Detecting Vandalism on Wikipedia Across Multiple Languages
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Wikipedia and Intermediary Immunity: Supporting Sturdy Crowd Systems for Producing Reliable Information Jacob Rogers Abstract
THE YALE LAW JOURNAL FORUM O CTOBER 9 , 2017 Wikipedia and Intermediary Immunity: Supporting Sturdy Crowd Systems for Producing Reliable Information Jacob Rogers abstract. The problem of fake news impacts a massive online ecosystem of individuals and organizations creating, sharing, and disseminating content around the world. One effective ap- proach to addressing false information lies in monitoring such information through an active, engaged volunteer community. Wikipedia, as one of the largest online volunteer contributor communities, presents one example of this approach. This Essay argues that the existing legal framework protecting intermediary companies in the United States empowers the Wikipedia community to ensure that information is accurate and well-sourced. The Essay further argues that current legal efforts to weaken these protections, in response to the “fake news” problem, are likely to create perverse incentives that will harm volunteer engagement and confuse the public. Finally, the Essay offers suggestions for other intermediaries beyond Wikipedia to help monitor their content through user community engagement. introduction Wikipedia is well-known as a free online encyclopedia that covers nearly any topic, including both the popular and the incredibly obscure. It is also an encyclopedia that anyone can edit, an example of one of the largest crowd- sourced, user-generated content websites in the world. This user-generated model is supported by the Wikimedia Foundation, which relies on the robust intermediary liability immunity framework of U.S. law to allow the volunteer editor community to work independently. Volunteer engagement on Wikipedia provides an effective framework for combating fake news and false infor- mation. 358 wikipedia and intermediary immunity: supporting sturdy crowd systems for producing reliable information It is perhaps surprising that a project open to public editing could be highly reliable. -
Decentralization in Wikipedia Governance
Decentralization in Wikipedia Governance Andrea Forte1, Vanessa Larco2 and Amy Bruckman1 1GVU Center, College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology {aforte, asb}@cc.gatech.edu 2Microsoft [email protected] This is a preprint version of the journal article: Forte, Andrea, Vanessa Larco and Amy Bruckman. (2009) Decentralization in Wikipedia Governance. Journal of Management Information Systems. 26(1) pp 49-72. Publisher: M.E. Sharp www.mesharpe.com/journals.asp Abstract How does “self-governance” happen in Wikipedia? Through in-depth interviews with twenty individuals who have held a variety of responsibilities in the English-language Wikipedia, we obtained rich descriptions of how various forces produce and regulate social structures on the site. Our analysis describes Wikipedia as an organization with highly refined policies, norms, and a technological architecture that supports organizational ideals of consensus building and discussion. We describe how governance on the site is becoming increasingly decentralized as the community grows and how this is predicted by theories of commons-based governance developed in offline contexts. We also briefly examine local governance structures called WikiProjects through the example of WikiProject Military History, one of the oldest and most prolific projects on the site. 1. The Mechanisms of Self-Organization Should a picture of a big, hairy tarantula appear in an encyclopedia article about arachnophobia? Does it illustrate the point, or just frighten potential readers? Reasonable people might disagree on this question. In a freely editable site like Wikipedia, anyone can add the photo, and someone else can remove it. And someone can add it back, and the process continues. -
Achila, Visigothic King, 34 Acisclus, Córdoban Martyr, 158 Adams
Index ; Achila, Visigothic king, 34 Almodóvar del Río, Spain, 123–24 Acisclus, Córdoban martyr, 158 Almonacid de la Cuba, Spain, 150. See Adams, Robert, 21 also Dams Aemilian, St., 160 Alonso de la Sierra, Juan, 97 Aerial photography, 40, 82 Amalaric, Visigothic king, 29–30, 132, Aetius, Roman general, 173–75 157 Africa, 4, 21–23; and amphorae, 116, Amber, 114 137, 187, 196; and ARS, 46, 56, 90, Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman histo- 99, 187; and Byzantine reconquest, rian, 166, 168 30; and ‹shing, 103; and olive oil, Amphorae, 43, 80, 199–200; exported 88, 188; and Roman army, 114, 127, from Spain, 44, 97–98, 113, 115–16, 166; and trade, 105, 141; and Van- 172; kilns, 61–62, 87–90, 184; from dals, 27–28, 97, 127, 174 North Africa, 129, 187. See also African Red Slip (ARS) pottery, 101, Kilns 147, 186–87, 191, 197; de‹nition, 41, Anderson, Perry, 5 43, 44, 46; and site survival, 90, Andujar, Spain, 38, 47, 63 92–95, 98–99; and trade, 105–6, 110, Annales, 8, 12, 39 114, 116, 129, 183 Annona: disruption by Vandals, 97, Agde, council of, 29, 36, 41 174; to Roman army, 44, 81, 114–17; Agglomeration, 40–42, 59, 92 to Rome, 23, 27, 44, 81, 113; under Agila, Visigothic king, 158–59. See Ostrogoths, 29, 133. See also Army also Athanagild Antioch, Syria, 126 Agrippa, Roman general, 118 Anti-Semitism, 12, 33. See also Jews Alans, 24, 26, 27, 34, 126, 175 Antonine Itinerary, 152 Alaric, Visigothic king, 2, 5, 26–27 Apuleius, Roman writer, 75–76, 122 Alaric II, Visigothic king, 29–30 Aqueducts, 119, 130, 134, 174–75 Alcalá del Río, Spain, 40, 44, 93, 123, Aquitaine, France, 2, 27, 45, 102 148 Arabs, 33–34, 132–33, 137. -
Initiativen Roger Cloes Infobrief
Wissenschaftliche Dienste Deutscher Bundestag Infobrief Entwicklung und Bedeutung der im Internet ehrenamtlich eingestell- ten Wissensangebote insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Wiki- Initiativen Roger Cloes WD 10 - 3010 - 074/11 Wissenschaftliche Dienste Infobrief Seite 2 WD 10 - 3010 - 074/11 Entwicklung und Bedeutung der ehrenamtlich im Internet eingestellten Wissensangebote insbe- sondere im Hinblick auf die Wiki-Initiativen Verfasser: Dr. Roger Cloes / Tim Moritz Hector (Praktikant) Aktenzeichen: WD 10 - 3010 - 074/11 Abschluss der Arbeit: 1. Juli 2011 Fachbereich: WD 10: Kultur, Medien und Sport Ausarbeitungen und andere Informationsangebote der Wissenschaftlichen Dienste geben nicht die Auffassung des Deutschen Bundestages, eines seiner Organe oder der Bundestagsverwaltung wieder. Vielmehr liegen sie in der fachlichen Verantwortung der Verfasserinnen und Verfasser sowie der Fachbereichsleitung. Der Deutsche Bundestag behält sich die Rechte der Veröffentlichung und Verbreitung vor. Beides bedarf der Zustimmung der Leitung der Abteilung W, Platz der Republik 1, 11011 Berlin. Wissenschaftliche Dienste Infobrief Seite 3 WD 10 - 3010 - 074/11 Zusammenfassung Ehrenamtlich ins Internet eingestelltes Wissen spielt in Zeiten des sogenannten „Mitmachweb“ eine zunehmend herausgehobene Rolle. Vor allem Wikis und insbesondere Wikipedia sind ein nicht mehr wegzudenkendes Element des Internets. Keine anderen vergleichbaren Wissensange- bote im Internet, auch wenn sie zum freien Abruf eingestellt sind und mit Steuern, Gebühren, Werbeeinnahmen finanziert oder als Gratisproben im Rahmen von Geschäftsmodellen verschenkt werden, erreichen die Zugriffszahlen von Wikipedia. Das ist ein Phänomen, das in seiner Dimension vor dem Hintergrund der urheberrechtlichen Dis- kussion und der Begründung von staatlichem Schutz als Voraussetzung für die Schaffung von geistigen Gütern kaum Beachtung findet. Relativ niedrige Verbreitungskosten im Internet und geringe oder keine Erfordernisse an Kapitalinvestitionen begünstigen diese Entwicklung. -
The History of the Crusades Podcast Presents Reconquista: the Rise of Al-Andalus and the Reconquest of Spain Episode 3 the Battle of 711
The History of the Crusades Podcast presents Reconquista: The Rise of Al-Andalus and the Reconquest of Spain Episode 3 The Battle of 711 Hello again. Last time we saw a Muslim fighting force under the command of Tariq ibn Zayid leave Tangier and make its way to a place on the southern coast of Spain, which will later be called Gibraltar. When we left the last episode, Tariq had spread his army around the bay which lies adjacent to Gibraltar, while King Roderic had mustered his armies at Cordoba and was heading southwards towards Gibraltar. Now I would absolutely love to take you through a detailed blow-by-blow account of the massively significant battle which is about to take place, but unfortunately I can't. Just like we discovered when looking at the final years of the Visigoths in the last episode, there is an irritating lack of dependable source material about this event. In fact, even to this day, historians aren't able to agree on the rather basic fact of where exactly the battle took place. Most famous battles take their names from the place where the fighting played out, but by the fact that this battle is generally known only as “The Battle of 711”, you can see that even this is unclear. But luckily we do know some facts, and we can make some educated guesses about the rest. So with a huge disclaimer about the accuracy of all of this, here is a rundown of the Battle of 711. Now, as we saw in the last episode, King Roderic’s rise to the throne was opposed by Akhila, who had been promised a hereditary crown following the death of his father. -
Wikipedia Is Under 'Siege'
Wikipedia and Academic Research A guide on interacting with the free encyclopaedia. Greek Fire Catapult (Harper's Engraving) Public domain image from Wikicommons. Wikipedia is under ‘siege’. It may be helpful, in the first instance, to think of Wikipedia in terms of it being under siege. Whether this is from politicians, PR companies or from private individuals seeking to either gain an advantage in some way or denigrate a rival in some way, the point remains that the Wikipedia community is primed to protect the integrity of its main Open Knowledge project in order to hold on what is good about it. Wikipedia administrators will often immediately revert any changes they perceive as a threat as part of their default safety-first approach. Consequently, the advice from Wikimedia UK is to adopt a ‘softly, softly’ approach when making edits to Wikipedia articles i.e. not overloading the encyclopaedia with too many external links at one time without due consideration of the relevance of the link to the article or if it really adds anything. Protecting the integrity of Wikipedia Parliament WikiEdits Twitter account - Screengrab 28/03/2016 With preserving the integrity of Wikipedia in mind, those Wikipedia edits made from Parliamentary IP addresses are routinely monitored through the Parliament WikiEdits Twitter account (@parliamentedits). Did you know? There are PR companies out there offering ‘Wikipedia sanitisation’ as a service. Imagine the following situation: A new Wikipedia User account has appeared and its only activity is to add external links- all to the same site- to a lot of articles. To a Wikipedia editor this looks promotional and doesn’t look like building an encyclopaedia. -
Lessons from Citizendium
Lessons from Citizendium Wikimania 2009, Buenos Aires, 28 August 2009 HaeB [[de:Benutzer:HaeB]], [[en:User:HaeB]] Please don't take photos during this talk. Citizendium Timeline ● September 2006: Citizendium announced. Sole founder: Larry Sanger, known as former editor-in-chief of Nupedia, chief organizer of Wikipedia (2001-2002), and later as Wikipedia critic ● October 2006: Started non-public pilot phase ● January 2007: “Big Unfork”: All unmodified copies of Wikipedia articles deleted ● March 2007: Public launch ● December 2007: Decision to use CC-BY-3.0, after debate about commercial reuse and compatibility with Wikipedia ● Mid-2009: Sanger largely inactive on Citizendium, focuses on WatchKnow ● August 2009: Larry Sanger announces he will step down as editor-in-chief soon (as committed to in 2006) Citizendium and Wikipedia: Similarities and differences ● Encyclopedia ● Strict real names ● Free license policy ● ● Open (anyone can Special role for contribute) experts: “editors” can issue content ● Created by amateurs decisions, binding to ● MediaWiki-based non-editors collaboration ● Governance: Social ● Non-profit contract, elements of a constitutional republic Wikipedian views of Citizendium ● Competitor for readers, contributions ● Ally, common goal of creating free encyclopedic content ● “Who?” ● In this talk: A long-time experiment testing several fundamental policy changes, in a framework which is still similar enough to that of Wikipedia to generate valuable evidence as to what their effect might be on WP Active editors: Waiting to explode ● Sanger (October 2007): ”At some point, possibly very soon, the Citizendium will grow explosively-- say, quadruple the number of its active contributors, or even grow by an order of magnitude ....“ © Aleksander Stos, CC-BY 3.0 Number of users that made at least one edit in each month Article creation rate: Still muddling Sanger (October 2007): “It's still possible that the project will, from here until eternity, muddle on creating 14 articles per day. -
Community Or Social Movement? Piotr Konieczny
Wikipedia: Community or social movement? Piotr Konieczny To cite this version: Piotr Konieczny. Wikipedia: Community or social movement?. Interface: a journal for and about social movements, 2009. hal-01580966 HAL Id: hal-01580966 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01580966 Submitted on 4 Sep 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Interface: a journal for and about social movements Article Volume 1 (2): 212 - 232 (November 2009) Konieczny, Wikipedia Wikipedia: community or social movement? Piotr Konieczny Abstract In recent years a new realm for study of political and sociological phenomena has appeared, the Internet, contributing to major changes in our societies during its relatively brief existence. Within cyberspace, organizations whose existence is increasingly tied to this virtual world are of interest to social scientists. This study will analyze the community of one of the largest online organizations, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia with millions of volunteer members. Wikipedia was never meant to be a community, yet it most certainly has become one. This study asks whether it is something even more –whether it is an expression of online activism, and whether it can be seen as a social movement organization, related to one or more of the Internet-centered social movements industries (in particular, the free and open-source software movement industry). -
Reliability of Wikipedia 1 Reliability of Wikipedia
Reliability of Wikipedia 1 Reliability of Wikipedia The reliability of Wikipedia (primarily of the English language version), compared to other encyclopedias and more specialized sources, is assessed in many ways, including statistically, through comparative review, analysis of the historical patterns, and strengths and weaknesses inherent in the editing process unique to Wikipedia. [1] Because Wikipedia is open to anonymous and collaborative editing, assessments of its Vandalism of a Wikipedia article reliability usually include examinations of how quickly false or misleading information is removed. An early study conducted by IBM researchers in 2003—two years following Wikipedia's establishment—found that "vandalism is usually repaired extremely quickly — so quickly that most users will never see its effects"[2] and concluded that Wikipedia had "surprisingly effective self-healing capabilities".[3] A 2007 peer-reviewed study stated that "42% of damage is repaired almost immediately... Nonetheless, there are still hundreds of millions of damaged views."[4] Several studies have been done to assess the reliability of Wikipedia. A notable early study in the journal Nature suggested that in 2005, Wikipedia scientific articles came close to the level of accuracy in Encyclopædia Britannica and had a similar rate of "serious errors".[5] This study was disputed by Encyclopædia Britannica.[6] By 2010 reviewers in medical and scientific fields such as toxicology, cancer research and drug information reviewing Wikipedia against professional and peer-reviewed sources found that Wikipedia's depth and coverage were of a very high standard, often comparable in coverage to physician databases and considerably better than well known reputable national media outlets. -
Basic Spanish for the Camino
BASIC SPANISH FOR THE CAMINO A Pilgrim’s Introduction to the Spanish Language and Culture American Pilgrims on the Camino www.americanpilgrims.org Northern California Chapter [email protected] February 1, 2020 Bienvenido peregrino Leaving soon on your Camino and need to learn some Spanish basics? Or perhaps you already know some Spanish and just need a refresher and some practice? In any case, here is a great opportunity to increase your awareness of the Spanish language and to prepare for your Camino and the transition into Spanish culture. Our meetings will focus on the language challenges that, as a pilgrim, you are likely to encounter on the Camino. While we will talk about culture, history, food, wine and many other day-to-day aspects of Spanish life, our objective will be to increase your language skills. Familiarity with the Spanish spoken in Spain will make the cultural transition easier for you and ultimately pay off with more satisfying human interactions along the Camino. Our meetings will be informal, in a comfortable environment and geared to making the review of Spanish an enjoyable experience. Buen Camino Emilio Escudero Northern California Chapter American Pilgrims on the Camino www.americanpilgrims.org TABLE OF CONTENTS Day 1 Agenda . i Day 2 Agenda . ii Day 3 Agenda . iii 01 - The Communities, Provinces and Geography of Spain . 1 02 - Spain - A Brief Introduction . 3 03 - A Brief History of Spain and the Camino de Santiago . 5 04 - Holidays and Observances in Spain 2020 . 11 05 - An Overview of the Spanish Language . 12 06 - Arabic Words Incorporated into Spanish . -
Towards Content-Driven Reputation for Collaborative Code Repositories
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (CIS) Department of Computer & Information Science 8-28-2012 Towards Content-Driven Reputation for Collaborative Code Repositories Andrew G. West University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Insup Lee University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/cis_papers Part of the Databases and Information Systems Commons, Graphics and Human Computer Interfaces Commons, and the Software Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Andrew G. West and Insup Lee, "Towards Content-Driven Reputation for Collaborative Code Repositories", 8th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration (WikiSym '12) , 13.1-13.4. August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2462932.2462950 Eighth International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration, Linz, Austria, August 2012. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/cis_papers/750 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Towards Content-Driven Reputation for Collaborative Code Repositories Abstract As evidenced by SourceForge and GitHub, code repositories now integrate Web 2.0 functionality that enables global participation with minimal barriers-to-entry. To prevent detrimental contributions enabled by crowdsourcing, reputation is one proposed solution. Fortunately this is an issue that has been addressed in analogous version control systems such as the *wiki* for natural language content. The WikiTrust algorithm ("content-driven reputation"), while developed and evaluated in wiki environments operates under a possibly shared collaborative assumption: actions that "survive" subsequent edits are reflective of good authorship. In this paper we examine WikiTrust's ability to measure author quality in collaborative code development. We first define a mapping omfr repositories to wiki environments and use it to evaluate a production SVN repository with 92,000 updates. -
Checkuser and Editing Patterns
CheckUser and Editing Patterns Balancing privacy and accountability on Wikimedia projects Wikimania 2008, Alexandria, July 18, 2008 HaeB [[de:Benutzer:HaeB]], [[en:User:HaeB]] Please don't take photos during this talk. What are sockpuppets? ● Wikipedia and sister projects rely on being open: Anyone can edit, anyone can get an account. ● No ID control when registering (not even email address required) ● Many legitimate uses for multiple accounts ● “Sockpuppet” often implies deceptive intention, think ventriloquist What is the problem with sockpuppets? ● Ballot stuffing (some decision processes rely on voting, such as request for adminships and WMF board elections) ● “Dr Jekyll/Mr Hyde”: Carry out evil or controversial actions with a sockpuppet, such that the main account remains in good standing. E.g. trolling (actions intended to provoke adversive reactions and disrupt the community), or strawman accounts (putting the adversarial position in bad light) ● Artificial majorities in content disputes (useful if the wiki's culture values majority consensus over references and arguments), especially circumventing “three-revert-rule” ● Ban evasion What is the problem with sockpuppets? (cont'd) ● Newbies get bitten as a result of the possibility of ban evasion: ● Friedman and Resnick (The Social Cost of Cheap Pseudonyms, Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 2001): Proved in a game-theoretic model that the possibility of creating sockpuppets leads to distrust and discrimination against newcomers (if the community is otherwise successfully