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Los Puertos De Montaña De Atlatlahuca: Un Espacio Estratégico En El Siglo XVI

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Los Puertos De Montaña De Atlatlahuca: Un Espacio Estratégico En El Siglo XVI Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín del Instituto de Geografía,UNAM ISSN 2448-7279, núm. 91, 2016, pp. 137-151, dx.doi.org/10.14350/rig.53179 Los puertos de montaña de Atlatlahuca: un espacio estratégico en el siglo XVI Recibido: 17 de noviembre de 2015. Aceptado en versión final: 12 de abril de 2016. Publicado en pre-print: 25 de mayo de 2016. Gustavo Garza Merodio* Federico Fernández Christlieb* Resumen. Desde el punto de vista cultural, la cuenca alta del mesoamericano y enumeraremos las consecuencias que río Lerma ha estado históricamente vinculada con la cuenca tuvieron lugar en la época colonial. El carácter estratégico del río Amacuzac, afluente del Balsas. En tiempo prehispá- de este espacio no ha sido suficientemente valorado hasta nico, la llamada Provincia Matlatzinca –compuesta de varias ahora por otros geógrafos. Consiste en abrir una extensa unidades autónomas– se extendió hacia ambos lados de la área de control político-militar que permite el acceso a divisoria de aguas. En este artículo nos centraremos en el ambientes diferentes desde los cuales se pudieron obtener papel de Tenango y de Atlatlahuca, actual Estado de México, variados recursos naturales. Para explicarlo echaremos mano como espacios privilegiados que articulan a ambas cuencas a del enfoque propio de la geografía cultural. través de un área de suave relieve. Analizaremos los cambios en el paisaje producto de los procesos político-territoriales Palabras clave: paisaje, siglo XVI, matlatzincas, inpuhetzi, y de urbanización que se verificaron desde el posclásico Tenango del Valle The Mountain Passes of Atlatlahuca: a 15th and 16th Century Strategic Space Abstract. The environmental characteristics of the upper relevance of these mountain passes has not been recognized Lerma river basin and the accessibility to the Balsas mid- by the studies focused on the territorial evolution of the elevation basin from its southern margins facilitated the upper Lerma basin and neighboring regions. settlement of different human groups since the early history The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were the time of Mesoamerica. The mountain passes of Atlatlahuca were when the strategic quality of these mountain passes one of the most strategic ancient routes that communicated reached its peak, first under the rule of the Matlatzinca these basins, , since no steep slopes had to be walked to federation, and later by the Aztecs and their allies. Historical descend or climb up over 700 meters, from the pre-Hispanic approaches to the territorial evolution of the upper Lerma village of Atlatlahuca to the valley of Tenancingo. So far, the basin have focused on the lacustrine area that used to cover * Departamento de Geografía Social, Instituto de Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04520, Coyoacán, México, D.F. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Cómo citar: Garza M., G. y F. Fernández C. (2016), “Los puertos de montaña de Atlatlahuca: un espacio estratégico en el siglo XVI”, Investigaciones Geográficas, núm. 91, Instituto de Geografía, UNAM, México, pp. 137-151, dx.doi.org/10.14350/rig.53179. © 2016 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geografía. Este es un artículo Open Access bajo la licencia CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Gustavo Garza Merodio y Federico Fernández Christlieb the lowlands; in our view, this approach is insufficient to The territorial structure we attempt to explain is based explain the territorial evolution of this basin. An approach on the settlement of several inpuhetzi during the early beyond watersheds or contemporary administrative limits, Mesoamerican post-Classic times, some at the Nevado encompassing broader temporal and spatial scales, has de Toluca piedmont and others on isolated mountains revealed the strategic character of these mountain passes. within the upper Lerma basin: Tenango and Atlaltlahuca Understanding these territorial priorities also requires to were among these settlements. This location allowed the acknowledge the changes in landscape of the main historical Matlatzinca people to defend themselves from the attacks settlements that controlled the access to these mountain coming from the basin of Mexico. However, this defense passes: Tenango and Atlatlahuca. Our goal is not to outline does not explain the permanence and magnificence a definitive version of this territorial structure; instead, we accomplished by the Matlatzinca for centuries. For us, the want to set the grounds for a discussion from a geographical control of the Atlatlahuca mountain passes is key in the viewpoint ranging several historic stages. achievement of such grandeur, a territorial pattern shared Our explanation is based on the principles of with other nations settled along the Trans-Mexican Volcanic contemporary Cultural Geography and their application Belt. In this territorial logic, huge volcanoes or steep canyons to areas of Mesoamerican tradition, and was derived were not territorial boundaries but articulation means. from a continuous temporal analysis encompassing the The importance of the Atlatlahuca mountain pass area also Mesoamerican Post-Classic period and most of the 16th derives from the large number of political and administrative century. The cultural approach in geography aims to units settled there before the Spanish conquest. In less understand the thoughts and priorities of local inhabitants than 200 square kilometers there were six altepetl and two within their territorial context in different historical stages. villages ruled directly from Tacuba, a minor partner of the In our case, the territorial structure we aim to explain Aztecs. involves physical changes in landscape, as well as changes The Spanish conquest led to the abandonment of this in land use or in the way the environment is perceived ancient route. First, its strategic value from a military point according to different cultural practices. of view disappeared after the whole of central Mexico In physical and biological terms, our case of study was under Spanish control. Second, the depopulation is located in the transition zone between Nearctic and throughout the sixteenth century and the priority given by Neotropical regions in southern-central Mexico. The Spaniards to the healthy highlands led to the abandonment mountain passes of Atlatlahuca descend from around 2 700 of most of the ancient commercial routes. Third, among the m a.s.l. to approximately 2 000 m in the valley of Tenancingo major mining towns located southwest of Mexico City, only within less than 15 kilometers. The physical characteristics Zacualpan continued using this route, which was also used that assured a broad range of supplies and the control of vast by the wheat producers from the valley of Tenancingo and territories. In our cultural reconstruction, besides physical by merchants that traveled far into depopulated tropical and biological conditions, it is also necessary to understand lands. This commercial activity started to grow in the the concept of altepetl: a nahuatl word that literally means second half of the eighteenth century, when repopulation “water mountain” and defines the Mesoamerican post- started and some tropical products were demanded by world Classic urban space. Most of the altepetl found by the markets. Spaniards became pueblos de indios in the sixteenth century. In the Matlatzinca language –the predominant language Key words: Landscape, 16th century, Matlatzincas, in the area before the Aztec conquest circa 1470– altepetl inpuhetzi, Tenango del Valle translates to inpuhetzi. INTRODUCCIÓN El carácter estratégico de este espacio no ha sido sufi- cientemente ponderado por los estudiosos del terri- La riqueza ambiental de la cuenca alta del río Lerma torio de la cuenca alta del Lerma y regiones vecinas. y la accesibilidad de su extremo sur hacia la cuenca La temporalidad que manejamos en este estudio va, media del Balsas favorecieron el establecimiento de grosso modo, de la extensión máxima del área de ha- grupos humanos desde el periodo formativo meso- bla matlatzinca hacia mediados del siglo XV hasta el americano. Esta área cuenta con varios puertos de establecimiento, en el siglo siguiente, de un régimen montaña, siendo los de Atlatlahuca, ubicados al su- colonial que exigió transformaciones profundas en roeste de Tenango de Arista (actual cabecera del mu- la estructura territorial y en el propio paisaje. En nicipio de Tenango del Valle, Estado de México), los medio figuran dos episodios de cambios bruscos que que mejor comunican ambas vertientes. El relieve tuvieron lugar en tan solo cincuenta años: la irrup- de este corredor es suave y conduce desde la ciénaga ción mexica en la zona hacia mediados de la década de Almoloya (Chignahuapan) hacia los valles in- de 1470 y, desde luego, la conquista española poco termontanos que descienden rumbo a Tenancingo. después de la caída de Tenochtitlan, en 1521. 138 ][ Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín 91, 2016 Los puertos de montaña de Atlatlahuca: un espacio estratégico en el siglo XVI Los estudios históricos que han abordado la Amacuzac, Sultepec y Cutzamala, todos tributarios cuenca alta del río Lerma han fijado su atención del río Balsas (Figura 1). en la zona lacustre (Albores Zárate, 1995; Sugiura, El área estratégica propuesta abarca al actual 1998; Romero Quiroz, 2001), lo cual nos parece municipio de Tenango del Valle casi en su totali- insuficiente para explicar la estructura territorial
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