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Geographical Variation and Current Knowledge on Breeding Patterns of Neotropical Accipitrid Raptors

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Geographical Variation and Current Knowledge on Breeding Patterns of Neotropical Accipitrid Raptors Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Geographical variation and current knowledge on breeding patterns of Neotropical accipitrid raptors Julio Amaro Betto Monsalvo BRASÍLIA 16 de fevereiro de 2018 JULIO AMARO BETTO MONSALVO Geographical variation and current knowledge on breeding patterns of Neotropical accipitrid raptors Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ecologia, do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade de Brasília, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ecologia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Miguel Ângelo Marini BRASÍLIA 16 de fevereiro de 2018 Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Dissertação de mestrado Geographical variation and current knowledge on breeding patterns of Neotropical accipitrid raptors Julio Amaro Betto Monsalvo Banca examinadora: Prof. Dr. Miguel Ângelo Marini Orientador – UnB Prof. Dr. Ricardo Bomfim Machado Membro interno – UnB Prof. Dr. Leonardo Esteves Lopes Membro externo - UFV Prof. Dr. Jader Soares Marinho Filho Suplente – UnB “(...) in museum drawers, where many major discoveries are made(...)” Stephen Jay Gould, 1979 AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente, ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), à Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAP-DF), e ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia da Universidade de Brasília (PGECL-UnB), pelos apoios financeiros concedidos no decorrer do meu mestrado. Ao meu orientador Miguel, pela confiança desde o início, pela oportunidade dada de desenvolver este e outros trabalhos de qualidade, e pelas dicas valiosas que certamente me permitiram um grande crescimento profissional nestes dois anos. Que continuemos trabalhando juntos no futuro! Aos membros da banca examinadora, doutores Leonardo, “Pacheco” e Jader, por terem entendido os contratempos, e principalmente por terem aceitado participar e contribuir com sugestões e críticas que enriquecerão muito este trabalho. Aos colegas do Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Aves; especialmente Neander Heming, por levar nossos trabalhos a um outro nível e pelas brejas mundo afora; Micaele Caratti, por sempre melhorar meu humor fosse em campo (ainda que urbano), no lab ou por aí!; e Marcela Ferreira pela paciência com o então recém-chegado... Many thanks to Linnea Hall, René Corado and all the amazing folks at Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology, for the very kind reception and support during my stay, and for granting me access to their invaluable collection. Hopefully, I’ll be back! Às pessoas legais que conheci na pós; fossem da turma 01/16 da Eco (especialmente Ângela, Carlos e Dani), daquelas que ingressaram antes ou depois de mim (ou ainda estão por vir! Edinho, Andréa...), ou de outros programas (Nina e Jacque). A quem me fez sentir tão bem nesta cidade (e eu pretendo levar pra vida seja aqui ou longe): Aninha, Mari, Mily, Aline, Beca e todas as pessoas incríveis que BSB me apresentou. Às ótimas parcerias das minhas desventuras ornitológicas nesses 2 anos, fosse preparando artigos (Ju, Ma, Gabi), em congressos (Isa, Marcão), ou em campo (Pri, Fer)! A todas/os ‘roomies’ que já passaram pela 409, de alguma forma garantiram meu teto e fizeram desse cafofo um lugar melhor e mais maluco. A todo mundo de Sampa (especialmente Sah, Nat, “Família Cloacas”... é muita gente pra enumerar!), ou de outros cantos (Kel, Nath, Maíla, Bruninha, Thali, Helô, Ju, e tantas outras pessoas), cuja companhia constante, mesmo que virtual, me fez mais feliz em BSB. E por último mas acima de tudo, minha família (mãe, em primeiro lugar!), por ter me apoiado desde sempre. SUMÁRIO RESUMO ............................................................................................................................ 10 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... 13 INTRODUÇÃO GERAL .................................................................................................. 16 CAPÍTULO 1 ..................................................................................................................... 18 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... 19 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 21 METHODS ...................................................................................................................... 23 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................ 29 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................. 33 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................. 37 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 38 TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 49 CAPÍTULO 2 ..................................................................................................................... 59 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... 60 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 62 METHODS ...................................................................................................................... 74 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................ 86 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................. 99 LITERATURE CITED .................................................................................................. 114 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... 132 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS .......................................................................................... 138 MATERIAIS SUPLEMENTARES ............................................................................... 140 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figure 1. Estimates of divergence time (in millions of years ago; Ma.) of buteonines (Haliaeetus leucocephalus as outgroup) according to Amaral et al. (2009). For this study’s purpose, the cladogram illustrates the major clade analysed by us: starting at node 75 (red arrow) and including the taxa inside the red polygon, except wholly Nearctic and/or Old World species. Nomenclature are not the same used here, and also a few buteonine species included by us are not shown (see Appendix 1). Image modified from figure 4 in Amaral et al. (2009, p. 710). ................................................................................................................. 75 Figure 2. Days of the year corresponding to the initiation of breeding season (IOB) of Neotropical buteonines units, among three latitudinal ranges: Tropical North (TropN, between Tropic of Cancer and the equator), Tropical South (TropS, between equator and Tropic of Capricorn) and Temperate South (TempS, below the Tropic of Capricorn). Different symbols represent units of different clades: X = Buteogallus; inverted triangle = Other basal; circle = Geranoaetus; asterisk = Leucopternis; triangle = Basal buteos; diamond = Tropical buteos; square = Buzzards. Within each range, units’ points are randomly distributed relative to X axis, for easy viewing. Further explanations on the main text. .... 89 Figure 3. Comparison between estimates of initiation of breeding season (IOB) and breeding season length (BSL), of Neotropical buteonines units from three latitudinal ranges: Tropical North (triangles), Tropical South (squares) and Temperate South (circles). Y axis refer to day number relative to vernal equinox, hence negative values. Labels refer to units’ acronyms (see Tables 4-6 and Appendix 1). ....................................................................... 92 Figure 4. Estimates of initiation of breeding season (IOB) of Neotropical buteonines units, among three latitudinal ranges: Tropical North (TropN), Tropical South (TropS) and Temperate South (TempS). Y axis refer to day number relative to vernal equinox (hence negative values). Different symbols represent units of different clades: X = Buteogallus; inverted triangle = Other basal; circle = Geranoaetus; asterisk = Leucopternis; triangle = Basal buteos; diamond = Tropical buteos; square = Buzzards. Within each range, units’ points are randomly distributed relative to X axis, for easy viewing. Further explanations on the main text. ....................................................................................................................... 93 Figure 5. Estimates of breeding season lengths (BSLs, in days) of Neotropical buteonines units, among three latitudinal ranges: Tropical North (TropN), Tropical South (TropS) and Temperate South (TempS). Different symbols represent units of different clades: X = Buteogallus; inverted triangle = Other basal; circle = Geranoaetus; asterisk = Leucopternis; triangle = Basal buteos; diamond = Tropical buteos; square = Buzzards. Within each range, units’ points
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