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A PETRIFIED BASIDIOMYCETE from PATAGONIA Rolf Singer and Sergio Archangelsky!

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A PETRIFIED BASIDIOMYCETE from PATAGONIA Rolf Singer and Sergio Archangelsky! A PETRIFIED BASIDIOMYCETE FROM PATAGONIA Rolf Singer and Sergio Archangelsky! DURING THE first months of 1956, S. Archangelsky from the larger trunks, it cannot be determined visited the southern part of the Province of Pata­ which species was the host of the fungus. gonia (formerly Cobernacion of Santa Cruz), Fossil fungi have not previously been reported Argentina, in order to carry out a series of paleo­ from Argentina with the exception of Geinitz's botanical studies. At this opportunity, Dr. Jose M. (1925) indication of a Hvlomites d. zamitae Goepp. de Giusto, geologist of the Y.P.F. (Yacimientos which was repeated in Kurtz's Atlas de las Plantas Petroliferos Fiscales), was kind enough to give him Fosiles de Argentina (p. 136). This specimen was a number of fossil cones of Araucaria belonging found on a leaf frond of T'aeniooteris in the Upper to the petrified forests of Santa Cruz. Together with Triassic. The fungus we describe here is, however, this material, and originating from the same locality, the first in Patagonia and the first basidiomycete went a fossil organism which was suspected to be a fossil found in Argentina, and, so far as we are fungus growing on the wood of Araucaria, and, aware, in South America. indeed, turned out to be a carpophore of an aphyllo­ The specimen on which we base our description, phoraceous basidiomycete belonging in the pore­ as well as all fossil specimens of higher plants origi­ bearing group usually referred to as polypores, and nating from the petrified forests, is silicified, i.e. more specifically in the former form genus Fomes. the organic tissues are replaced by silica. The location of the fossil forests is shown in the The carpophore in question has the following map, fig. 1. The fungus comes from the southern characters (fig. 2) : part of Estancia Bellavista, east of Cerro Tortuga. Carpophore hoof-shaped, 50 mrn. high. diameter The stratigraphical position of the petrified forests near the lower surface (where it is broadest) 55 X of Santa Cruz has suffered some important modi­ 40 mm. (projecting 40 mm.), rear portion directly fications. It has been attributed to anything from and astipitatelv attached to remainders of the sub­ the upper Triassic to the lower Cretaceous (and stratum (wood); pileous zonate, with convex con­ has even been included in the Eocene). They belong centric ridges and deeplv sulcate between the ridges; to the so-called Porphyritic Formation of the tubes irregularly, not distinctly, stratified althou-rh Jurassic of Santa Cruz which consists principally the carpophore seems to be of the perennial tvne of porphyries and quartziferous porphyries, with ("Fomes" sensu lato) , pores mostly round and 100e.­ the associated volcanic tuffs. 250 fL in diameter (small), with thick tramal walls Only during the last few years has it become pos­ (fig. 3). sible to define the age of the petrified forests of Santa Microscopic characteristics still partly visible; Cruz as that of the Upper Mesoj urassic, This was spores not seen, but it can be concluded from the demonstrated by the discovery of certain fossils, size of the hymenial elements that the spores are especially of the anuran Notobatrachus degiustoi not of the type of Fomes sensu str., i.e. they must be Reig, and the presence of Otozamites sanctae-crucis relatively small as in some Fomitopsis and all Fer., and the association of the fossil plants. To Phellinus species rec.; hymenium on the inner sur­ quote Stipanicic and Reig (1955), the zone of the face of some pores still visible, about 11-14 fL thick; petrified forests is now included in the Matilda For­ individually (fig. 4) some cells, slightly protruding mation of the Upper Mesojurassic. and septate at the base (11-13 X 3-5 fL), subventri­ In the area of the petrified forests of Santa Cruz, cose with rounded apex, are either cystidioles or the following three species have been recognized hyphal ends breaking through the hymenial layer; up to now: conspicuous cystidia and setae absent or not pre­ served; hyphae of the trama variable in size, mostly Araucaria mirabilis (Speg.) Florin = Araucarites about 3.5 JL in diameter, but some hyphal bodies mirabilis Speg. = Proaraucaria mirabilis (Speg.) reaching up to 28 JL in diameter. (These data were Wiel. (Brown, 1940) = Araucaria ioindhauseni obtained from a preparation polished and smoothed Goth. from a transverse section perpendicular to the tubes Pararaucaria patagonica Wieland (Wieland, 1935) of the hymenophore near the lower surface of the Araucarites Sanctaecrucis Calder (Calder, 1953) carpophore. The preparation was about 350 JL thick To these elements is now added the fungus in which was sufficient for transparence under oil im­ question. It may be assumed that the three species mersion lens). of conifers indicated above were the only trees in The carpophore representing the holotype was the association, and therefore the fungus was either obviously a several years old specimen (i.e. rather old!) in which the tubes were either partly dis­ a parasite or a saprophyte on the wood of one of located or lost. As in many overmature durable them. Since the carpophore was found separated polypores, the best preserved elements of the hymen­ 1 Received for publication August 13, 1957. ium are sterile cells, apparently cystidioles. 194 March,1958] SINGER AND ARCHANGELSKY-FOSSIL BASIDIOMYCETE 195 i .Ea-. J; os To/do ...... Co.BoteltOn (!, • & ~ Co. Cuadr-c1do. • E« CerroAlto$Ea .BC::U 48°1t----------r---------4pL---....J48· La Ha:tilde &c)Jo del TordiUo • • .I.Bafj.u.er4 o.CudClrddo • -£4.La. -6uitarra A'tltA~l\CO, sua SAN JIll/AN Ea.El.NineraJ , Gran B'djO San Juyul I;? 1.Q.<).l 50 1'4' 70· • Estancia. I. • CeyyO 6o~Clues p(l. t r iticad 05 Fig.•1. Location of the petrified forests of Santa Cruz, Patagonia. The fungus was found south of Ea. Bella Vista just north of the 48th parallel and west of 68° longitude. The dotted areas are the regions where petrified forests (Bosques petrificados) have been discovered. Cerro=mountain, estancia-crunch. The taxonomy of fossil polypores is at present but it might be a Polyporus (or related genus) in rather confused. Three fossil genera of polypor­ the narrower sense as well as any other (aphyllo­ aceous fungi have been described. One, Dactylo­ phoraceous) polypore, or even a bolete. It may be porus Herzer is based on a very characteristic form possible to obtain more descriptive data in order which, if really a polypore in the widest sense, is to decide in which family Pseudopolyporus really most certainly generically different from our speci­ belongs, but it is quite certain from the description men. Another, Polyporites Lindl. & Hutt. is based that it is generically different from the specimen on J. bowmanii Lindl. & Hutt. which is probably discussed in the present paper. Meschinelli (1892) a fish scale. Pseudopolyporus Hollick is the earliest adds, furthermore, the following genera: Lenzitites, generic name for any tube-bearing basidiomycete, Daedaleites, and Trametites. None of the specimens 196 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY [Vol. 45 descri bed in these genera has the slightest similarity to our spec imen, and only Trametites might possibly be related to it. However, since the type species is considered a form of Tram etes pini, a recent species, Tram etites might replace the genus Cryptoderma Imazeki (to which T. pini has now been trans­ ferred ). Nevertheless, this pr esupposes the correct­ ness of the original determination of the fossil, a presupposi tio n which we cannot by any mean s admit. Thus, Tram etites becomes a nom en dubium. Conseq uently, the form genus Fornes as und er­ stoo d in the older and classical mycological literature is not represented by an y fossil genus. Th e only fossil repr esentatives of this form genus are Fornes idah oensis Brown, (1940) exclusively fossil, accord­ ing to the author , and supposedly re-collected by And rews and Lenz (1947 ), likewise in Idaho (U.S.A.) and Fornes applanatus (Pers, ex Fr.) Gill. (also a common living species ). The fossil speci­ 2 . mens of both are attributed to the Pli ocene or Pleistocene. The latt er fossil Fames, F. applanatus is, if cor­ Fig. 2. Phellinites degiustoi Singer and Archa ngelsky, rectly determined, a species of Ganoderma , and not En tire carpophore in profile. Nat. Size. Ph oto Sergio conspecific or congener ic with our Pata gonian Arch angelsky, species. The form er, F. idahoensis, was compa red Fig. 3. Phellinites degiustoi Singe r and Archangelsky, Section gro und transversall y to th e tub es showing the pores . March,1958] SINGER AND ARCHANGELSKY-FOSSIL BASIDIOMYCETE 197 It is therefore obvious that there is need for a fossil genus of fomitoid basidiomycetes which are not, or not necessarily, Fames sensu stricto, i.e., congeneric with F. [omeruarius, and which might belong to Fomitopsis, Phellinus, or a now extinct genus of similar habit and observable diagnostic characters. We propose the new generic name Phellinites Sing. and Archangelsky for fomitoid species like the Patagonian one (and presumably also the Idaho "Fomes") , with the nomenclatorial type P. 4 digiustoi Sing. and Archangelsky. Phelli,uites gen. nov., Aphyllophoralium poriger­ orum Fomitoidearum genus fossile; pileo forma Fig. 4. Phellinites degiustoi Singer and Archangelsky. magnitudineque speciebus pluristratosis generum Elements of the hymenium as discernible in oil immersion; recentium Fomitopsidis et Phellini simillimo, zonato­ w = surface of the tube wall (inner surface of tubes); sulcato, tramate admodum crasso, poris minutis, c = cystidioles; b = basidia or basidioles; X 1000. stipite nullo; ad ligna nunc petrificata praecipue Coniferarum. Phelffnites digiustoi spec. nov. Carpophoro by its author with the recent species Fomitopsis (basidiocarpo) ungulato 50 mm.
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