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A Case Study in Afghanistan

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A Case Study in Afghanistan Multi-purpose AFGHANISTAN Cash and Sectoral CASE Outcomes STUDY May 2018 Sara Pavanello Acronyms CVWG Cash and Vouchers Working Group ERM Emergency Response Mechanism LAS Land Allocation Scheme MEB Minimum Expenditure Basket PDM Post Distribution Monitoring SMEB Survival Minimum Expenditure Basket This document is for general distribution. All rights reserved. Reproductions and translations are authorised, except for commercial purposes, provided the source is acknowledged. © UNHCR, March 2018 Cover photo: © UNHCR/S.Sisomsack Layout & Design: BakOS DESIGN Table of Contents Executive Summary . 2 Key Findings: Sectors .........................................................................3 Introduction . 5 Limitations ...................................................................................5 Multipurpose cash in Afghanistan . 6 Overview of the UNHCR Voluntary Repatriation Cash Grant ........................................6 Other multipurpose cash programmes in Afghanistan .............................................7 Value of the UNHCR Voluntary Repatriation Cash Grant. .8 Monitoring of the Repatriation Cash Grant .......................................................9 Multipurpose cash and protection . 11 Multipurpose cash and sectoral outcomes: key findings . 14 Food Security ...............................................................................14 Livelihoods .................................................................................15 Shelter .....................................................................................17 Energy and the Environment ..................................................................20 WASH ......................................................................................21 Health ......................................................................................22 Education ...................................................................................22 Complementarity with other programmes .......................................................23 Conclusions . 25 References . 26 Annex 1: Overview of the cost of basic commodities for 2016 . 27 Annex 2: List of key informants and FGDs conducted in Afghanistan . 28 1 © UNHCR/Sebastian Rich Executive Summary The repatriation cash grant has helped Afghan search of jobs. Systematic engagement, support returnees from Pakistan to meet a number of and coaching of potential returnees could be basic needs upon return. The cash grant is used provided in the country of asylum to capture for transportation costs, to buy food and address existing skills and explore promising livelihoods important shelter needs, thus contributing to opportunities in return areas. Providing part of the aspects of reintegration. At the same time, poor cash grant as start-up capital (for some) could also security of tenure and quality of shelter point to the be explored as a more effective way to ensure challenges of ensuring quality of shelter outcomes livelihood outcomes. with the cash grant only, in the notable absence of technical and legal support, including provision of The findings also show the limits of the repatriation legal assistance, and advice on Housing Land and cash grant in addressing systemic barriers of Property (HLP) rights and property law. access to education, including entrenched gender- based norms that prevent girls’ enrolment in Only a small minority of male returnees were schools and a cumbersome and expensive process found to have used the repatriation cash grant as that makes recognition of school certificates difficult a springboard for livelihood investments. The lack to attain. Cash alone has not helped beneficiaries of jobs was reported by virtually all interviewees to safely return to non-conflict affected areas; as a major challenge, also driving further migration many have become IDPs in a matter of weeks or of young males back to Pakistan and elsewhere in months following return and in the process have 2 Key Findings: Sectors Food security been exposed to significant protection threats and sustained additional costs (e.g. transport, Returnee monitoring reports indicate that the bulk food, shelter), some of which have been covered of the repatriation cash grant is spent on food, but with the grant. More substantial investments in no additional information is provided on related communication campaigns in the country of asylum food security gains. is one step that could be explored to minimize return to conflict-affected areas. Livelihoods Developing a theory of change, unpacking The repatriation cash grant has catalyzed and clearly stating programme objectives, and investments in livelihoods for a very small minority. determining the value of the repatriation cash Scarce and poorly paid livelihood opportunities grant on the basis of MEB or SMEB calculations in are prompting further migration of male youth coordination with other cash initiatives and actors to Pakistan. Despite recent focus by UNHCR on in the country are all critical steps to improve the livelihood activities as a way to mitigate protection quality of monitoring, effectively measure progress risks, and on strengthening linkages between towards more clearly defined objectives, and humanitarian and development programming ensure transparency and communication to other through partnerships, very limited support to stakeholders. livelihood activities was found in the areas visited. 3 MULTI-PURPOSE CASH AND SECTORAL OUTCOMES Systematic engagement, support and coaching health needs. Mechanisms to identify vulnerable of potential returnees could start in Pakistan returnees, including those with serious medical to capture existing skills and discuss potential conditions, are in place but some may be falling investments in small enterprises or livelihoods through the cracks; the difficulties associated with activities upon return, as informed by socio- tracking returnees and the pattern of secondary economic profiling and market analysis (in displacement may be among the reasons. development). Providing part of the cash grant as start-up capital (for some) could also be explored Education as a more effective way to ensure livelihood outcomes. Distance to public school and entrenched gender norms were found to be key barriers of access Shelter to education that the repatriation cash grant has been unable to redress. The inclusion of The repatriation cash grant has made important returnee children in the education system was also contributions to shelter needs, enabling returnee hampered by a lengthy and expensive process that beneficiaries to rent a home upon return, buy made recognition of school certificates extremely land, and/or construct houses. That said, weak difficult to attain. There may be a stronger role for security of tenure and poor quality of shelter UNHCR in collaboration with other actors such as indicate the difficulties of ensuring quality of shelter UNICEF to advocate with the Ministry of Education outcomes with multipurpose cash only, without to develop a simplified process and potentially complementary legal, technical or in-kind support. redress supply-side barriers of access to education. Assistance and advice in legal matters, on HLP rights, property law, land tenure and occupancy certificates, and advocacy are all of critical importance to support returnees to make informed decisions when investing the repatriation cash grant in land or housing. Energy and the Environment Part of the repatriation cash grant has been used by beneficiaries who returned during winter months in 2016 to buy fuel for heating and warm clothes. WASH A small part of the repatriation cash grant has been used in some returnee households to address the specific hygiene needs of women and girls. Some females however reported asking their husbands to buy sanitary pads on their behalf, but they refused, considering purchases of Menstrual Hygiene supplies as superfluous expenses. Health Health was not a widespread expenditure among returnees interviewed; only a very small number reported having used the bulk of cash to address 4 Introduction As ample evidence of the past ten years Limitations demonstrates, cash is an important part of the humanitarian toolbox that can allow people The case study in Afghanistan was faced with two to meet their basic needs effectively and with main limitations. Security concerns restricted field dignity. Little evidence however exists on how visits to specific locations in the outskirts of Kabul far multipurpose cash contributes to sectoral and Mazar-i-Sharif (Mazar), Balkh Province, that outcomes in health, WASH, shelter, food security were deemed safe for the research to take place. and nutrition, education, livelihoods, energy and Also, UNHCR Sub Office staff in Mazar were unable environment programming, and how sectoral to locate returnees from Iran1 or other countries. As interventions should include multipurpose cash a result, FGD participants only comprised Afghan along with accompanying support activities to best returnee beneficiaries of the UNHCR repatriation reach intended sectoral outcomes that contribute cash grant who returned from Pakistan in 2016 to protection. and 2017. Therefore, this review acknowledges that FGD findings presented here relate only to a This case study in Afghanistan is part of a review specific sub-group of beneficiaries of the UNHCR commissioned by UNHCR to investigate the repatriation cash grant. The findings are not contribution of multipurpose cash assistance representative
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