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Duganella Sp. and Agrobacterium Sp Bajaj et al. Microbial Cell Factories 2012, 11:64 http://www.microbialcellfactories.com/content/11/1/64 RESEARCH Open Access Formation of Se (0) Nanoparticles by Duganella sp. and Agrobacterium sp. isolated from Se-laden soil of North-East Punjab, India Mini Bajaj, Susan Schmidt and Josef Winter* Abstract Background: Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element, but is toxic at high concentrations. Depending upon the geological background, the land use or on anthropogenic pollution, different amounts of Se may be present in soil. Its toxicity is related to the oxyanions selenate and selenite as they are water soluble and bioavailable. Microorganisms play an important role in Se transformations in soil and its cycling in the environment by transforming water-soluble oxyanions into water insoluble, non-toxic elemental Se (0). For this study, soil samples were collected from selenium-contaminated agricultural soils of Punjab/India to enrich and isolate microbes that interacted with the Se cycle. Results: A mixed microbial culture enriched from the arable soil of Punjab could reduce 230 mg/l of water soluble selenite to spherical Se (0) nanoparticles during aerobic growth as confirmed by SEM-EDX. Four pure cultures (C 1, C 4, C 6, C 7) of Gram negative, oxidase and catalase positive, aerobic bacteria were isolated from this mixed microbial consortium and identified by 16 S rDNA gene sequence alignment as two strains of Duganella sp. (C 1, C 4) and two strains of Agrobacterium sp.(C 6, C 7). SEM/TEM-EDX analyses of the culture broth of the four strains revealed excretion of uniformly round sharply contoured Se (0) nanoparticles by all cultures. Their size ranged from 140–200 nm in cultures of strains C 1 and C 4, and from 185–190 nm in cultures of strains C 6 and C 7. Both Duganella sp. revealed better selenite reduction efficiencies than the two Agrobacterium sp. Conclusions: This is the first study reporting the capability of newly isolated, aerobically growing Duganella sp. and Agrobacterium sp. from soils of Punjab/India to form spherical, regularly formed Se (0) nanoparticles from water soluble selenite. Among others, the four strains may significantly contribute to the biogeochemical cycling of Se in soil. Bioconversion of toxic selenite to non-toxic Se (0) nanoparticles under aerobic conditions in general may be useful for detoxification of agricultural soil, since elemental Se may not be taken up by the roots of plants and thus allow non-dangerous fodder and food production on Se-containing soil. Keywords: Bacteria isolation, 16 S rDNA alignment, Duganella sp., Agrobacterium sp., Selenite reduction, SEM-EDX analysis, Biosynthesis, Se(0) nanoparticles Background toxic if its recommended daily dietary intake by adults Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element and a constitu- exceeds the limit of 400 μg/d, causing selenosis [2]. Car- ent of selenoproteins which act as antioxidants, playing an bon shales, phosphotic rocks and coal are rich natural important role in the protection of cellular damages from sources of Se in the environment [3]. Se concentrations oxygen radicals and preventing the development of ranging from 0.01 to 1200 mg/kg can be found in soils chronic ailments like cancer and heart diseases [1]. Inspite due to a number of factors such as the Se content of the of health benefits of Se at low concentrations, Se is highly parent rock, deposition of mining residues, magma and ashes from volcanic eruptions or seleniferous erosion materials or of residues from fossil fuel combustion. Also * Correspondence: [email protected] Institute of Biology for Engineers and Biotechnology of Wastewater, poor drainage, irrigation with Se-containing water and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany fertilization with Se-containing phosphate as well as © 2012 Bajaj et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Bajaj et al. Microbial Cell Factories 2012, 11:64 Page 2 of 14 http://www.microbialcellfactories.com/content/11/1/64 topographic and climate conditions may be responsible P. fluorescens, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis or B. megater- for the elevated Se concentrations in soils [4]. Besides the ium [14–16]. Se nanoparticles are regarded as promis- inorganic compounds of Se in mineral fertilizers, some or- ing material for a number of applications in particular ganic selenium compounds also find their use in agricul- for the photovoltaic and semiconductor industry due to ture due to their bactericidal, fungicidal and herbicidal their high particle dispersion and unique electrical and properties [5]. Within the four inorganic Se oxidation optical properties [13,17]. Because of their high activity states (−II, 0, +IV, +VI) found in nature, the oxyanions sel- in biological tissues and low toxicity, Se nanoparticles enate and selenite are most mobile and detrimental as are getting attention for medical applications. Nano-Se they are bioavailable and can easily be taken up by the has exhibited novel in vitro and in vivo antioxidant plants from Se-rich soil or Se-containing irrigation water activities through the activation of seleno enzymes, and and thus enter the plant-animal/human food chain, posing as chemo-preventive and -therapeutic agents [18]. Se a health risk for animals and humans [4,6]. Diseases, such nanoparticles inhibit growth of Staphylococcus aureus as skin lesions and hair fall as a result of consuming water and it has been suggested to use them as human medi- or plants grown in north-east Punjab, India have been cine for preventing and treating S. aureus infections associated with the high Se concentration in soil and irri- [19]. Besides this, Se nanoparticles could be used to gation water of that area [4,7]. The sources of Se in soil of remove metallic pollutants like copper from aqueous that region are still unknown, but the high Se concen- solutions [17]. trations might, at least in part, stem from the use of Se- As microbes apparently play an important role in the containing groundwater for irrigation and the practice of biogeochemical cycle of Se in natural environment, Se rice-wheat crop rotation. It was found in our previous resistance of indigenous aerobic microbes in Se rich study [4] that microbes in the top soils of Jainpur village sediments of the Punjab region in India and biotrans- in Punjab, which has the highest total Se concentration formation of selenite to non toxic elemental Se (0) were (up to 11.6 mg/kg) among all the collected sediment sam- investigated in this study. From the mixed microbial cul- ples, have gained resistance to high soluble Se concentra- ture that was enriched in the presence of Se, four strains tions and could reduce selenate or selenite to Se (0). Due of bacteria were isolated and identified. Both, the mixed to the toxicity and changing bioavailability of selenium, culture as well as the two Duganella sp. and the two most of the previous investigations were focused on the Agrobacterium sp. isolates were capable of producing ex- permanent removal or immobilization of selenium oxya- ogenous Se (0) nanoparticles by reducing Se (IV) under nions by physical, chemical or biological processes. A per- aerobic conditions. Generation of Se (0) nanoparticles manent removal could be obtained by stimulating by strains of these two genera has not been reported microbes for methylation of Se to generate volatile Se- previously. Duganella is a rarely described genus with compounds in soil or through direct or gravity filtration of the most well known species D. violacienigra, a violet- insoluble elemental selenium (Se0) in water after microbial black pigmented bacterium isolated from forest soils in reduction of Se compounds [8]. Soil bacteria play an im- China [20]. portant role in Se transformations from soluble toxic In this study we report the isolation of pure cultures forms [Se (IV), Se (VI)] to insoluble non-toxic Se (0) as of two Duganella species and two Agrobacterium species part of a detoxification mechanism which could well be from Se rich sediments of Punjab. Genus assignment of exploited for bioremediation. The full redox cycle of Se in the isolates was done by 16 S rDNA alignment, Se (IV) nature is dependent on geochemical as well as on micro- reduction by ion chromatography and qualitative exam- bial transformations by soil bacteria [3,4]. These microbes ination of biosynthesized nanoparticles with scanning could be exploited for periodic or permanent avoidance of and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) Se toxicity, since the rate of Se (IV) or Se (VI) reduction is and by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). higher than that of Se (0) oxidation [9]. A number of an- aerobic and anoxic bacteria e.g. Geobacter sulfurreducens, Results and Discussions Shewanella oneidensis, S. sp. HN-41, Veillonella atypica, Enrichment of aerobic selenite reducing bacteria from soil Rhodospirillum rubrum, Sulfurospirillum barnesii, Bacillus of the Punjab area in India selenitireducens and Selenihalanerobacter shriftii [6,10–13] From a soil slurry in enrichment medium (EM) a have been identified to form Se nanoparticles by reducing mixed culture free of soil particles was obtained after Se oxyanions to elemental Se (0) during the biogeochem- several transfers into fresh EM that could grow in the ical cycling of Se. To date the main research focus was laid presence of 40 mg/l of Se (IV), or reduce this amount on anaerobic Se reduction. Due to this, the variety of Se of Se (IV) in less than 2 days. Then, 2.5% (v/v) of this cell nanoparticle-forming aerobic bacteria is less known suspension was inoculated into EM with increasing compared to anaerobic/anoxic bacteria and is confined Se (IV) concentrations.
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