ype of IBCs IBCs or
Gener ammonium nitr det between ANFOandANt t AN IBCsinor T Stack height Maximum stacksiz St age onation, followedby simulations.BasedonErikNygaard; “Storage oftechnical(porous) al half IBCdiametersfr successiv der to minimisethelikelihood ofadetonation event inonestackfrom propagating successiv P ate”, InternationalSocietyofExplosives Engineers2008G Volume 1. Normal configur yr diameter fr amidal configur Stacking configur e la o determinethecriticalinitiationpressure to produce sympathetic e la e andinter-stackseparation y y er issetbackhalfanIBC er issetbackoneanda om thela ation wher om thela ation wher y ation er below 3 ) e each y er below e each (metr Separ 9 (mediumdensity) 7 (mediumdensity) es) ation betweenstacks 16 (lowdensity) 1 (highdensity) 1 (highdensity) 9 (lowdensity)
15 SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) Preventing contamination Preventing Operating procedures Operating Parking of AN vehicles Parking Clearance around stores around Clearance Caking of AN and deterioration of the AN prill structure, which is particularly of the AN prill structure, and deterioration important be used if it is to measures appropriate cake, tendency to AN’s Given AN fuel oil (ANFO) explosives. make to especially when for longer than necessary, that it is not stored ensure should be in place to loose, such as in a silo. stored 32 ºC, presumably due to the formation of fines. AN is very hygroscopic and the fines absorb very fines. AN is the formation of hygroscopic due to 32 ºC, presumably a the AN sets into whereby is termed “caking”, The process than the prill. readily water more be disposed of. Small amounts of various solid mass and becomes unusable and needs to and phase changes. of hygroscopicity minimise the effects used to are additives proprietorial caking sun is important and direct prevent help to rain AN from A suitable means of protecting AN undergoes phase changes when heated. Of most commercial significance is the phase commercial phase changes when heated. Of most AN undergoes in a density results This transition at 32°C. change occurring near ambient temperatures the prill destroy and heating and cooling cycles of 3.6% in volume change with an increase structure. at cycles a few after it has gone through increases detonation AN to The sensitivity of pure Take into account the topography around the AN to prevent any flammable or combustible prevent AN to the around account the topography into Take the AN storage. towards flowing liquids at the site from 5.2 Pure crystalline stable forms, depending on the temperature. different Solid AN occurs in five Ensure appropriate measures are in place to prevent the introduction of contaminated AN the introduction prevent in place to are measures appropriate Ensure mixing with dirt, spillage and (e.g. contaminated through or otherwise contaminated with of uncontaminated AN store an in section 5.5) into incompatible substances as defined store be isolated and suitably managed in a separate needs to Any contaminated AN product. practicable. and disposed of as soon as reasonably Unused wooden pallets, empty bags and packaging should be removed promptly from the AN from promptly and packaging should be removed Unused wooden pallets, empty bags the store. at least 5 m from and kept store with AN. become impregnated or other equipment to covers Do not allow pallets, ropes, 5.1.6 Vehicles loaded with AN should be parked no closer than 10 m from an AN store, except for except an AN store, than 10 m from no closer AN should be parked loaded with Vehicles units. processing the loading of mobile 5.1.5 at the facility. all operations cover be in place to should procedures operating Appropriate combustible materials, vehicles or non-associated equipment within this area. Trees should be should Trees this area. equipment within non-associated or materials, vehicles combustible then risk area, is in a high bushfire If the location the AN store. for at least 10 m from cleared should be considered. of vegetation clearances larger 5.1.4 5.1.3 no vegetation, it, with least 5 m surrounding of at area a clear have should AN store Every
SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) 16 so thatliquidcannotencroach within5mofanystored AN. containment capableofholdingatleast100percent oftheliquidvolume stored, anddesigned Where theothersubstancesare liquidandincompatiblewithAN,provide fire-resistant spillage and equipmentshouldbelocatedatleast5mfrom theANstore, asindicatedinFigure 3.3. However, ifthisisnotpracticable thenallothersubstances(includingcompatiblesubstances) not beusedforanyotherpurpose. For astore containing10torlessofAN,anybuildinginwhichtheANstore islocatedshould 5.4.2 regulator. stand-alone structure thatcontainsnoothersubstancesorequipmentunlessapproved by the A dedicatedstore isrequired whenstoring more than10tofAN.For abuilding,thismeans 5.4.1 (f) (e) (d) (c) (b) (a) 5.4 Never useexplosives ordetonators to break upcaked AN,onlyusemechanicalmeans. incineration anddonotdisposeinsewersorwaterways. The preferred methodofdisposalisdissolvinginwaterforuseasafertiliser. Donotuse soon asreasonably practicable. segregated from usableproduct andshouldbeeitherrecycled, usedorsafely disposedofas Caked ANandthatiscontaminated,thereby increasing theexplosionsensitivity, shouldbe 5.3 ground. Plastic palletsare acceptablefordome structures inremote locationsto keep ANoffthe Pallets shouldnotbeusedwhenstoring more than10tofANinIBCsabuilding. floors. spillages cleared promptly. Organic materials(e.g.sawdust)shouldnotbeusedto clean Floors, wallsandequipmentshouldbekept cleanandanyrubbish,foreign matteror Work Permit System” to ensure thatnofire isinitiated. Any hotworkinsideoroutsideto thestorage building shouldbecontrolled by a“Hot Any hotworkinsidethestorage buildingshouldbeavoided ifpossible. effect. Do notpermitsmokingandnaked lightsinsideANstores, anddisplay noticesto this beamoftheroof. AN andtheouterwallsofbuildingslowestsupport For packagedANandinIBCs,maintainafree airspaceofaleast1.2mbetweenthe Requirements inastorage Disposal ofcaked andcontaminatedAN Storing 10torlessofAN Storing more than10tofAN building 17 SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) ol, kerosene, solvents, solvents, ol, kerosene, Incompatible substances Compatible substances Separation of piles of loose prill of Separation Compatible and incompatible substances Compatible and incompatible Loose prill Loose flammable gases such as LP gas, acetylene, ethylene and hydrogen and inorganic hexamine, finely divided metals, organic agents such as sulphur, reducing sulphides and inorganic amines and ammonium compounds, organic liquid fuels such as flammable or combustible liquids such as petr formulated pesticides diesel fuel, lubricating and fuel oils or hydrocarbon belt matting, wax, conveyor solid fuels such as combustible solids such as rubber tyres, and cotton urea husks, animal feed, grain grain, straw, hay, wood, paper, calcium or magnesium carbonate. AN-based fertiliser mixtures of the nitrogen, phosphate or potash type AN-based fertiliser nitrogen, of the mixtures calcium sulphate ammonium phosphate calcium ammonium nitrate potassium nitrate sodium nitrate calcium nitrate ammonium sulphate
(c) (d) any building attached to an AN store: any building attached to (a) (b) • Seek expert of other fertilisers. advice when deciding on the compatibility 5.6.2 AN nor within store incompatible substances in any building used to the following Do not store • • • • AN by at least 5 m: AN by • • • • Unless substances are known to be compatible with AN, assume they are incompatible and are with AN, assume they be compatible known to Unless substances are them accordingly. treat 5.6.1 from compatible with AN, but should still be separated The following fertilisers considered are piles when calculating separation distances. piles when calculating separation 5.6 be stored 5.6.2 as "Incompatible substances” should never Those substances listed at section an AN store. a building attached to in the same building as AN nor within There is no need to separate bulk piles of loose prill. The only requirement is that the “toes” is that the “toes” The only requirement prill. bulk piles of loose separate is no need to There defining mass mass of the two piles is the the total do overlap, If the “toes” should not overlap. of a potential explosion. that wall, assume a single concrete only by separated are piles of loose AN prill Where quantity of AN in the piles is possible and use the aggregate between sympathetic detonation occur, the 500 t maximum stack size does not apply, but additional control measures beyond beyond measures control but additional not apply, does stack size 500 t maximum the occur, report with the safety for the major accordance this code must be applied in by those required facility. hazard 5.5.1 5.5 can buildings residential impact to no plants, where manufacturing in AN prill stores loose For
SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) 18 (j) (i) (h) (g) (f) (e) increase AN’s explosionsensitivityinafire. which impurities ofmetalchlorides,suchaspotassiumchloride(apotashfertiliser), explosion sensitivityinafire impurities ofcopper, cadmium,chromium andzincmetalstheirsaltsincrease AN’s alkaline substancesreact to liberate ammoniagasifmixed withAN acids same reaction hasledto accidentswhenmixed accidentallywithAN to sensitize ammoniumnitrate emulsionsby reacting to formnitrogen bubbles. The or di-tri-chloroisocyanuric acid.Sodiumnitrite(asopposedto sodiumnitrate) isused nitrites, perchlorates, chlorites,permanganates,chloroisocyanurates, tetranitromethane Division 5.1dangerous goodssuchascalciumhypochlorite,chromates, chlorates, explosives substances 19 SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) and fire response Emergency Emergency plan Emergency Emergency response Emergency dioxide and gaseous nitric acid are heavier than air (1.6 and 2.25 times respectively) and tend than air (1.6 and 2.25 times respectively) heavier and gaseous nitric acid are dioxide for nitric This is especially true dispersing. before some distance along the ground travel to a fine mist. acid that condenses into personnel and non-emergency determine at what point plan should emergency The emergency a potential explosion. from protect distance to a safe to evacuate persons need to AN should be documented in detail in the site-specific emergency plan required by r. 75 of the by required plan AN should be documented in detail in the site-specific emergency process for assigning establish an efficient plan should The emergency Regulations. Storage partroles and alerting of the fire. managers that take specific and control key evacuation in the it works efficiently. ensure to in order plan should be practised The emergency toxic nitrogen release of protect against the plan should alert to The emergency fighters fire causing the decomposition of AN. Nitrogen fire an uncontrolled from that would result oxides the first decomposition of the melt to an explosion is unpredictable and may range from five five range from and may to an explosion is unpredictable the first decomposition of the melt not occur at all. or it may longer than one hour, minutes to 6.1.1 involving of a fire on-site and off-site people in the event evacuating of promptly The process ammonia and nitric acid and they recombine in the air to give white fumes of finely divided AN, white fumes give in the air to recombine ammonia and nitric acid and they oxide. invisible nitrous as well as condensing steam and is imminent. is a sign that an explosion dioxide nitrogen orange-brown of toxic The evolution of smoke types the different is often disguised by The visible indication of AN decomposition from The time it takes decompose. causing the AN to the burning fuels that are by created The best strategy is to withdraw all firefighters once the fire is judged out of control, or once fire is judged out of control, once the all firefighters withdraw is to The best strategy should fire this stage the in the melting of AN. At and results on the AN storage it encroaches only be fought remotely. of the first stage of decomposition and is a warning Thick snow-white fume is evidence are early decomposition gases The place. to a safe immediately firefighters withdraw to There is uncertaintyThere confining places, or whether the decomposing molten AN can flow into such as fuels of any type including plastics, wood, any organicmix with sensitising substances substances. Without such circumstances, AN is substances, or all manner of incompatible decompose safely. able to almost always the initiating factor. The resulting casualties were predominantly emergency emergency predominantly casualties were The resulting factor. the initiating almost always dangerous when the molten AN was undergoing at a time fires fought the They personnel. decomposition. can be difficult. distance safe to a evacuate to for firefighters time Deciding on the correct and that is partlyresult in an explosion not AN do involving are Most fires they because to any degree. the AN to decompose had a chance the fire successfully extinguished before protection 6.1 in Appendix 4 and is referenced accidental explosions most recent caused four of the Fire 6
SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) 20 Do notfightfires involving AN, evacuate thesite. that may becontaminatingtheAN. oxygen deprivation. ANdoesnotburn,butitwillpromote thecombustionofmanymaterials AN isanoxidising substanceofDivision 5.1andafire involving ANcannotbeextinguished by Any fire protection strategy ofAN. should recognise thechemicalproperties be present. the presence ofcombustiblesaround ANthatare knownto bepresent, orthatcouldpotentially The fire protection strategy shouldbebased oneliminating,oratleastrigorously minimising, 6.2.1 specific fire riskassessmentcarriedout bycompetentpersonnel. the store influencethefirefighting requirements andtheseshouldbedetermined byasite- ofAN,themassinlargest stackandthelocationof The chemicalandphysicalproperties any fire thatis reasonably foreseeable atthesite. complied withandthefire control equipmentmustbedesignedandconstructed to extinguish Regulation 73,“Fire control equipmentrequired onsite” oftheStorage Regulations,mustbe 6.2 additional barrierprotection againstdebris. Table 6.1 emergency operation andforemergency personnel. Table 6.1provides recommended evacuation distancesforpersonsnotinvolved inthe 6.1.2 evacuation distance. stack. However ifthey are inadequate,thenthetotal storage quantitywilldeterminethe then theevacuation distancescanbetaken according to thequantityofANinlargest If inter-stackdistances(definedin Table 5.1)are adequate to prevent sympatheticdetonation, potential explosion.F thedistancefromThe chanceofbeinghitby a flyingdebrisincreases greatly theshorter Evacuation distancesshouldbeassetoutfor“vulnerable facilities”in Table 4.1. B. For emergency personnel 100 to 500t 50 to 100t 10 to 50t 1 to 10t Quantity ofANintonnes A. For personsnotinvolved intheemergency operation
Fire protection Recommended ev Fire protection strategy Evacuation distances or distanceslessthan300to 400m,emergency personnelshouldseek acuation distances 1,600 m 1,300 m 1,000 m 600 m Evacuation distanceinmetres 21 SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) The application of water The application
firefighting systems should be automated or capable of single person operation where where or capable of single person operation systems should be automated firefighting of people a small number by operated are AN stores should facilities consideration and major hazard located within cities, towns for stores Early Smoke water sprinkler systems and “Very fire automatic installing to be given detection systems. fire known as VESDA Detection Apparatus”, water from hoses and fixed monitors should be able to reach all partsto be able should of the store monitors hoses and fixed water from and vehicle deal with to foam and dry available extinguishers should be chemical the AN and involves gets out of control the fire before electrical fires
(c) (d) 6.2.3 Firefighting requirements 6.2.3 Firefighting meet the following requirements: should protection Fire (a) (b) 6.2.2 means is the most effective of water remote application AN, the prompt involving a fire For of means the only effective of water is quantities large application of Prompt of control. of water. effect to the cooling due firefighting and handling The storage in AS 4326 is available the application of water Guidance regarding agents. of oxidising Firefighting requirements can be reduced for isolated stores where a potential explosion or a potential where reduced for isolated stores can be requirements Firefighting people and property gas emission will not impact on the premises. from toxic on or away
SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) 22 (g) (f) (e) (d) (c) (b) owered transfer equipmentrequirements (a) All powered ANtransfer equipmentshould: ohibited powered transfer equipment 7.2.3 Petrol powered vehicles mustnotbeusedto move ANinto, withinorfrom anANstore. 7.2.2 (c) (b) (a) ermitted powered transfer equipment forklift trucksandfront-end loaders)shouldonlybeusedto move ANif: quipment requirements Unless approved by theregulator, powered transfer equipment(otherthanvehicles suchas 7.2.1 7.2 action. combustible liquids,sinceANreadily absorbsspillssuchasoilandfuelby capillary One ofthemostseriouscontaminationhazards ariseswhere ANcomesinto contactwith essential where ANisinvolved inorder to reduce theriskofcontamination,fire andexplosion. The useofsuitablydesigned,constructedandmaintainedpowered transfer equipmentis conveyors andbelt-conveyors. AN into, withinorfrom astore, andincludesforklifttrucks,front-end loaders,augers,chain- Powered transfer equipmentrefers to allpowered equipmentthatmay beusedto move owered transfer equipment 7.1 7
dedicated to ANactivities) brought into theAN store onvehicles (e.g. vehicles suchasfront-end loadersshouldbe measures shouldbeinplace to otherproducts) prevent being contaminants(e.g.dirt, impact ontheANfrom themobilevehicle, especiallyinafire scenario) —control m from theANstore (unlessalternative measures are inplaceto prevent anyadverse where mobile,bekept outsideof theANstore whennotin use andparked atleast 10 and cleanedregularly* and constructedto resist dustingress asfarisreasonably practicable, andinspected not produced, complywiththehighestrating possible—equipmentshouldbedesigned against dustingress inaccordance withIP65oftheIPCodeor, where suchequipmentis have allnon-essentialelectricalequipmentremoved, andallremaining equipmentsealed be constructedfrom materialsthat,ifincontactwithAN,willnot corrode their alloys thatcancomeinto contactwithAN not includeinitsconstructionanycopper, zinc(includinggalvanised iron), cadmiumor be free ofanyleaksfuel,lubricatingoilsorhydraulic fluid it iselectricallyorhydraulically driven. the ANstore its powersource (i.e.poweroutletorgenerator) islocatedoutside,andatleast5mfrom, it ispowered by electricity, dieselfuelorLPgas use dieselfuelorLPgas* outside oftheANstorebe fittedwithasparkarrester ifthey orequivalent andstarted be refuelled orrecharged atadistanceofleast10mfrom theANstore
E Gener P Pr P P al 23 SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) unless it is a vehicle, be provided with a clearly labelled and readily accessible emergency accessible emergency and readily with a clearly labelled be provided unless it is a vehicle, stop after each use. practical of as much AN as is reasonably be cleared if it is a conveyer belt, have fire-resistant belt and rollers belt and fire-resistant belt, have if it is a conveyer maintained be regularly vehicles that deliver AN into or out of the store should have direct egress that does not egress direct should have of the store or out AN into that deliver vehicles or reverse manoeuvre to having the vehicle involve avoid modes, to of failure constructed, including consideration be designed and contact with into brought heated or become trapped, AN may situations where include suitability of seals, gaskets, consider — items to incompatible substances than hollow equipment distances; use of solid rather bearings and clearance under-speed, systems for over-speed, of alarms and shut-down components; provision situations over-heat no-flow and if it incorporates a battery, be provided with a clearly marked battery and isolation switch marked with a clearly provided be a battery, if it incorporates for the battery terminals* insulated cover when in operation equipment should be attended all transfer and have store inside the AN are at all times when they should be attended vehicles the store from egress unhindered be provided with a dry-powder fire-extinguisher having a rating of not less than 40(B) and less than 40(B) rating of not a having a dry-powder with fire-extinguisher be provided bearing brake, to deal with tyre, extinguisher fire additional foam the need for an consider dryto poorly respond powder that fires belt and conveyor
(p) (q) (n) (o) (l) (m) (i) (j) (k) (h) Note: Items that are asterisked do not apply to vehicles that deliver AN to the site but do not the site but do AN to that deliver vehicles do not apply to asterisked Note: Items that are enter the actual AN store.
SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) 24 the ADGCode. to publicareas orroad train assemblyareas controlled by Main RoadsWA andaddressed by withrestricted accessasregulatedproperty undertheStorage Regulations.Itdoes notapply This chapterdealsonlywiththesafety aspectsoftheparkingarrangements onprivate securityplan –regulated throughtransport theSSANRegulations. All parkingarrangements require ANto bekept secure inaccordance withthelicensee’s SSAN 2. erview 1. for dangerous goodsvehicles dependingonthelocation oftheparkingsite: The WA dangerous goodslegislationcatersfortwodifferent typesofparkingarrangements 8.1 Figure 8.1 withrestricted access ate property arking ofvehicles loadedwithANon 8
the Storage Regulations. withrestrictedthose forvehicles accessregulated parkingonprivate property through and Rail Transport ofNon-explosives) Regulations2007(Transport Regulations) Dangerous GoodsCode(ADGCode) regulated undertheDangerous Goods Safety (Road those forvehicles parkingonpublicroads andplacescontrolled by theAustralian
Ov priv P AN inIBC’ s onacombinationvehicle
25 SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) ehicle distances for parked dangerous goods vehicles dangerous for parked ehicle distances al parking requirements for all dangerous goods vehicles goods vehicles dangerous for all al parking requirements Gener P Inter-v Intr P
disconnected lead trailers should be supported by braced landing legs, or equivalent should be supported landing legs, or equivalent disconnected lead trailers braced by collapse. a potential trailer external support, prevent to spill kits should be available to clean up and recover any dangerous goods spill and fuel any dangerous clean up and recover to spill kits should be available for AN and fuel/oil spills spill kits should be available and oil spills. Separate that wheel and bearing should ensure the driver vehicle, the parked leaving before vehicle prevent limits to operational within safe are vehicles of the parked temperatures fires the parking areas and vehicle bays should be clearly marked bays vehicle and the parking areas goods storages, any dangerous from with AN should be separated all vehicles by at least 10 m combustible materials, on-site office buildings and open flames kept clear at all times should be clearly defined and access and escape routes with minimal and without reversing away drive should be able to vehicles parked manoeuvring
effective fire fighting of any vehicle fires, and vehicle of any fighting fire effective fire. vehicle on from the vehicles away adjacent move to room sufficient
(g) (e) (f) (a) (b) (c) (d) 8.2.4 including those carrying goods vehicles the parking of all dangerous The following applies to AN: The potential scenario of a burning trailer loaded with AN, or other explosion-risk dangerous explosion-risk dangerous loaded with AN, or other trailer The potential scenario of a burning plan will facilitate the and emergency arrangements parking good, assumes that the required vehicles (on either side of the burning of the two adjacent evacuation immediate and efficient any sympathetic explosions. and potentially of the fire the spread prevent to vehicle) 8.2.3 carrying should be parked flammable or combustible liquids and/or flammable gases Vehicles carrying agents. vehicles AN or other oxidising at least 10 m from area, in a separate carrying vehicles flammable orcombustibleliquidsgases arked • • 8.2.2 in including those carrying vehicles, goods AN should be separated dangerous All parked distance enables: This separation 3 m. at least each other by from parallel Section 8.2 addresses the hazards arising from the parking of dangerous goods vehicles vehicles goods of dangerous the parking from arising hazards the 8.2 addresses Section in transit. are vehicles access, where restricted with carrying yard AN in a private and days carrying means vehicles consecutive park for longer than five AN do not “In transit” not opened or used at the site. that are the AN is in containers a Dangerous property require of AN on private may access with restricted The transiting Regulations. under the Storage Goods Site Licence 8.2 8.2.1 access property withrestricted onprivate arking requirements oduction
SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) 26 or already fittedout withfoamextinguishers. emperature checkingstations area. Water-based fire extinguishersshouldbelocated near thisarea unless AN vehicles are for 15minutes,orare temperature checked, priorto proceeding to theirdesignatedparking Some companiesoperate atemperature checkingstation,aplace where vehicles cooldown 8.2.8 (b) (a) The followingisrequired: they are readily accessibleto eachANvehicle intheyard. foam -AFFF)extinguishers,additionalwater-basedextinguishersshouldbeplacedsothat Unless theroad trains are already suppliedwiththeirown 70Lfoam(aqueousfilmforming e suppression hot brakes andwheelbearings. based foamextinguishers,astheseextinguishersare more effective incoolingfires caused by There powderfire isaneedto extinguishersontheAN supplementthedry vehicle withwater- 8.2.7 requirements ofsections 6.1 and6.2ofthiscodeapply. For ANvehicles intransit, theemergency response requirements andfire protection 8.2.6 • • • trailer, thentherequired separation distancesfrom theclosestANvehicle are: For example,ifthelargest commonlyencountered loadisatrailer with24tofIBCsonaflattop encountered loadonanyonetrailer ofacombinationvehicle parked atthesite. The separation distancesshouldcorrespond to thequantityofANinlargest commonly • • • potential explosionfrom AN: The required separation distanceswillhelpto protect thefollowingoff-siteoccupanciesfrom a potential explosion. scenario ofasingletrailer loadedwithANbeinginvolved inanuncontrolled fire, leading to a The required separation distancesfortheseoperations are taken from Table 4.1basedonthe following off-siteoccupancies. of theyear. Inthissituation,theoperation willneedto establishsufficientseparation tothe have manifest quantitiesofAN(i.e.more than10t)intransit ona24-hour, dailybasisformost Very from large requiring yards, ANtransport aDangerous apart GoodsSiteLicence,may 8.2.5
190 mforcommercial buildings. 340 mforresidences 425 mforvulnerable facilities commercial buildings. residential andaccommodationoccupancies vulnerable facilities at leastonefire hose reel thatcomplieswithAS1221 at leastone90Lmobilefoam(AFFF)extinguisher
T Fir Emer Separ gency response ation distancesto off-site
occup ancies forANvehicles Fire hosereels. 27 SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION)
(DMIRS, 2020) (SAFEX International, (ADG Code) ”, International Society of agents
(International Fertiliser Society, 2006) (International Fertiliser Society, erences Ref
Lightning protection Part containers, ratings dimensions and 1 – Classification, Freight Fire hose reels Fire transport use, Part and 1: Storage – Storage, Explosives of oxidising and handling The storage in port cargoes The handling and transport of dangerous areas (IP Code) enclosures by provided of protection Degrees
Storage of technical (porous) ammonium nitrate of technical (porous) “Storage Erik Nygaard, 1 Engineers 2008G Volume Explosives Ammonium Nitrate Grade Technical of Solid Guide: Storage Good Practice 2014) report and submission of a safety – Guide facility: Development Major hazard National Construction Code of Australia Industry Planning Advisory planning – Hazardous No. 4 Paper Risk criteria for land use safety 4] (NSW Planning, 2011) [HIPAP Products Nitrate of Ammonium Testing Safety Other references [COAG], Governments (Council of Australian Guidance Note No. 2 – Storage Ammonium Nitrate 2004) Road and Rail Goods by of Dangerous Transport Code for the Australian AS 3846 AS 60529 AS/NZS 1768 AS/NZS 3711.1 and Criteria Tests UN Manual of Australian Standards Australian AS 1221 AS 2187.1 AS 4326 Land Administration Act 1997 Land Administration 1994 and Inspection Act Mines Safety and Health Act 1984 Occupational Safety Act 2005 Planning and Development Other legislation Dangerous Goods Safety legislation Safety Goods Dangerous Act 2004 Goods Safety Dangerous 2007 Regulations (Explosives) Goods Safety Dangerous Regulations 2007 Facilities) (Major Hazard Goods Safety Dangerous Regulations 2007 Ammonium Nitrate) (Security Sensitive Goods Safety Dangerous Regulations 2007 of Non-explosives) and Handling (Storage Goods Safety Dangerous 2007 Regulations of Non-explosives) Transport (Road and Rail Goods Safety Dangerous Appendix 1 Appendix
SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) 28 1942 orUN2067.ANhastheformulaNH Ammonium nitrate orAN: Appendix 2 of completeconversion ofanexplosive substanceto CO Oxygen balance: Theamountofoxygen, expressed inweightpercent, liberated asaresult Loose bulk: • • • dangerous goodsthat: of packaging forthetransport Intermediate bulkcontainer(IBC): Arigidorflexibleportable are knownasdeflagration). reactions belowthevelocity ofsoundare propagated by thermalconductionandradiation and Detonation velocities lieintheapproximate range of1500to 9000m/s(slowerexplosive Detonation: no otherpurpose. Dedicated, stand-alonebuildingstorage: Astand-alonebuildingusedonlyforANstorage and supply, finance,government, andessentialmanufacturing. services infrastructure involves thesectors ofenergy, communications,health,food, utilities,transport, or affect Australia’s abilityto conductnationaldefence andensure nationalsecurity. Critical extended period,wouldsignificantlyimpactonthesocialoreconomicwellbeingofnation and communicationnetworksthat,ifdestroyed, degraded orrendered unavailable foran Critical infrastructure: Those physicalfacilities,supplychains,informationtechnologies not increases theexplosionsensitivityofAN. explosion, harmfulreaction ortheevolution offlammable, toxic orcorrosive vapours, andwill Compatible: Inrelation to ANandanothersubstancethatwillnotreact together to causeafire, restaurants centres. andentertainment Commercial buildings: density ANprill. ANFO: Ammoniumnitrate fueloilmixture ismadeby mixingapprox. 6%ofdieselwithlow Package: Refers to acontainerdesignedto holdnotmore than500kg ofsolid AN. the explosive. carbon monoxide andnitrogen oxides,particularly butalsoto maximisetheenergy outputof explosives usuallyhave anoxygen balancecloseto zero inorder to minimisetoxic gases, needed to completetheoxidation withanegative sign.Commercial reaction isreported oxidation ofthesubstance(negative oxygen balance),thedeficientamountof oxygen oxygen balance).Iftheamountofoxygen boundinanexplosive isinsufficientforthecomplete
is resistant to thestresses produced inusualhandlingandtransport. is designedformechanicalhandling has acapacity: – – –
for solidsorliquidsofPacking Groups IIandIII–ofnotmore than3,000L for solidsofPacking Group Ipacked inametalcontainer–ofnotmore than3,000L plastics orwoodencontainer–ofnotmore than1,500L for solidsofPacking Group Ipacked inacomposite,fibreboard, flexible,woodenorrigid Refers to AN,whichisnotcontainedinapackageoranIBC. Anexplosive process highspeedinvolving ofvery asustainedshockwave. Includes offices, retailcentres, warehouses withshowrooms,
Substancewhichmeetstheclassificationasadangerous goodUN Glossar 4 NO 3 . y 2 , H 2 O, N O, 2 , SO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , etc.(positive 29 SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) . Land Dangerous Goods Safety Act 2004 Goods Safety Dangerous Any substance that contains more than 45% AN Any substance that contains more Porous prill AN used to make commercial commercial make prill AN used to Porous [s. 4(1)] or a townsite as defined in the as defined in the [s. 4(1)] or a townsite A place that: [s. 3(1)] Includes places of continuous occupancy such as hotels and tourist hotels and tourist of continuous occupancy such as Includes places The four-digit identification number assigned to dangerous goods by the United goods to dangerous The four-digit identification number assigned Also referred to as metric tonne, equal to 1,000 kg. 1,000 equal to as metric tonne, to Also referred Ammonium nitrate, with not more than 0.2% total combustible material, including than 0.2% total with not more Ammonium nitrate, Administration Act 1997 Act Administration hazards specific to the job and/or the site specific hazards complete the job safely to required and training responsibility of authority, the level relationships that reportingby management as well as any other identified relationships with other jobs, SOPs, or work instructions. interact may personal protective equipment (PPE) required personal protective explosive components in a single of two or more mixture aqueous solution, being a homogeneous phase. occupies an area of 5 hectares or more of 5 hectares occupies an area or pastoral aquacultural horticultural, floricultural, for agricultural, the operator is used by purposes other than for sale. or handled for the purposes stored goods are at which dangerous is outside the part in as defined region comprises the metropolitan of the State that 2005 Act the Planning and Development
explosives with a bulk density of less than 0.9 g/cc. It is classified as UN 1942. with a bulk density of less than 0.9 g/cc. It is classified explosives (t): Tonne UN number: in the ADG Goods, as published of Dangerous Nations Committee of ExpertsTransport on the Code. UN 1942: of any other added substance, the exclusion substance calculated as carbon, to any organic AN with a bulk density and any pure TGAN This entry any must be used for Division 5.1, PGIII. than 0.85 g/cc. greater Technical grade ammonium nitrate (TGAN): ammonium nitrate grade Technical • • • or an explicit description containing procedures Written or SOPs: procedures operating Standard safely, complete a task to required be performed. SOPs identify precautions of how a job is to including: • Security sensitive ammonium nitrate (SSAN): ammonium nitrate Security sensitive • • • • • unless it is an: ammonium nitrate is security sensitive • These are deemed to include a dwelling and any public building, school, building, school, and any public a dwelling include deemed to works: These are Protected to public is accustomed the where structure building or or other worship, theatre, place of is employed in which any person other building or store, warehouse, a shop, factory, assemble; or dangerous of flammable keeping for the a depot or store as well as or business; in any trade dam. goods and a major as per the Goods Officer The Chief Dangerous Regulator: Residential buildings: resorts. goods location: dangerous Rural
SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) 30 stadiums. majorpublicutilities(e.g.gas,waterandelectricityworks)sports stations andairports), care facilities,childcare andagedcare facilities,schools,majortraffic terminals(e.g. railway buildings (e.g.above fourstoreys), large glass-fronted buildingsofhighpopulation,health Vulnerable facility: ingredients. AN andotherfertiliser in theUNManualof Tests andCriteria for ammoniumnitrate-based classifiedinaccordance withthe procedure fertilisers assetout UN 2067: Ammonium nitrate-based fertiliser, Division5.1,PGIII. may only beused This entry A category offacilitythatincludes,butisnotrestricted to, Acategory multistorey , Section39. may onlybeusedformixturesThis entry of 31 SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION)
3 ) and NO 3 4 oxic gas and explosion explosion gas and oxic T chemistry of AN of chemistry
O (+ 450 kJ/kg) 2 ) occurs. 3 O + 2H 2 → N 3 NO 4 and molecular weight 80. and molecular weight for the 0.2% of carbon in order below must be kept additives The amount of carbonaceous system for The UN classification oxidising agent. as a Division 5.1 be classified to product code 1.1D a higher carbon content as a classification goods classifies AN with dangerous explosive. 20°C, 1 mL At temperature. with rapidly with solubility increasing AN is highly soluble in water, 3.440 g of AN. at 50°C, it will dissolve 1.877 g of AN, and of water will dissolve at the atmosphere absorb water from and deliquescent in that it tends to AN is hygroscopic water under hot and humid conditions that it so much of attracting It is capable high humidity. slightly acidic (i.e. a (deliquescent). Aqueous solutions are an aqueous solution into dissolves 0.1 Molar solution has a pH of 5.4). Flame, pressure. and under ambient conditions of temperature to detonate AN is difficult Pure detonation. cause a propagated known to not or friction are handling, impact spark, rough and under ambient conditions, AN can be initiated with high explosives An explosion of pure AN. Under ambient conditions, it is not up caked break be used to must never explosives of molten AN the shock sensitivity means of a rifle bullet. However, by initiate AN possible to to detonation. mechanical impact can lead and severe significantly increases Once the temperature exceeds 250°C, an endothermic reaction producing ammonia (NH producing 250°C, an endothermic reaction exceeds Once the temperature nitric acid (HNO Molten AN decomposes at about 210°C to give off toxic gases. off toxic give Molten AN decomposes at about 210°C to to open and unconfined situation, it will decompose completely AN is heated in an If pure The primary with white fumes and vapours. way in a steady controlled gaseous products give and water. oxide nitrous and produces exothermic is irreversible, reaction NH Decomposition of AN without explosion Fire hazard Fire and agent, it can facilitate the initiation of fire an oxidising AN itself does not burn but, being air is excluded. if even in combustible materials, intensify fires rags, wooden contact with when coming into AN solutions can initiate fires Hot concentrated articles been known to with AN have and clothing. Other combustible materials impregnated contaminated AN products start when left on hot surfaces. burning spontaneously Similarly, with oil or combustible materials can start when hot. a fire because of of air ingress the prevention AN cannot be extinguished by involving Fires fire dry powder and carbon dioxide AN, which makes from of oxygen the in situ provision extinguishers ineffective. Physical properties NH of 169.6°C, molecular formula odourless salt with a melting point AN is a white, Pure Appendix 3 Appendix
SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) 32 reaction. inareversiblevapours intheairto reform small(fume)particles ANintheformofvery The intensewhitenessofthefumesisdueto therecombination ofammoniaandnitricacid mechanical shock. all available ANrelatively harmlesslyintheabsenceoffuel,contaminants,confinementand the inputofaconsiderable amountofexternalheating. This process iscapableofconsuming temperature limitingmechanismsothatthetemperature doesnotriseabove 300°C,even with contaminants), thiscombinationofexothermic andendothermicreactions canprovide a Providing gases canescapefreely (i.e.unconfinedandintheabsenceoffuel aromatic hydrocarbons) isapproximately 1:2,represented by unitsofCH The average carbonto hydrogen ratio indieselfuel(a complexmixture ofnon-aromatic and increase theexplosion sensitivityofANandturninto a1.1Dexplosive UN0222.) (The additionofanyfuelgreater than0.2%,calculatedasorganic carbon,willalsomarkedly for ANFO. the ANascanbecalculatedfrom thebalancedequation No.5,whichistheexplosionreaction Balance of0%isrequired. Inthiscase,0%isachieved by adding5.83%by weightof dieselto To maximisetheheatofexplosionandto minimisetheemissionoftoxic gasesanOxygen equation. No. 4reaction hasanOxygen Balanceof(+)20%,asiseasilycalculatedfrom thebalanced nitrogen dioxide (NO (explosive) reactions. These reactions occurwiththeformation oforange-brown cloudsof amounts ofcontaminantsorfuelto promote thefollowingmore energetic nitrogen-forming Once theionicstructure isweakened ordestroyed above 300°C,allthatisrequired are small nitrate ioninintimatecontactwiththefuelelement,ammoniumion. AN issetupasanexplosive substance, albeitaninsensitive one,sinceitcarriestheoxidising involving ANthatdidnotleadto explosions. Fires involving ANhave causedexplosionsinthepast,butthere have beenmanymore fires temperature willrisethrough self-accelerating reactions, andadetonation islikely to occur. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 300°C, givingoffothergasesincludingorange-brown toxic nitrogen dioxide (NO confinement, orboth.Underthesecircumstances, thetemperature willquicklyriseabove AN canalsoexplodewithoutshockifheatedsufficiently, butonlyifcontaminated,under Decomposition ofANwithexplosion NH be represented by asingleunitofCH The additionofjusttheright amountofdieselforazero oxygen balance(5.83%)cantherefore with nitrogen to give toxic nitrogen oxides asshowninreactions No.1to 3. explosionreaction isthoughttoThe primary bereaction No.4andtheexcess oxygen reacts
4 NO (+ 4017kJ/kg) 3(NH 2NH 5NH 4NH 2NH 3 →HNO 4 4 4 4 4 NO NO NO NO NO 3 3 3 3 3 →2N2+O24H →4N2+2HNO →3N →N ) +CH 3 +NH 2 2 +2NO4H ) andcolourlessnitricoxide (NO) andnitricacid(HNO 2 2 +2NO 3 →3N (-2200kJ/kg) 2 2 +8H +7H 3 +9H 2 2 O (+350kJ/kg) O (+1580kJ/kg) 2 2 O (+1160kJ/kg) 2 O +CO inreaction No.5. 2 O (+1540kJ/kg) 2
2 . 3 ). 2 ). The 33 SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION)
Accidental storage storage Accidental explosions 2000–2020 explosions ), an explosion sensitive substance. There seemed to have been been have seemed to There substance. ), an explosion sensitive 3
poor management of a warehouse allowing different contractors to operate it independently, it independently, operate to contractors allowing different poor management of a warehouse a pool chlorine biocide. with sodium dichloroisocyanurate, which explains the mixing of AN 40 t involving 20 to of the explosion was in the range equivalent TNT INERIS estimated that the t of AN. 400 approximately shattered The blast wave persons. 2,442 injured in 31 fatalities and The explosion resulted was 10 m deep and 50 m wide. The crater away. 3 km windows up to 2003 2 October France, Saint Romain en Jarez, kg gas bottles, forklift, two 13 barn containing a petrol-powered out in a farmer’s broke A fire and 6 x and straw bales of hay 6–7,000 plastic crates, 500 wooden crates, farm machinery, IBCs of AN. 500 kg after the start 70 minutes 26 and injured approximately The explosion occurred fire of the TNT, kg of to 160 to be 80 of explosion was estimated The force persons, mainly firefighters. equivalence TNT in the explosion, with a total involved which indicates that only two IBC were 16%. of 8 to 2013 US, 17 April Texas, West, tonnes 30 a fertiliser holding approximately from and seed company caught fire A warehouse from was no segregation There made of wood. bins were The building and storage of AN. The its hazards. without attention to as a fertiliser, combustible materials. AN was stored reported was first 20 minutes after the fire resulted in 15 fatalities, explosion occurred and crater was 3 m deep and 9 m wide. The persons. and 260 injured including 13 firefighters, 2015 Tianjin, China, 12 August Port of goods in a dangerous container of dry was the cause of a fire nitrocellulose An overheated two explosions 30 seconds apart. that triggered warehouse Based on the seismic waves TNT 2.9 t and 21.9 t of to be equivalent estimated to were the detonations generated, Of the fatalities, 93 were 173 fatalities and 797 people injured. were There respectively. firefighters. 2001 21 September France, Toulouse, the most probably chemical contamination was industrial accident where The only known in the history of marks it as an exception This the AZF fertiliser place at cause took plant. root explosion was the normal fire-initiated from exception explosions; the other accidental storage in 1921. explosion at Oppau, Germany the shock-initiated of out-of-specification storage used for the temporary in a warehouse The explosion occurred fertiliser AN-based into mixtures. be recycled to AN, which was waiting investigating between the numerous is not agreed While the original cause of the explosion reaction between cause was identified as a that the most likely parties, agreed it is generally acid; both reactions or AN and trichloroisocyanuric AN and sodium dichloroisocyanurate, (NCl trichloramine release Appendix 4 Appendix
SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION) 34 during theexplosion. damage.Agiantorange-brown15 billion(US)inproperty cloudwaspresent justbefore and resulting inover 190fatalities,6,500injured persons,300,000displacedpersonsand$10- fireworks. Anintenseshockwave causedcauseimmensedamagethroughout thecity from anabandonedshipin2014. The explosionoccurred astheresult ofafire involving and 2,750tofAN. The ANhadbeenimpoundedandstored forsixyears afteritwasseized A majorfire broke ofBeirutwarehouse containing,among otherthings,fireworks outina Port Beirut, Lebanon,4August 2020 35 SAFE STORAGE OF SOLID AMMONIUM NITRATE – CODE OF PRACTICE (4TH EDITION)
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