DOCSLIB.ORG

On the New Discontents of Civilisation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
On the New Discontents of Civilisation On the new discontents of civilization. Paul Verhaeghe Published as: Verhaeghe, P. (2015). On the New discontents of Civilisation. Journal of the Centre for Freudian Analysis and Research, 26, 70-89. Most West-European countries have witnessed a sharp increase in the prevalence of mental disorders during the last decade, both in children and in adults. The contemporary scientific discourse focuses on the underlying neurobiological and genetic factors. As a result, we tend to forget that Freud’s conceptualization of mental illness concerned above all morality. The often pseudo-medicalizing English translations of his work have to some degree obscured this (Bettelheim, 1983). I understand morality as the implicit and explicit set of rules that determines the relationship of man with respect to the body and to pleasure in the broadest sense. This attitude attests, to say the least, of a contradiction. With some exaggeration it can be said that everything we desire is either forbidden, unhealthy, or immoral, and more often than not, all three together. This is also the essence of Freud’s earliest division of psychic functioning, starting with his so-called ‘antithetical representations’, over the splitting of psychological functioning till his first topology (Freud, 1892-93; 1893). In this conceptualization the unconscious contains defensively averted ideas because of their unacceptability to the dominant consciousness. Despite this defense, this morally reprehensible group still has a clear influence on psychic functioning, with the dream, and broader, all psychoneurotic symptoms as examples. People become neurotic because they try to be morally more high standing than they really can. In this regard Freud formulates the aim of his treatment method as follows: ‘… The instincts which were formerly suppressed remain suppressed; but the same effect is produced in a different way. Analysis replaces the process of repression, which is an automatic and excessive one, by a temperate and purposeful control on the part of the highest agencies of the mind. In a word, analysis replaces repression by condemnation’ (Freud, 1909b, pp. 541-42). From this quotation it shows that Freud considers repression as excessive and therefore pathogenic, but at the same time as something that is r necessary as well, albeit preferably in a deliberate way. This will remain the basic premise of psychoanalysis: mental illness concerns the collision of t desire and its prohibition. This confronts us with two questions. Where does this collision come from? And which forms can it adopt? The most obvious answer to the first question brings us to a traditionally Freudian idea. Above all, the conflict concerns the demands of society that go against the desires of the individual, which results in the typical discontents with this civilization. In quite a number of texts Freud concludes that this relation is out of balance, as is evidenced by titles as ‘”Civilized” Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness’ (1908d) and especially ‘Civilization and its discontents’ (1930a). Victorian society is too prohibiting, hence the profusion of neuroses. In terms of the second topology: the Ego is being oppressed between the drives of the Id and the demands of the Super-Ego, resulting in fear and guilt. This comprehensible representation nevertheless disregards another idea which Freud formulated quite early, without ever thoroughly developing it. According 1 to him, the difficulties with satisfaction indicate that there has to be an independent source of unpleasure in sexuality, detached from shame, morality or disgust. (Freud, 1985c, p.292). At certain times, he muses about an organic repression (Freud, 1930a, p.492 n32 en p.497 n35), but finally he attributes this to the tension between Eros and Thanatos (///ref). Consequently, a naive opposition between an excessively demanding and forbidding society versus an individual which is solely focused on satisfaction is indeed naive. Towards the end of Lacan’s oeuvre we find an analogous idea, by which he himself undercuts an important part of his previous theory. Before, he consistently understood jouissance as a transgression of the law, which at the same time signified that enjoyment is an effect of the Law itself. Lacan leaves this notion to replace it by a radically different one: enjoyment erupts as a potentially deadly outburst against which the subject has to protect him- or herself. The Oedipus complex is a very necessary social construction to install a prohibition on something that threatens us (for an elaboration, see Verhaeghe, 2009). The answer to my first question – where does the collision between desire and prohibition comes from – is evidently more complex than expected. Both Freud and Lacan start from the idea that there is originally an internal contradiction at work, which only at a later stage obtains an external, socially determined form. Because of this social determination, the form it takes can be quite different. Both for Freud and for Lacan, this social form giving of the internal conflict is obviously indispensable as a defense against a threat that comes from within. The advantage of this social mould for the individual is that an internal dissension can now be elaborated externally, in which the prohibiting position is attributed to something or someone. As a bonus, one can in addition complain about this prohibiting institution, although one secretly really needs it. In other words: the human discontent in civilization is structurally built in. The implication for our analytical practice is rather important. It means that on the basis of these assertions an analyst can never make a naive choice in favor of the individual and against society, or vice versa, in favor of society and against the individual. This would indeed be very naive, because we know that the apparent opposition between both constitutes a covering of a mutual dependence. That does not alter the fact that contemporary analysts, like Freud, can indeed take up a clear ethical position concerning certain relations between society and the individual. I will return to this in my conclusion. Still, this does not thoroughly answer my first question, because at least one fundamental fact is missing. Due to a lack of space, I will directly state a proposition that has been elaborated elsewhere (Vanheule & Verhaeghe, 2009). The way in which the internal conflict is represented in an individual, completely determines his or her identity, together with his or her basic stance towards the external world and towards the other. This can already be read in Freud, but the main explanation rests with Lacan’s theory on the mirror stage and on the formation of the subject. A more cognitive version is elaborated in contemporary attachment theory In short: we acquire our identity by adopting certain images and words from significant others, in combination with rejecting other images and words, often enough from the same others. According to Freud this is called identification and repression, Lacan speaks of alienation and separation, in attachment theory it is referred to as mirroring (for a more extensive elaboration, see Verhaeghe, 2008, part 2). On top of this, the elaboration of our identity completely coincides with what is called drive regulation in Freud and Lacan, and which is modestly referred to as 2 ‘affect regulation’ in attachment theory. Indeed, the images and words that we adopt from the outside world and from the other, contain injunctions and prohibitions concerning the way we are supposed to deal with our own body and that of others. The Super-Ego constitutes the internal remnant thereof. In case we don’t live up to our duties, a feeling of guilt arises that goes back to the original fear of authority (see Freud, 1930a, especially the first chapter). Neurotic disorders are deformed enlargements, in which both the experiencing of enjoyment as well as the identity are involved – examples are the oral character and hysteria, and the anal character and compulsive neurosis, both with the accompanying guilt management. Based on these elaborations, it is possible to address the second question, namely are there different moulds conceivable for this conflict between desire and prohibition, and consequently different forms of discontent with society? The answer is affirmative, because this mould is thoroughly socially determined, and societies are not unchangeable entities. The most important implication for us is that if society changes, both identity and drive regulation will likewise change, together with the accompanying disorders. In this line of thought I distinguish three different societies with three different impacts on identity, discontents, and pathology. I refer to them as the Victorian, the post May 68, and the Enron society. An alternative, more ironical name would be respectively the era of the right orgasm, the era of the obligatory free love, and finally, the era of enjoyment on installment system. For the sake of clearness: these delimitations and tenors are to a certain degree arbitrary and apply only to the West-European culture. THE VICTORIAN MODEL OR THE IMPORTANCE OF THE RIGHT KIND OF ORGASM Concerning the Victorian model I can be brief, because we are best acquainted with it. This is a thoroughly patriarchic society in which all emphasis is on obedience and prohibition. In addition it is explicitly related to a traditional class society and to a dominant religious discourse. There is scarcely room for the individual, which is only a part of a coercive society. Just think of the thousands volunteers during the first W.O. who marched mostly voluntarily towards their own deaths. It is also no coincidence that psychoanalysis originated in such a society, and that Freud considered a surplus of morality as the pathogenic factor by excellence. This is all the more striking, since at the outset of psychiatry, as evidenced by the name “ le traitement moral” , morality was considered indeed as health restoring.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Capitalism and Suffering
    PINS, 2015, 48, 1 – 21, http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-8708/2015/n48a1 Capitalism and Suffering Abstract The present article is an exploration of the relationship Bert Olivier between neoliberal capitalism and suffering in a broad Department of Philosophy, sense, which includes everything from economic and University of the Free State, physical suffering, psychic suffering in the form of Bloemfontein anxiety, self-doubt, uncertainty and stress, to more acute [email protected] suffering, such as identifiable pathologies. Its point of departure is the patho-analytic principle, that one can Keywords: gain an understanding of the general psychic condition anxiety, capitalism, choice, of humanity by focusing on the characteristic traits of a market, neoliberalism, pathology such as, for example, obsessional neurosis, and resistance, stress, suffering examining the possibility that some of these characteristics are encountered in the population at large. Focusing first on evidence of severe economic suffering under the impact of what Klein calls “disaster capitalism”, the argument proceeds to Parker’s claim, that the typical subject under capitalism displays the character of obsessional neurosis, then to Salecl’s examination of capitalism’s “ideology of choice”, Verhaeghe’s investigation of the effects of a market- based economy on psychic health, and Federici’s claim that there are signs of increasing resistance to capitalist labour. It concludes with some prospective thoughts on Salecl’s, and Hardt and Negri’s diagnosis of present social conditions under capitalism. Prelude At the 2013 International Society for Theoretical Psychology conference in Chile there was a workshop on “The effects of the neoliberal regime on your body” in the context of the global corporatization of universities.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Encounters in Sexuality: Psychoanalytic Practice and Queer Theory
    clinical encounters in sexuality advance praise for clinical encounters in sexuality “In this terrific book, the psychoanalysts and the queer theo- rists — who are sometimes the same person, but usually not — are less in “conversation” about sexuality than they are pondering whether they have the same desires for sexuality. Is it perverse enough, is it dirty enough, is it ecstatic enough? Is it available to be “used” to cure as well as to make shattering bearable; to imagine as well as to capture truth? There is a lot of talking across each other in this book — sexual difference takes shape so many ways, as does the relation between structures and norms. But if interdisciplinarity is rarely achieved, there is also a lot of generous listening and imagining on both sides, about what it would be like to want cure and care where the object sexuality and its subject are only ever provisionally stable. It’s thrilling and frustrating to read this, and I am so glad I did. It will be great for teaching.” — Lauren Berlant, University of Chicago, author of Cruel Opti- mism, The Female Complaint, and Desire/Love. “No book in psychoanalysis could be more timely than Clini- cal Encounters in Sexuality. Here, psychoanalysis, often accused of heterosexism, is challenged to rethink its approach to sexu- alities. The accusation is justified, at least historically, and the responses here by leading analysts and theorists from a variety of orientations are as diverse as they are illuminating. There is the guilty-as-charged response which calls for a rethink of ana- lytic concepts.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Subject of Autism: Lacan, First-Person Writing, and Research Adam Neil Poulin University of Vermont
    University of Vermont ScholarWorks @ UVM Graduate College Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 2019 On the Subject of Autism: Lacan, First-Person Writing, and Research Adam Neil Poulin University of Vermont Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis Part of the Other Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Poulin, Adam Neil, "On the Subject of Autism: Lacan, First-Person Writing, and Research" (2019). Graduate College Dissertations and Theses. 997. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/997 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks @ UVM. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate College Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UVM. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ON THE SUBJECT OF AUTISM: LACAN, FIRST-PERSON WRITING, AND RESEARCH A Thesis Presented by Adam Poulin to The Faculty of the Graduate College of The University of Vermont In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Education Specializing in Interdisciplinary Studies January, 2019 Defense Date: November 5, 2018 Thesis Examination Committee: Todd McGowan, Ph.D., Advisor Judith Aiken, Ph.D., Chairperson Hyon-Joo Yoo, Ph.D. Lance Smith, Ph.D. Cynthia J. Forehand, Ph.D., Dean of the Graduate College ABSTRACT In his essay, Don’t Mourn for Us, Jim Sinclair describes autism as a “way of being.” He maintains there is “no normal child hidden behind the autism” and that “it colors every experience, every sensation, perception, thought, emotion, and encounter, every aspect of existence.” In an attempt to appreciate the depth of Sinclair’s statements, this thesis approaches autism as a “way of being” through the psychoanalytic theory of Jacques Lacan.
    [Show full text]
  • De Naakte Keizers Van De Psychoanalyse: De Immunisatiestrategieën Van Een Pseudowetenschap
    _________________ De naakte Keizers van de Psychoanalyse: De Immunisatiestrategieën van een Pseudowetenschap _________________ Maarten Boudry [email protected] Woord vooraf Eerst en vooral ben ik dank verschuldigd aan mijn promotor Johan Braeckman en co-promotor Filip Buekens. De kritische opmerkingen en nauwgezette verbeteringen van professor Braeckman over eerdere versies van mijn schrijfwerk waren bijzonder behulpzaam, en als door de wol geverfde scepticus heeft hij me dikwijls goede raad kunnen geven over de aanpak van mijn thesis. Filip Buekens heeft me met zijn aanstekelijke enthousiasme ingewijd in de kritische literatuur over de psychoanalyse, en de vele discussies die we hadden over Freudiaanse aangelegenheden hebben enorm geholpen bij het tot stand komen van dit werk. Immer bereikbaar langs de digitale informatieweg, heeft hij me bovendien talloze interessante teksten doorgestuurd, niet in het minst zijn eigen twee kritische boeken over Freud en Lacan, die ik ‘in voorpublicatie’ mocht gebruiken en raadplegen. Uiteraard heb ik niet enkel gediscussieerd met mensen die mijn standpunt delen: gewaardeerde tegenstand werd geboden door Pieter Vancauwenberghe, Lieven Jonckheere, Filip Geerardyn en in het bijzonder François Levrau, met wie ik zowel digitaal als in de wandelgangen ellenlange discussies gevoerd heb over de psychoanalyse. Zoals Richard Webster – een vermaarde Freud-criticus, maar toch – ooit schreef: “While agreement strengthens conviction, it is generally only disagreement which helps to strengthen arguments.” Geerdt Magiels wil ik samen met Filip Buekens bedanken voor zijn medewerking aan de kritische lezersbrief over de psychoanalyse die we gezamenlijk naar De Morgen hebben verstuurd, en Gilbert Allemeesch en Wim Betz ben ik dankbaar voor hun positieve reacties en commentaren op mijn kritische doorlichting van de psychoanalyse.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae Gertrudis Van De Vijver 1
    Curriculum Vitae Gertrudis Van de Vijver 1 CURRICULUM VITAE Gertrudis VAN DE VIJVER Date and Place of Birth: 15/02/62, Ghent, Belgium Address: Lamoraal van Egmontstraat 18, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Tel.: 32 9 222 07 28 E-mail: [email protected] Website UGent: https://research.flw.ugent.be/nl/gertrudis.vandevijver Website CCP : http://www.criticalphilosophy.ugent.be/members?member=4 AOS: Philosophy of Biology and Cybernetics, Transcendental Philosophy (esp. Kant and Husserl), Psychoanalysis AOC: History of Analytic Philosophy, Epistemology, Continental Philosophy Degrees PhD in Philosophy (Ghent University, 1988) - Summa Cum Laude Dissertation: “Doelgerichtheid in cybernetica, connectionisme en cognitivisme. Tussen twee epistemologische opties: naturalisme en constructivisme” Supervisor: Fernand Vandamme Committee: Paul Gochet, Daniel Andler, Jaap Kruithof, Etienne Vermeersch, Fernand Vandamme Licentiate in Philosophy (Ghent University, 1984) - Magna Cum Laude (year 1), Summa Cum Laude (year 2) Candidate in Philosophy (Ghent University, 1982) - Cum Laude (year 1), Magna Cum Laude (year 2) Additional Qualifications ITACE for Lecturers, CEFR level C1 on the Interuniversity Test of Academic English, 2017. European certificate of Psychotherapy (ECP) (European Association for Psychotherapy, 2014) Course in General Chemistry (Ghent University, 1989) – Cum Laude Course in Principles of Psychology (Ghent University, 1989) – Magna Cum Laude Study stay in Sorbonne / CREA, as laureate of travel scholarship (Paris, 1986) Aggregate Secondary
    [Show full text]
  • PSYCHOANALYSIS in TIMES of SCIENCE.Pdf
    Paul Verhaeghe and Dominiek Hoens Translated by Chris Gemerchak PSYCHOANALYSIS IN TIMES OF SCIENCE An Interview With Paul Verhaeghe ominiek Hoens (DH): My first question concerns you in your capacity as Chair of the Psychoanalysis Department at Ghent University.1 This Department is rather exceptional because it falls under the Faculty of Psychology, which is uncommon. When psychoanalysis is taught or Dresearch is conducted at the university, this usually takes place in departments such as film, art, literature, or another human but non-psychological science. Thus within the European or North American context, what we have here is a rather unique situation. What is your experience of being Chair of the Psychoanalysis Department within the Faculty of Psychology? Paul Verhaeghe (PV): It is a straddling position, which every now and then gets very painful, but it is a necessary position. Should I think of my own convenience and the convenience of the people who work for me, situating the Department in the Faculty of Arts and Philosophy would be easier, however nowadays something like that is no longer obvious either. The reason for this has to do with the current evo- lution, primarily of psychology and in a broader sense of the view of science. Eve- rything has to be empirical, statistical, certainly within the so-called Beta-sciences — psychology has a Beta status. This actually means that a doctoral degree without an empirical-statistical component is not taken seriously. And that it literally does not count when it comes to remuneration, to scorekeeping. This means that young people who work with me actually have to work much harder if they are contem- plating an academic career, because they are on a double track.
    [Show full text]
  • ACTUAL NEUROSIS and PTSD the Impact of the Other
    Psychoanalytic Psychology Copyright 2005 by the Educational Publishing Foundation 2005, Vol. 22, No. 4, 493–507 0736-9735/05/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0736-9735.22.4.493 ACTUAL NEUROSIS AND PTSD The Impact of the Other Paul Verhaeghe, PhD, and Stijn Vanheule, PhD Ghent University The authors argue that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is not an automatic consequence of a trauma. A review of empirical research demonstrates that there must be subjective mediating factors. On the basis of a conceptual reasoning, the existence of an actual-neurotic structure prior to the traumatic event is put forward as a precondition for the development of PTSD. Freud’s theory on actual neurosis is interpreted as the impossibility to process the arousal coming from the drive in a symbolic way. The reason for this impossibility is sought in the failure of the primary caretakers in presenting the child with the necessary symbolic tools for drive regulation. The therapeutic implications of the presence of an actual-neurotic structure are important, because it can lead to a failure of free association. Suggestions for a more fruitful approach are formulated. Keywords: trauma, actual neurosis, PTSD The central question of this article is deceptively simple: What makes a trauma traumatic? This problem has dogged the clinical world from the outset (Freud & Breuer, 1895/1955) and has resurfaced recently in discussions on false memory (Offer, Kaiz, Howard, & Bennett, 2000). The focus seems to be on the debate over the real or factual character of the trauma. This is quite surprising in light of contemporary research demonstrating that even severe traumas do not automatically lead to a long-lasting psychopathology.
    [Show full text]
  • Identity Through a Psychoanalytic Looking Glass
    Identity through a Psychoanalytic Looking Glass Stijn Vanheule & Paul Verhaeghe GHENT UNIVERSITY ABSTRACT . This paper examines how “identity” can be conceptualized and how the experience of “oneself” is influenced by the interplay of forces inside the mind and the body. We address three psychoanalytic approaches: Freud’s topological views on the mental apparatus; Lacan’s theory on the mirror stage, his optical model of the ideals of the subject, and his theory on the object a; and the theory of Fonagy and colleagues on how the self develops and how affect regulation takes place in the context of attachment relationships. We outline similarities and differences in how identity is conceptualized within these perspectives and we discuss clinical implications. KEY WORDS : attachment, Freud, Lacan, identity, psychoanalysis The notion of “identity” is not only a commonsensical term used to reflect self- understanding and experiences of collective belonging, but also a term that is fre quently used in the social sciences and in the humanities. The ongoing dis - cussion about whether or not it is a useful or interesting concept tends to func - tion on a fundamental assumption that identity implies a categorical membership of a group. Such group membership includes gender , ethnicity , age, conviction , and life-style. Existing discussions on identity characteristically revolve around the social, political and power dynamics connected with category membership, and around the individual’s subjective experience of identity in terms of affinity, conflict, or disturbance (e.g., Alcoff, 2006; Andacht & Michel, 2005; Connell, 2006; Jansz & Timmers, 2002; Kernberg, 2006). From our perspective, one of the effects of such category-based thinking about identity is its normative reasoning: by selecting certain qualities within cate - gories, they function as norms.
    [Show full text]
  • “Ik, Autismespectrumstoornis?” Filosofische Bespiegelingen Over Het Stellen Van En Het Leven Met Ee N Psychiatrische Diagnose
    Vrije Universiteit Brussel Sven De Boeck Faculteit der Letteren en Wijsbegeerte Studiegebied Wijsbegeerte en Moraalwetenschappen “Ik, autismespectrumstoornis?” Filosofische bespiegelingen over het stellen van en het leven met ee n psychiatrische diagnose Promotor: prof. dr. Marc Van den Bossche Proeve ingediend voor het behalen van de graad van Master in de Wijsbegeerte en Moraalwetenschappen, afstudeerrichting: Media, cultuur en politieke filosofie 2014-2015 “Me, autism spectrum disorder?” Philosophical reflections on diagnosing and living with a psychiatric condition. “Ik, autismespectrumstoornis?” Filosofische bespiegelingen over het stellen van en het leven met een psychiatrische diagnose. Samenvatting Het idee voor deze masterproef is ontstaan uit het persoonlijke verhaal van de 22-jarige Emma. Emma kende een moeilijke jeugd en werd op haar achttiende gediagnosticeerd met een autismespectrumstoornis (ASS). In dit werk worden enkele problematieken in kaart gebracht die gepaard gaan met het krijgen van dergelijk etiket. Hoe is het om met een psychiatrische diagnose te leven? Hoe gaan gediagnosticeerden daar mee om? Wat zijn de gevolgen van het krijgen van zulke diagnoses? Welke fenomenen gaan hier zoal mee gepaard? Zo zien we in het eerste hoofdstuk hoe Emma zich in haar pubertijd ‘anders’ voelt en ook door ‘anderen’ uitgesloten wordt. We proberen met de joods-Franse filosoof Emmanuel Levinas het concept van ‘de Ander’ beter te vatten en kijken onder meer naar diens voorwaarden om tot de ethische notie van ‘het goede’ te komen. Het begrip verantwoordelijkheid speelt hier een belangrijke rol in. Verder stellen we ook vast dat mensen die met een mentale stoornis leven (ASS) vaak uitsluitend gereduceerd worden tot hun psychiatrische diagnose (‘autist’).
    [Show full text]
  • In De Ban Van Freud & Co
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Ghent University Academic Bibliography [ P In de ban van Freud & co: het epistemische ROFESSIE drijfzand van de psychoanalyse – Forum Maarten Boudry ] Psychoanalytisch Actueel “Net zo min als de fysica eindigde met Newton is de psychoanalyse gestopt bij Freud”, zo luidt de aankondiging van de boekenreeks ‘Psychoanalytisch Actueel’, die een forum wil bieden aan de recente ontwikkelingen in het sinds Freud breed uitgewaaierde psychoanalytische veld. De reeks wordt uitgegeven door Garant en staat onder de redac- tie van Mark Kinet, voormalig voorzitter van de Vlaamse Vereniging voor Psychoanaly- tische Therapie en hoofdgeneesheer van Kliniek Sint-Jozef te Pittem. Behalve het derde boek in de reeks, Freud & co in de psychiatrie , waarvan Kinet (2006) zelf de enige auteur is, vormt elk van de andere delen een collectie van artikelen rond een bepaald thema: narcisme en psychotherapie, mentalisatie, hysterie, enzovoort. Deze boekenreeks over actuele ontwikkelingen binnen de psychoanalyse is een belang- wekkende publicatie, aangezien de psychoanalyse op zowel theoretisch als therapeu- tisch vlak de laatste jaren behoorlijk onder vuur is genomen (Crews, 1986; Esterson, 1993; Webster, 1995; Macmillan, 1997; Cioffi, 1998; Meyer, 2005), en de controverse daarbij niet zelden draaide om de vraag of de critici geen voorbijgestreefde versie van de psychoanalyse te lijf gingen (Crews, 1995; Lear, 1995; Cartuyvels, 2006). Het genoemde derde deel van ‘Psychoanalytisch Actueel’ verdient in het bijzonder een kritische be - spreking, niet alleen omdat het van de hand van de hoofdredacteur is, maar ook omdat het bij monde van de achterflap aankondigt het wetenschappelijke statuut van de psychoanalyse te onderzoeken en een algemene verdediging te presenteren van de rele - vantie van Freuds intellectuele erfgenamen voor de hedendaagse psychiatrie.
    [Show full text]