The Typology of Pame Number Systems and the Limits of Mesoamerica As a Linguistic Area
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Vigesimal Numerals on Ifẹ̀ (Togo) and Ifẹ̀ (Nigeria) Dialects of Yorùbá
Vigesimal Numerals on Ifẹ̀ (Togo) and Ifẹ̀ (Nigeria) Dialects of Yorùbá Felix Abídèmí Fábùnmi (Ilé-Ifẹ̀) Abstract This study intends to bring Ifẹ̀ (Togo) into a linguistic limelight using the numeral systems. Numerals are a very important aspect of the day to day socio-economic and linguistic life of Ifẹ̀ (Togo) people. The traditional Ifẹ̀ (Togo) number system is vigesimal. In this study, forty- two different number words are listed for Yorùbá Ifẹ̀ (Nigeria) and Yorùbá Ifẹ̀ (Togo) and compared with Standard Yorùbá. We compared the Ifẹ̀ (Togo) number words and counting patterns with that of the Standard Yorùbá and Ifẹ̀ (Nigeria) and discovered that, by the nature of the components of these numbers, majority of the basic number words are either bisyllabic or trisyllabic, each syllable having the form VCV for the cardinals, and CVCV for the ordinals. There are irregularities in tonality; there are also alternations in the sequences of the vowel (oral and nasalized) and consonant sounds. This work finds out that Ifẹ̀ (Togo) has two counting patterns. In the first pattern, it uses addition solely to derive the number words but with a counting pattern where 'ten', 'twenty' and the added number units are taken as a whole. In the second counting pattern, subtraction is used to derive number words but this is applicable only to three numbers i. e. seventeen – /mɛ́ɛtadínóɡú/, eighteen – /méèʤìdínóɡu/ and nineteen – /mɔ̀kɔ̃dínoɡ́ u/. The Ifẹ̀ (Togo) dialect of Yorùbá mostly uses additive number positions. The dialect favours additive number positions more than the subtractive and the multiplicative positions. In other words, higher numbers are frequently used as bases for addition not as bases for multiplication in Ifẹ̀ (Togo). -
The Typology of Pamean Number Systems and the Limits of Mesoamerica As a Linguistic Area
The typology of Pamean number systems and the limits of Mesoamerica as a linguistic area HERIBERTO AVELINO Abstract Pamean languages have been considered to be outside of the Mesoamerican linguistic area. However, the number systems of Pamean show typical Meso- american structures: order of constituents Multiplier-Base-Addend, and sys- tems with bases 10 and 20. Pamean languages have a typologically unusual, but consistent base 8. The present study presents a formal characterization of Pamean number systems. The distribution and peculiarities of Pamean number systems are explained as a result of their location at the border of a major lin- guistic area. Northern Pame has 8 as the only productive base, whereas Central Pame and Southern Pame show a greater influence of Mesoamerican traits. Keywords: cardinal numerals, linguistic area, Mesoamerica, number sys- tems, numeral, Pamean 1. Introduction In this article I present an analysis of the cardinal number systems of the Pamean languages Northern Pame, Central Pame and Southern Pame. My goals are twofold. First, I offer a formal characterization of Pamean number systems in terms of the typology of number systems. Second, I discuss the particulari- ties of Pamean number systems as a result of their location at the border of a major linguistic area, Mesoamerica.1 I show that Pamean systems present typ- ical Mesoamerican structures with the order of constituents Multiplier-Base- Addend and with bases 10 and 20. However, Northern Pame is of special inter- est for the typology of number systems owing to the consistent use of a base 8. 1. As defined by archaeologists, Pamean languages are spoken in the cultural area known as Arid-America or the Gran Chichimeca: see Di Peso (1974) and Kelly (1966) for classic ap- proaches, and several essays in Reyman (1995) for more recent studies. -
La Forma De Contar En Pame Central
The typology of Pame number systems and the limits of Mesoamerica as a linguistic area Heriberto Avelino Department of Linguistics University of California, Berkeley 1203 Dwinelle Hall University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720-2650 [email protected] Abstract Pamean languages have been considered to be outside of the Mesoamerican linguistic area. However, the number systems of Pame show typical Mesoamerican structures: order of constituents Multiplier-Base-Addend, and the base ‘10’, ‘20’ systems. Pamean languages have a typologically unusual, but consistent base ‘8’. The present study presents a formal characterization of Pame number systems. The distribution and peculiarities of Pame number systems are explained as a result of their location at the border of a major linguistic area. Northern Pame presents a base ‘8’ as the only productive base, whereas Central Pame and Southern Pame show a greater influence of Mesoamerican traits. keywords: Pame, Otomanguean, Mesoamerica, Number systems, linguistic areas 100 words 2 1. Introduction In this paper I present an analysis of the cardinal number systems of the Pamean languages Northern Pame, Central Pame and Southern Pame. The goals of this work are twofold. On the one hand, I offer a formal characterization of Pame number systems in terms of the typology of number systems in natural languages. On the other hand, I discuss the particularities of Pamean number systems as a result of their location at the border of a major linguistic area, namely Mesoamerica.1 I show that Pamean systems present the typical Mesoamerican structures with the order of constituents Multiplier-Base-Addend, and base ‘20’ and ‘10’ systems. -
KI LAW of INDIGENOUS PEOPLES KI Law Of
KI LAW OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES KI Law of indigenous peoples Class here works on the law of indigenous peoples in general For law of indigenous peoples in the Arctic and sub-Arctic, see KIA20.2-KIA8900.2 For law of ancient peoples or societies, see KL701-KL2215 For law of indigenous peoples of India (Indic peoples), see KNS350-KNS439 For law of indigenous peoples of Africa, see KQ2010-KQ9000 For law of Aboriginal Australians, see KU350-KU399 For law of indigenous peoples of New Zealand, see KUQ350- KUQ369 For law of indigenous peoples in the Americas, see KIA-KIX Bibliography 1 General bibliography 2.A-Z Guides to law collections. Indigenous law gateways (Portals). Web directories. By name, A-Z 2.I53 Indigenous Law Portal. Law Library of Congress 2.N38 NativeWeb: Indigenous Peoples' Law and Legal Issues 3 Encyclopedias. Law dictionaries For encyclopedias and law dictionaries relating to a particular indigenous group, see the group Official gazettes and other media for official information For departmental/administrative gazettes, see the issuing department or administrative unit of the appropriate jurisdiction 6.A-Z Inter-governmental congresses and conferences. By name, A- Z Including intergovernmental congresses and conferences between indigenous governments or those between indigenous governments and federal, provincial, or state governments 8 International intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) 10-12 Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) Inter-regional indigenous organizations Class here organizations identifying, defining, and representing the legal rights and interests of indigenous peoples 15 General. Collective Individual. By name 18 International Indian Treaty Council 20.A-Z Inter-regional councils. By name, A-Z Indigenous laws and treaties 24 Collections. -
Chapter 6 MISCELLANEOUS NUMBER BASES. the QUINARY
The Number Concept: Its Origin and Development By Levi Leonard Conant Ph. D. Chapter 6 MISCELLANEOUS NUMBER BASES. THE QUINARY SYSTEM. The origin of the quinary mode of counting has been discussed with some fulness in a preceding chapter, and upon that question but little more need be said. It is the first of the natural systems. When the savage has finished his count of the fingers of a single hand, he has reached this natural number base. At this point he ceases to use simple numbers, and begins the process of compounding. By some one of the numerous methods illustrated in earlier chapters, he passes from 5 to 10, using here the fingers of his second hand. He now has two fives; and, just as we say “twenty,” i.e. two tens, he says “two hands,” “the second hand finished,” “all the fingers,” “the fingers of both hands,” “all the fingers come to an end,” or, much more rarely, “one man.” That is, he is, in one of the many ways at his command, saying “two fives.” At 15 he has “three hands” or “one foot”; and at 20 he pauses with “four hands,” “hands and feet,” “both feet,” “all the fingers of hands and feet,” “hands and feet finished,” or, more probably, “one man.” All these modes of expression are strictly natural, and all have been found in the number scales which were, and in many cases still are, in daily use among the uncivilized races of mankind. In its structure the quinary is the simplest, the most primitive, of the natural systems. -
Indigenous Guanajuato (October 2019)
The History of Indigenous Guanajuato (October 2019) by John P. Schmal The State of Guanajuato Guanajuato is a relatively small state – twenty- second in terms of size among the Republic’s states – with a surface area of 30,608 square kilometers of territory, giving it 1.6% of the national territory. Politically, the State is divided into 46 municipios. Guanajuato’s 2010 population was 5,853,677, representing 4.9% of Mexico’s total population and ranking six among the 31 states and the Distrito Source: Nacho Ferrer Vidal , “Mapa de Guanajuato,” Mapas de America, March 23, Federal. 2012. Copyright © 2019 by John P. Schmal. All Rights Reserved. 2 Guanajuato’s Relief Guanajuato has three physiographic provinces. The Sierra Madre Oriental Mountains in the northeast occupies only 5.32% of the state territory. The Mesa del Centro of the north and northwest occupies 45.31% of the State territory and consists of plains, interrupted by scattered mountain ranges. The Eje Neovolcánico (Neovolcanic Axis) occupies 49.37% of the state territory and consists of great volcanic mountain ranges situated among the extensive plains of lake basins. Sources: Cuéntame, Página de inicio / Información por entidad / Guanajuato; INEGI. Anuario Estadístico y Geográfico de Guanajuato 2017. Copyright © 2019 by John P. Schmal. All Rights Reserved. 3 The Neovolcanic Axis The Eje Neovolcánico – also known as the Neovolcanic Axis or Transverse Volcanic System – crosses through central Mexico from Veracruz on the Gulf coast to Jalisco on the Pacific coast. It has an approximate length of 920 km (572 miles). Its width Source: Lifepersona.com, “Transversal Volcanic System of Mexico: varies from 400 km (249 miles) Characteristics and Location.” Online: to about 100 km (62 miles). -
About Numbers How These Basic Tools Appeared and Evolved in Diverse Cultures by Allen Klinger, Ph.D., New York Iota ’57
About Numbers How these Basic Tools Appeared and Evolved in Diverse Cultures By Allen Klinger, Ph.D., New York Iota ’57 ANY BIRDS AND Representation of quantity by the AUTHOR’S NOTE insects possess a The original version of this article principle of one-to-one correspondence 1 “number sense.” “If is on the web at http://web.cs.ucla. was undoubtedly accompanied, and per- … a bird’s nest con- edu/~klinger/number.pdf haps preceded, by creation of number- mtains four eggs, one may be safely taken; words. These can be divided into two It was written when I was a fresh- but if two are removed, the bird becomes man. The humanities course had an main categories: those that arose before aware of the fact and generally deserts.”2 assignment to write a paper on an- the concept of number unrelated to The fact that many forms of life “sense” thropology. The instructor approved concrete objects, and those that arose number or symmetry may connect to the topic “number in early man.” after it. historic evolution of quantity in differ- At a reunion in 1997, I met a An extreme instance of the devel- classmate from 1954, who remem- ent human societies. We begin with the bered my paper from the same year. opment of number-words before the distinction between cardinal (counting) As a pack rat, somehow I found the abstract concept of number is that of the numbers and ordinal ones (that show original. Tsimshian language of a tribe in British position as in 1st or 2nd). -
Reasons Why Indigenous People Migrate and Settle in Guanajuato, Mexico Perla Shiomara Del Carpio Ovando1
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 5, No. 2; February 2015 From Communities to the Cities: Reasons Why Indigenous People Migrate and Settle in Guanajuato, Mexico Perla Shiomara Del Carpio Ovando1 Ricardo Contreras Soto Daniel Vega Macías Research professors University of Guanajuato Campus Celaya-Salvatierra Abstract Introduction: Internal migration has been one of the main factors of economic and social change in Mexico. Since 1940, continuous flow of migrants from the countryside to the city strengthened the national urban system, which currently accounts for close to 71% of the population. Indigenous population is actively involved in these migration movements, often in response to poor socioeconomic conditions in their places of origin. This research investigates the reasons for migration of indigenous groups living in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. Methods: The research is based on qualitative in-depth face-to-face interviews to a non-random sample of a population. Fieldwork was conducted from June 2013 and June 2014 in the southeastern and northeastern of Guanajuato. Main results: The research shows that a poor living condition is the main reason why indigenous people migrate and settle in Guanajuato, many of them trying to escape from extreme poverty. Other issues highlighted in the research are family and school reasons. Conclusions: Even though the motives of internal migration of indigenous groups in México have numerous points of overlap with migrations in general, such as the search for better living conditions, one aspect that distinguishes it is the strategic use of the indigenous identity in order to function and deal with, in some way, spaces and experiences of discrimination or exclusion. -
Curiosities Regarding the Babylonian Number System
Curiosities Regarding the Babylonian Number System Sherwin Doroudi April 12, 2007 By 2000 bce the Babylonians were already making significant progress in the areas of mathematics and astronomy and had produced many elaborate mathematical tables on clay tablets. Their sexagecimal (base-60) number system was originally inherited from the Sumerian number system dating back to 3500 bce. 1 However, what made the Babylonian number system superior to its predecessors, such as the Egyptian number system, was the fact that it was a positional system not unlike the decimal system we use today. This innovation allowed for the representation of numbers of virtually any size by reusing the same set of symbols, while also making it easier to carry out arithmetic operations on larger numbers. Its superiority was even clear to later Greek astronomers, who would use the sexagecimal number system as opposed to their own native Attic system (the direct predecessor to Roman numerals) when making calculations with large numbers. 2 Most other number systems throughout history have made use of a much smaller base, such as five (quinary systems), ten (decimal systems), or in the case of the Mayans, twenty (vigesimal systems), and such choices for these bases are all clearly related to the fingers on the hands. The choice (though strictly speaking, it's highly unlikely that any number system was directly \chosen") of sixty is not immediately apparent, and at first, it may even seem that sixty is a somewhat large and unwieldy number. Another curious fact regarding the ancient number system of the Babylonians is that early records do not show examples of a \zero" or null place holder, which is an integral part of our own positional number system. -
Altaic Numerals
102 ALTAIC NUMERALS For Karl H. Menges to his 90th birthday (April 22,1998) The Altaic hypothesis supposes a genetic relationship of Turkic, Mongo lian, Tungus, Korean and Japanese. One of the most frequent arguments of its opponents (Clauson, Scerbak) is based on an imaginary absence of common numerals. The presence of common (= inherited) numerals represents certainly an important argument for a genetic relationship. But its absence has no de claring value — there are more safely related languages without any related numerals. The recent progress in a comparative historical phonology of Altaic languages allows to identify more inherited numerals and to differentiate them from the numerals of substratal or adstratal origin. The most promising set of regular correspondences among Altaic branches and the reconstruction of the Proto-Altaic consonantism was made by Sta- rostin (1986: 104 and 1991: 21) and Vovin (1994: 100): Rule Proto- Proto-Tuikic Common Proto- Middle Proto-Japanese - Altaic Mongolian Tungus Korean 1. V *0-,*-p- V > h-, -b- *P p-.p(h) *P 2. *p *b h-, -r-/-w- *p-. *-b- p-, -w- */>-, -m- 3. *b *b b-,-y- *b-, *-w- P *p/*b(-m-/-r-) 4. *-w- *-b-/*-0- -b-l-y- *-w/*-y-•0- / *-0- 5. *m *b-, *m m *m m *m/*-0 6. +t *t t. m *t. V;'- t-. t(h) *t 7. *t *d-, *-t- d.Sd) *d; *Sl-.- t-, -r- *t/*d t- 8. *d *d- d,S(0 *d. *Si- t-, -r- *t/*d, -y-l-0 9. *n *-n- n *n n *n/*-0 10. *-rr *-r- -r- *-r- -r- *-t-/*-r-/*-0 11. -
The Genetic History of the Otomi in the Central Mexican Valley
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Anthropology Senior Theses Department of Anthropology Spring 2013 The Genetic History Of The Otomi In The Central Mexican Valley Haleigh Zillges University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/anthro_seniortheses Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Zillges, Haleigh, "The Genetic History Of The Otomi In The Central Mexican Valley" (2013). Anthropology Senior Theses. Paper 133. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/anthro_seniortheses/133 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Genetic History Of The Otomi In The Central Mexican Valley Abstract The Otomí, or Hñäñhü, is an indigenous ethnic group in the Central Mexican Valley that has been historically marginalized since before Spanish colonization. To investigate the extent by which historical, geographic, linguistic, and cultural influences shaped biological ancestry, I analyzed the genetic variation of 224 Otomí individuals residing in thirteen Otomí villages. Results indicate that the majority of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes belong to the four major founding lineages, A2, B2, C1, and D1, reflecting an overwhelming lack of maternal admixture with Spanish colonizers. Results also indicate that at an intra-population level, neither geography nor linguistics played a prominent role in shaping maternal biological ancestry. However, at an inter-population level, geography was found to be a more influential determinant. Comparisons of Otomí genetic variation allow us to reconstruct the ethnic history of this group, and to place it within a broader-based Mesoamerican history. Disciplines Anthropology This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/anthro_seniortheses/133 THE GENETIC HISTORY OF THE OTOMI IN THE CENTRAL MEXICAN VALLEY By Haleigh Zillges In Anthropology Submitted to the Department of Anthropology University of Pennsylvania Thesis Advisor: Dr. -
The Publeaks Projects
Free Press Unlimited The Publeaks projects Free from surveillance Free from intimidation Free from threats Free from interference Free from censorship Free from reprisals Free from obstruction Free from torture Free from corruption Free from repercussions Free from violence Free from propaganda Free from deception Free from ... Free Press Unlimited The Publeaks projects Free Press Unlimited The Publeaks projects Nigerian certifcates Unaoil Leak Certifcate scandal that Cache of emails dating from caused shock and outrage 2001 to 2012 sent within amongst many Nigerians. Unaoil revealed that Unaoil’s Published by Premium Times operatives bribed offcials in April 2018, via Leaks.ng. in oil-producing nations in order to win govern- Barbie’s records ment-funded projects. Unauthorised viewings of Published by Fairfax Media medical records of a Dutch in 2016. hospitalized celebrity. Published by EenVandaag in Ochoa corruption scandal April 2018, via Publeaks NL. Documents indicating —> p.81 Mexico’s anti-corruption president Enrique Ochoa Paradise Papers privately accepting improper A set of confdential payments from a public electronic documents entity. Published by several related to offshore invest- news outlets in September ments, created by legal 2016, via Mexicoleaks. frm Appleby. Published by —> p.53 The Süddeutsche Zeitung in November 2017. Destruction documents Documents involving the Killer contracts systematic destruction of an Illegal contracts to dereg- area of archaeological impor- ister students from the tance and the collusion of the central exams to raise the authorities that had granted school’s average results. construction permits in Valle Published by de Volkskrant de Bravo, west of Mexico in July or August 2017, via City.