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Critical Currents No.2 March 2008

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Critical Currents No.2 March 2008 critical currents Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation Occasional Paper Series Beyond Diplomacy Perspectives on Dag no.2 Hammarskjöld March 2008 Beyond Diplomacy – Perspectives on Dag Hammarskjöld 1 critical currents no.2 march 2008 Beyond Diplomacy Perspectives on Dag Hammarskjöld from the papers of George Ivan Smith and the Ezra Pound case With contributions by Manuel Fröhlich Marie-Noëlle Little Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation Uppsala 2008 The Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation pays tribute to the memory of the second Secretary-General of the UN by searching for and examining workable alternatives for a socially and economically just, ecologically sustainable, peaceful and secure world. In the spirit of Dag Hammarskjöld's integrity, his readiness to challenge the Critical Currents is an dominant powers and his passionate plea Occasional Paper Series for the sovereignty of small nations and published by the their right to shape their own destiny, the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation. Foundation seeks to examine mainstream It is also available online at understanding of development and bring to www.dhf.uu.se. the debate alternative perspectives of often unheard voices. Statements of fact or opinion are those of the authors and By making possible the meeting of minds, do not imply endorsement experiences and perspectives through the by the Foundation. organising of seminars and dialogues, Manuscripts for review the Foundation plays a catalysing role should be sent to in the identifi cation of new issues and [email protected]. the formulation of new concepts, policy proposals, strategies and work plans towards Series editor: Henning Melber solutions. The Foundation seeks to be at the Language editor: Wendy Davies cutting edge of the debates on development, Layout: Mattias Lasson security and environment, thereby Printed by X-O Graf Tryckeri AB continuously embarking on new themes ISSN 1654-4250 in close collaboration with a wide and Copyright is with the constantly expanding international network. authors and the Foundation. Contents Preface .................................................................................................5 Manuel Fröhlich ‘The Unknown Assignation’: Dag Hammarskjöld in the Papers of George Ivan Smith ......................................................9 Marie-Noëlle Little Ezra Pound, and Dag Hammarskjöld’s Quiet Diplomacy ................... 37 Preface In parallel with its work on development latter’s contribution (‘Travellers in Two alternatives for a sustainable and peaceful Worlds: Dag Hammarskjöld and Alexis world, the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation Leger’) focuses on Hammarskjöld’s corre- has emerged over the decades as an infor- spondence with the French poet and Nobel mal centre for the study of diff erent aspects Prize winner Saint-John Perse. of Dag Hammarskjöld’s life and person. It has initiated a number of original studies In this second issue of Critical Currents, these that have been published in the Founda- authors present interesting new material on tion’s publications such as Development Dia- Dag Hammarskjöld. While the earlier essays logue (1987:1 and 2001:1) and the Dag Ham- were drafted in connection with the 40th marskjöld Lectures, particularly those by Kofi anniversary of Hammarskjöld’s death the Annan and Hans Blix held in the anniver- new texts were fi rst discussed in the context sary years of 2001 and 2005 respectively. of the centenary of his birth in 2005. Since then they have been further developed and The 2001 issue of Development Dialogue high- revised. lighted the important part that culture in all its forms played in Dag Hammarskjöld’s life In ‘“The Unknown Assignation”: Dag and documented his passionate devotion to Hammarskjöld in the Papers of George Ivan it. Sir Brian Urquhart writes in his intro- Smith’, Manuel Fröhlich has accessed the duction to that issue (‘Dag Hammarskjöld: archives of George Ivan Smith, held in the A Leader in the Field of Culture’): ‘One of Bodleian Library in Oxford. The Australian the most impressive, and unusual, features journalist and UN Information Director of Dag Hammarskjöld’s way of life was the was a close friend of Dag Hammarskjöld’s. integration into one scheme of activity of all Fröhlich has concentrated on three aspects his interests and pursuits. ... Literature, mu- of Smith’s relationship with Hammar- sic, the visual arts, and nature were both his skjöld: his perspective on Hammarskjöld as recreation and an important and sustaining a private man; his view of Hammarskjöld part of his routine. They were true com- as Secretary-General of the United Na- panions of his bachelor life. They refreshed tions; and Hammarskjöld’s death in the air him and lightened the burden of his very crash at Ndola. His essay off ers a fascinating public offi ce.’ insight into the work and collaboration of these two men who held central positions in The issue also published articles by Manuel world politics in the 1950s and early 1960s. Fröhlich and Marie-Noëlle Little. The for- The author brings us, through the papers of mer wrote about Hammarskjöld’s corre- George Ivan Smith, into close contact with spondence with the British sculptor Barbara the daily life of an international leader and Hepworth (‘A Fully Integrated Vision: Poli- adds importantly to the picture of a man tics and the Arts in the Dag Hammarskjöld– who did not talk a lot about himself. Barbara Hepworth Correspondence’); the Beyond Diplomacy – Perspectives on Dag Hammarskjöld 5 Marie-Noëlle Little, in her essay on ‘Ezra Pound, and Dag Hammarskjöld’s Quiet Di- plomacy’, studies the relationship between Hammarskjöld and the world-famous Amer- ican poet. Dag Hammarskjöld was an avid reader of poetry, both classical and modern, in many diff erent languages and from many continents. He was a member of the Swed- ish Academy of Letters and was infl uential in the selection of the Noble Prize Winners in literature. Ezra Pound, who lived in Italy between the wars, had expressed sympathies for the fascist regime. At the end of the war in 1945 he was brought to the United States and locked up for more than 12 years at St Elizabeths Federal Hospital, an asylum in Washington. It was not surprising that col- leagues and admirers of Pound reacted to his diffi cult situation; but it was striking that Dag Hammarskjöld had the courage and energy to engage himself in the eff orts to secure Pound’s release. He did so despite his position as Secretary-General, all the more sensitive after his confrontation with the FBI over its involvement in and infi ltration of UN staff matters in 1953. Marie-Noëlle Little carefully elucidates the story in her essay, and will do so more fully in a forthcoming book. We believe that these two essays genuinely expand our knowledge of Dag Hammarskjöld and his time, reveal important aspects of his personality, and contribute to a more com- plete picture of a highly creative world leader with an important legacy in our times. Olle Nordberg (Executive Director, 1994-2006) 6 Critical Currents no. 2 Beyond Diplomacy – Perspectives on Dag Hammarskjöld 7 8 Critical Currents no. 2 ‘The Unknown Assignation’: Dag Hammarskjöld in the Papers of George Ivan Smith Manuel Fröhlich* Joseph Conrad’s novel Heart of Darkness, published for the fi rst time in the spring of Manuel Fröhlich 1899, opens with the thoughts evoked in the is Junior Professor minds of a group of seamen watching the at the Department Thames. The river, for them, represents the for Political Science, continuing stream of history not only con- Friedrich-Schiller- necting faraway places and people but also University, Jena. His linking the fate and experiences of past gen- fi elds of research erations across centuries: ‘Hunters for gold include international or pursuers of fame they all had gone out on organisations, peace that stream, bearing the sword, and often and confl ict, and the torch, messengers of the might within globalisation, as well the land, bearers of a spark from sacred fi re. as contemporary What greatness had not fl oated on the ebb of political philosophy. that river into the mystery of the unknown His book Political Ethics and the United Nations: earth? … The dreams of men, the seed of Dag Hammarskjöld as Secretary-General deals with commonwealths, the germs of empires.’1 the connection between Hammarskjöld’s concern with ethical questions and a number of the political and legal innovations in UN action and diplomacy, which he established as the special potential for international leadership by the UN Secretary- * The author wishes to dedicate this article to Olle Nordberg General. on the occasion of his formal retirement as Executive Director of the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, a position in which he successfully translated Hammarskjöld’s ideas into concrete projects for today’s world. 1 Conrad, Joseph, Heart of Darkness. An Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Sources, Criticism, ed. by Robert Kimbrough, New York and London, 3rd ed. 1988, p. 8. Dag Hammarskjöld and George Ivan Smith during their climb of Mount Ruapehu, New Zealand Beyond Diplomacy – Perspectives on Dag Hammarskjöld 9 The drama of human aspiration and the spirit chance to work close to Hammarskjöld and of exploration thus resonate in the majestic so to speak look over his shoulders during waters of the river. Streaming in permanent many of the events that shaped the tenure motion it carries with it the debris of fortu- of the Swedish UN Secretary-General. Sec- nate as well as fateful adventures. The men ond, his perspective on Hammarskjöld is not sailing the sea, at least for Conrad, were the only determined by professional necessities bearers of this wisdom about the human but also by a deep mutual understanding condition and the tidal waves of destiny. In- and even by admiration for Hammarskjöld. vited by a director of trade companies, the Sharing thoughts about works of art and lit- group at the beginning of Heart of Darkness erature, as in this case Conrad’s novel, was also included Marlow, the protagonist of the a key component of their relationship and metaphoric journey into the Congo and the inspired much of their work for the UN.
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