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The Collected Works of Eric Voegelin, Volume 31: Hitler and the Germans

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The Collected Works of Eric Voegelin, Volume 31: Hitler and the Germans The Collected Works of Eric Voegelin, Volume 31: Hitler and the Germans Detlev Clemens Brendan Purcell, Editors University of Missouri Press the collected works of ERIC VOEGELIN VOLUME 31 HITLER AND THE GERMANS This page intentionally left blank projected volumes in the collected works 1. On the Form of the American Mind 2. Race and State 3. The History of the Race Idea: From Ray to Carus 4. The Authoritarian State: An Essay on the Problem of the Austrian State 5. Political Religions; The New Science of Politics; and Science, Politics, and Gnosticism 6. Anamnesis 7. Published Essays, 1922– 8. Published Essays 9. Published Essays 10. Published Essays 11. Published Essays 12. Published Essays, 1966–1985 13. Selected Book Reviews 14. Order and History, Volume I, Israel and Revelation 15. Order and History, Volume II, The World of the Polis 16. Order and History, Volume III, Plato and Aristotle 17. Order and History, Volume IV, The Ecumenic Age 18. Order and History, Volume V, In Search of Order 19. History of Political Ideas, Volume I, Hellenism, Rome, and Early Christianity 20. History of Political Ideas, Volume II, The Middle Ages to Aquinas 21. History of Political Ideas, Volume III, The Later Middle Ages 22. History of Political Ideas, Volume IV, Renaissance and Reformation 23. History of Political Ideas, Volume V, Religion and the Rise of Modernity 24. History of Political Ideas, Volume VI, Revolution and the New Science 25. History of Political Ideas, Volume VII, The New Order and Last Orientation 26. History of Political Ideas, Volume VIII, Crisis and the Apocalypse of Man 27. The Nature of the Law, and Related Legal Writings 28. What Is History? And Other Late Unpublished Writings 29. Selected Correspondence 30. Selected Correspondence 31. Hitler and the Germans 32. Miscellaneous Papers 33. Autobiographical Reflections and Index 34. Index editorial board Paul Caringella Jürgen Gebhardt Thomas A. Hollweck Ellis Sandoz The Editorial Board wishes to give grateful acknowledgment to those who have contributed to support publication of this book and series, including the Foundation for Faith in Search of Understanding, the Liberty Fund, Inc., Robert J. Cihak, M.D., and John C. Jacobs Jr. A special thanks for support goes to the Charlotte and Walter Kohler Charitable Trust. The University of Missouri Press offers its grateful acknowledgment for a generous contribution from the Eric Voegelin Institute. THE COLLECTED WORKS OF ERIC VOEGELIN VOLUME 31 HITLER AND THE GERMANS translated, edited, and with an introduction by DETLEV CLEMENS and BRENDAN PURCELL university of missouri press columbia and london Copyright © 1999 by The Curators of the University of Missouri University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri 65201 Printed and bound in the United States of America All rights reserved 54321 0302010099 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Voegelin, Eric, 1901– Hitler and the Germans / Eric Voegelin ; translated, edited, and with an introduction by Detlev Clemens and Brendan Purcell. p. cm. — (The collected works of Eric Voegelin ; v. 31) Lectures delivered in the summer of 1964 at the University of Munich. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8262-1216-6 (alk. paper) 1. Hitler, Adolf, 1889–1945. 2. Heads of state—Germany— Biography. 3. National socialism—Philosophy. 4. Germany— Politics and government—1933–1945. 5. Racism—Germany. I. Clemens, Detlev. II. Purcell, Brendan. III. Title. IV. Series: Voegelin, Eric, 1901– Works. 1989 :v.31. B3354.V88 vol. 31 [DD247.H5] 943.086'092—dc21 99-13973 CIP ⅜ϱ This paper meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48, 1984. Designer: Albert Crochet Typesetter: Bookcomp, Inc. Printer and binder: Thomson-Shore, Inc. Typeface: Trump Mediaeval Contents Editors’ Introductions Eric Voegelin’s “Hitler and the Germans” Lectures in the Context of the Germans’ Treatment of Their Nazi Past 1 Detlev Clemens The Philosophical Context of the “Hitler and the Germans” Lectures 21 Brendan Purcell Editors’ Note 41 Part I. Descent into the Abyss 1. Introduction 51 (First Lecture 51) 2. Development of Diagnostic Tools 70 (Second Lecture 74) (Third Lecture 96) 3. Descent into the Academic Abyss as Manifested by Schramm’s “Anatomy of a Dictator” 110 (Fourth Lecture 123) (Fifth Lecture 147) 4. Descent into the Ecclesiastical Abyss: The Evangelical Church 155 (Sixth Lecture 170) 5. Descent into the Ecclesiastical Abyss: The Catholic Church 184 (Seventh Lecture 184) (Eighth Lecture 204) 6. Descent into the Legal Abyss 213 (Ninth Lecture 222) Part II. Toward a Restoration of Order 7. First and Second Reality in Ancient, Post-medieval, and Modern Times of Crisis 239 (Tenth Lecture 251) vii contents 8. The Greatness of Max Weber 257 (Eleventh Lecture 257) Index 275 viii HITLER AND THE GERMANS This page intentionally left blank Editors’ Introductions I. Eric Voegelin’s “Hitler and the Germans” Lectures in the Context of the Germans’ Treatment of Their Nazi Past In the summer semester of 1964, Eric Voegelin’s lectures on Hitler and the Germans were, without a doubt, the most spectacular course in the Arts Faculty of Munich University. Although an- nounced as an introduction to political science, the lectures had aroused great expectations. Their publication as a book had been arranged even before they were held, and while only a few dozen students were enrolled in the political science department, every week the lectures attracted several hundred students and scholars from various other departments. This fact certainly corresponded to Voegelin’s own understanding of classic political science as the key science in the field of the humanities. The audience’s expectations were not disappointed. Voegelin’s argument—and certainly also its pointed and at times polemical presentation—stirred up heated emotions whether in enthusiastic agreement or in angry rejection. On the one hand, the lectures increased the antipathy Voegelin met among some of his German colleagues at the University of Munich and provoked hostile press coverage1 and even personal threats. On the other hand, for most of his students, they became what one of them in retrospect described as “the high point of their German 1. See “Deutschenhaß als ‘neue Wissenschaft,’ ” in Deutsche Nationale Zeitung und Soldatenzeitung, June 26, 1964. This article, accompanied by a repulsive photo- graph falsely claiming to be of Voegelin, characterized him as an “arrogant sectarian” whose lectures reflected a “systematic hatred of the Germans.” 1 hitler and the germans education, for they had met no one else who had told them the truth more bluntly.”2 This is the first reason Voegelin’s lectures are published in a form that deliberately preserves the style of their presentation, conveying to the reader the special atmosphere where he combined an authoritative treatment of a highly controversial topic with the explanation of fundamental concepts of his political philosophy. While the “Hitler and the Germans” lectures undoubtedly mark the peak of Voegelin’s work as an academic teacher in Germany, they also were his most elaborate and outspoken analysis of the spiritual level of contemporary German intellectual life and, in general, of German political culture. He certainly was not attempting to provide a thorough, balanced study of the origins and functioning of National Socialist rule in Germany based on the latest historical literature, and therefore he could conspicuously ignore some of the classic analyses of the Nazi dictatorship and its rise that were available at his time. Voegelin’s topic was the Germans’ complicity in Nazi rule and their current treatment of their National Socialist past. For him, the most important challenge for German society was not the “mastering of the past” (Vergangenheitsbewältigung)—the current and opaque German expression for this process—but rather a “mastering of the present.” Such a mastering of the present required the achievement of a consensus among Germans regarding the role and significance of the Nazi dictatorship and the Holocaust in the context both of German history and of German national identity in the postwar era. Consequently, in his lectures Voegelin dealt not only with the past but also with the presence of the past in the Federal Republic of Germany of the 1960s. He questioned whether the Germans had adequately reflected upon their Nazi past and gone through a revolution of the spirit, or whether the mentality that made possible Hitler’s rise to power did not still dominate in Ger- many in unbroken continuity. Since the past cannot be altered after the event, the “mastering of the present,” in Voegelin’s eyes, was largely a problem of moral consciousness and therefore inevitably demanded a relentless spiritual self-examination of their past and present by the Germans. “Urged to do so by the young people in 2. Manfred Henningsen, “Eric Voegelin und die Deutschen,” Merkur: Deutsche Zeitschrift für europäisches Denken 48, no. 8 (1994): 728. 2 editors’ introductions the Department” of Political Science, as he wrote later,3 Voegelin tried to show how this could be carried out, provided the analyst had sufficient command of the right diagnostic tools. In fact, by drawing from various relevant sources from 1964—new historical studies, public discussions, newspaper articles, and so on—and by judging them critically, Voegelin made his students realize that the way in which these sources dealt with the Germans in the Nazi empire revealed much about the mentality and political culture of the Germans in the Federal Republic, too. And this gave rise to the scathing critique of German intellectual and spiritual life both before and after the Second World War, which constitutes the lectures. Such a critique of the mentality and substance of an entire people was an enormous provocation and challenge to the contemporary attempts at “mastering the past,” as becomes clear from a brief survey of the Germans’ postwar treatment of their Nazi past.
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