Supplemental Materials

Fatty acid binding E-FABP restricts tumor growth by promoting IFNβ responses in tumor-associated macrophages

Yuwen Zhang, Yanwen Sun, Enyu Rao, Fei Yan, Qiang Li, Ying Zhang, Kevin A. T. Silverstein,

Shujun Liu, Edward Sauter, Margot P. Cleary, Bing Li

Supplemental Figures and Tables

Supplementary Figure 1, related to Figure 1.

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Supplementary Figure 1 The development of tumors in WT and E-FABP-/- mice

A, 0.5×106 (left panel) or 1×106 (right panel) E0771 cells were orthotopically injected into the

mammary fat pad of WT and E-FABP-/- mice (n=9/group). Tumor size was measured at 3 day

intervals. RMA lymphoma cells (0.2×106) (B) or MC38 colon tumor cells (0.2×106) (C) were

respectively injected into the left flank of the WT and E-FABP-/- mice (n=9/group). Tumor size

was measured at 3 day intervals. Lung metastasis nodules were measured after euthanization of mice on day 24 post tumor implantation. Data are shown as mean ± SD (*, P < 0.05 as

determined by Student’s t test).

Supplementary Figure 2, related to Figure 2.

Supplementary Figure 2 Phenotype analysis of tumor-bearing WT and E-FABP-/- mice

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Spleens (A) or inguinal lymph nodes (B) were collected from naïve mice or E0771-tumor

bearing mice on day 24 after E0771 tumor implantation. Total cell numbers were counted with a

hemocytometer after the lysis of red blood cells. C, E0771 tumors were collected from WT and

E-FABP-/- mice on day 24 after tumor implantation. The percentage of CD11+F4/80+ TAMs was

analyzed by flow cytometric staining. Data are shown as mean ± SD (*, p< 0.05; ** p<0.01 as

determined by Student’s t test).

Supplementary Figure 3, related to Figure 3.

Supplementary Figure 3 Dynamic changes of E-FABP-expressing TAMs in the tumor

stroma

A, tumors from WT and E-FABP-/- mice were collected at the indicated time points after E0771

cell implantation and the percentage of CD11b+F4/80+Ly6C+MHCII+CD11c+ (Q2 subset)

population in the TAMs was determined by flow cytometric staining. B, the Q2 subset of TAMs was separated from tumors and spleens by a flow sorter at the indicated time points post E0771 cell implantation and the relative expression levels of E-FABP and A-FABP were measured by real-time PCR. Analysis of fold changes of E-FABP and A-FABP in tumor Q2 cells compared to respective FABP in spleen Q2 cells. Data are shown as mean ± SD.

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Supplementary Figure 4, related to Figure 4.

Supplementary Figure 4 Analysis of GM-BMMs from WT and E-FABP-/- mice A, flow cytometric analysis of the expression of CD11b, F4/80, CD11c, and MHCII on GM- BMMs from WT and E-FABP-/- mice. E-FABP expression in GM-BMMs from WT and E- FABP-/- mice was analyzed by real-time PCR (B), western blotting (C) and confocal microscopy (D). E, analysis of enriched pathways of differentially expressed regulated by E-FABP in tumor-stimulated GM-BMMs by IPA. F, confirmation of expression results obtained from Affymetrix microarray by real-time PCR. Data are shown as mean ± SD (*p<0.05, ** p<0.01).

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Supplementary Table 1, related to Figure 4

Table 1. The selected differentially expressed genes in macrophages regulated by E-FABP # ID Gene Name Log2 Fold* FDR Fabp5 fatty acid binding protein 5 (psoriasis-associated) -7.889 1.68E-11 Ms4a4c membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 4B -3.247 4.16E-02 Cxcl10 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 -3.184 3.36E-02 Gm14446 interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 -2.974 3.17E-02 Ms4a4c membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 4B -2.826 3.00E-02 Ifit3 interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 -2.783 4.57E-02 Iigp1 interferon inducible GTPase 1 -2.742 2.01E-02 Iigp1 interferon inducible GTPase 1 -2.721 2.35E-02 Pydc4 pyrin domain containing 4 -2.71 3.14E-02 Pydc4 pyrin domain containing 4 -2.595 3.86E-02 Cmpk2 cytidine monophosphate (UMP-CMP) kinase 2, mitochondrial -2.517 4.12E-02 Rsad2 radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 -2.516 3.58E-02 Ifit2 interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2 -2.442 3.79E-02 Cmpk2 cytidine monophosphate (UMP-CMP) kinase 2, mitochondrial -2.389 2.45E-02 Oasl1 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase-like -2.36 2.45E-02 Rsad2 radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 -2.341 3.55E-02 Isg20 interferon stimulated exonuclease gene 20kDa -2.284 2.88E-02 Ifi44 interferon-induced protein 44 -2.273 3.20E-02 Ifit1 interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1B -2.234 4.21E-02 Cxcl11 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11 -2.219 2.01E-02 Cd69 CD69 molecule -2.212 2.46E-02 Slfn4 schlafen family member 12-like -2.188 4.71E-02 Ms4a6b membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 6B -2.18 3.61E-02 Mx1 myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1 -2.129 2.45E-02 Tnfsf10 tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10 -1.969 2.63E-02 Ctgf connective tissue growth factor -1.823 1.97E-02 Tnfsf10 tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10 -1.795 2.09E-02 Tlr3 toll-like receptor 3 -1.794 3.65E-02 Mx2 myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1 -1.775 2.65E-02 Rsad2 radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 -1.719 4.37E-02 Ms4a6b membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 6B -1.702 4.05E-02 Ddx60 DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 60 -1.697 1.60E-02 Ms4a4b membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 4B -1.697 2.45E-02 Fam26f family with sequence similarity 26, member F -1.696 2.97E-02 Bambi-ps1 BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor, pseudogene (Xenopus laevis) -1.651 3.44E-02 Gbp6 guanylate binding protein 6 -1.647 2.98E-02 Tlr3 toll-like receptor 3 -1.643 2.95E-02 Irf7 interferon regulatory factor 7 -1.623 3.61E-02 Gm9706 predicted gene 9706 -1.6 3.97E-02 Nt5c3 5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IIIA -1.538 2.47E-02 Ms4a6c membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 6C -1.517 4.39E-02 Igtp interferon gamma induced GTPase -1.502 3.73E-02 Ddx60 DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 60 -1.502 3.61E-02 Serpina3g serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 3G -1.502 1.84E-02 Gm11772 predicted gene 11772 -1.491 4.04E-02 Herc6 HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 6 -1.471 3.92E-02 Ifi47 interferon gamma inducible protein 47 -1.462 3.60E-02 Gbp3 guanylate binding protein 4 -1.451 2.65E-02 Ddx4 DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 4 -1.45 2.18E-03 Ifnb1 interferon, beta 1, fibroblast -1.432 1.26E-02 Pyhin1 interferon activated gene 204 -1.421 3.79E-02 Herc6 HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 6 -1.4 2.97E-02 Ly6a lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus A -1.387 4.58E-02 Herc6 HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 6 -1.381 3.13E-02 Mxd1 MAX dimerization protein 1 -1.374 1.85E-02 Rilpl1 Rab interacting lysosomal protein-like 1 -1.369 1.60E-02 Hspa1b heat shock 70kDa protein 1A -1.358 1.66E-02 Gbp7 guanylate binding protein 7 -1.352 1.97E-02 Enpp4 ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 4 (putative) -1.334 3.86E-02 Hspa1b heat shock 70kDa protein 1A -1.32 1.60E-02 Chrna5 cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha 5 (neuronal) -1.316 1.60E-02 Gpsm2 G-protein signaling modulator 2 -1.303 3.30E-02 Pyhin1 interferon activated gene 204 -1.289 4.42E-02 Col1a2 collagen, type I, alpha 2 -1.287 2.62E-03 Stat2 signal transducer and activator of transcription 2, 113kDa -1.275 1.66E-02 Hspa1b heat shock 70kDa protein 1A -1.268 1.26E-02 (Table continues)

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Table 1. (continued) # ID Entrez Gene Name Log2 Fold* FDR Irgm2 immunity-related GTPase family M member 2 -1.268 3.79E-02 Enpp4 ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 4 (putative) -1.262 2.65E-02 Usp18 ubiquitin specific peptidase 18 -1.258 3.48E-02 Pou3f1 POU class 3 homeobox 1 -1.256 1.56E-02 Aldh1b1 aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member B1 -1.247 3.61E-02 Herc6 HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 6 -1.239 2.35E-02 Tnfsf10 tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10 -1.234 4.93E-02 Stat1 signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, 91kDa -1.229 2.98E-02 Ifi203 interferon activated gene 204 -1.225 4.27E-02 Irgm1 immunity-related GTPase family, M -1.215 4.39E-02 Hspa1a heat shock 70kDa protein 1A -1.21 1.60E-02 Slfn5 schlafen family member 5 -1.206 3.79E-02 Daxx death-domain associated protein -1.201 3.02E-02 Ifih1 interferon induced with helicase C domain 1 -1.198 3.01E-02 Nlrc5 NLR family, CARD domain containing 5 -1.193 3.61E-02 Gbp2 guanylate binding protein 2 -1.158 2.91E-02 Stat2 signal transducer and activator of transcription 2, 113kDa -1.155 2.45E-02 Il15ra interleukin 15 receptor, alpha -1.137 2.09E-02 Rilpl1 Rab interacting lysosomal protein-like 1 -1.129 1.33E-02 Fcgr1 Fc fragment of IgG, high affinity Ia, receptor (CD64) -1.128 4.58E-02 Samhd1 SAM domain and HD domain 1 -1.127 1.60E-02 Gbp7 guanylate binding protein 7 -1.127 2.88E-02 Oas3 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 3, 100kDa -1.127 3.67E-02 Tpst1 tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase 1 -1.117 4.35E-02 Parp14 poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 14 -1.114 2.14E-02 Mxd1 MAX dimerization protein 1 -1.106 2.57E-02 Dcn decorin -1.1 2.04E-02 Xaf1 XIAP associated factor 1 -1.099 3.86E-02 Fabp3 fatty acid binding protein 3, muscle and heart (mammary-derived growth inhibitor) -1.095 2.72E-02 Stat1 signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, 91kDa -1.088 3.17E-02 Mthfr methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NAD(P)H) -1.083 3.61E-02 Il15 interleukin 15 -1.08 4.67E-02 Asb13 ankyrin repeat and SOCS box containing 13 -1.079 3.50E-02 Fabp4 fatty acid binding protein 4, adipocyte -1.078 4.38E-03 BC013712 thymocyte selection associated family member 2 -1.071 3.09E-02 Tor3a torsin family 3, member A -1.068 3.97E-02 Tnfsf8 tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 8 -1.064 3.97E-02 Ifi203 interferon activated gene 204 -1.063 1.83E-02 Znfx1 zinc finger, NFX1-type containing 1 -1.055 4.09E-02 Tor3a torsin family 3, member A -1.054 3.86E-02 Stat1 signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, 91kDa -1.05 3.51E-02 Col5a2 collagen, type V, alpha 2 -1.05 2.45E-02 Parp14 poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 14 -1.046 3.65E-02 Timeless timeless circadian clock -1.038 4.18E-02 Slfn5 schlafen family member 5 -1.036 3.93E-02 Stat1 signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, 91kDa -1.034 3.13E-02 Mucl1 salivary protein 1 -1.029 3.93E-02 Gbp2 guanylate binding protein 2 -1.019 3.42E-02 Oas2 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 2, 69/71kDa -1.018 3.43E-02 Tor3a torsin family 3, member A -1.015 3.82E-02 Parp12 poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 12 -1.011 4.37E-02 Casp4 caspase 4, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase -1.007 2.14E-02 Il15ra interleukin 15 receptor, alpha -1.004 3.00E-02 Rnf213 ring finger protein 213 -1.002 4.00E-02 Galnt12 UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransfer 1.036 2.09E-02 Dpp4 dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 1.075 4.39E-02 Sox4 SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 4 1.142 3.58E-02 Pisd-ps3 phosphatidylserine decarboxylase, pseudogene 3 1.211 2.60E-02 Pisd-ps3 phosphatidylserine decarboxylase, pseudogene 3 1.243 2.88E-02 Gm7120 5 open reading frame 28 1.277 2.35E-02 1700112E06Rik chromosome 10 open reading frame 11 1.304 2.17E-02 1700112E06Rik chromosome 10 open reading frame 11 2.367 2.86E-02 1700112E06Rik chromosome 10 open reading frame 11 4.095 2.45E-02

* E-FABP-/- versus WT macrophages # FDR: false discovery rate

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Supplementary Figure 5, related to Figure 5.

Supplementary Figure 5 Analysis of FABP expression and LD inhibition in GM-BMMs

A, analysis of E-FABP, A-FABP and H-FABP expression in GM-BMMs by real-time PCR. B, the protein levels of E-FABP and A-FABP were determined by western blotting in 10µg of total extracted from GM-BMMs and mammary adipocytes. C, GM-BMMs were treated with indicated concentrations of Triacsin C plus unsaturated FAs for 18h. LD formation was analyzed by BODIPY staining with confocal microscopy (nucleic were stained with DAPI).

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Supplementary Figure 6, related to Figure 6.

Supplementary Figure 6 IFNγ production in tumor infiltrated cells and NK depletion in mice

A-C, tumors from WT and E-FABP-/- mice were collected one week after E0771 cell implantation. Single cells were stimulated with or without PMA/ionomycin for 6h. IFNγ production in CD4+ T cells (A), CD8+ T cells (B) and NK cells (C) was measured by

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intracellular staining. The percentage of IFNγ+ cells was shown in the right panel. D, analysis of

NK cells in peripheral blood, spleen and draining lymph nodes in WT and E-FABP-/- mice with

or without NK cell depletion by flow cytometry staining.

Supplementary Figure 7, related to Figure 6.

Supplementary Figure 7 Analysis of tumor growth in the presence or absence of CD4+ T cells in vivo. A, analysis of CD4+ T cells in spleen, draining lymph nodes and peripheral blood

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in WT and E-FABP-/- mice with or without CD4+ T cell depletion by flow cytometry staining.

An average percentage of CD4+ T cells in each tissue is shown in panel B. C, measurement of

tumor size two weeks after E0771 cell implantation in WT and E-FABP-/- mice with or without

CD4+ T cell depletion (*, p<0.05 as compared to E-FABP-/- mice).

Supplementary Table 2, related to Figure 7

Supplementary Table 2 E-FABP expression in normal breast tissues and breast cancer tissues by analysis of Oncomine databases

Supplementary Table 3, related to Figure 7

Supplementary Table 3 E-FABP expression in normal breast stroma and invasive breast

cancer stroma by analysis of GEO dataset GSE9014

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Supplementary Figure 8, related to Figure 7.

Supplementary Figure 8 E-FABP expression in breast cancer patients

A, analysis of serum levels of E-FABP in patients with benign breast diseases and invasive breast cancers by western blotting. The mean band density is shown in panel B. C, analysis of wound-scratch migration assays with human MDA-MB-231 cells. Wounds were made to confluent MDA-MB-231 cells and wound width was measured at 0 or 72 hours in the presence of indicated concentrations of recombinant human E-FABP. D, MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with recombinant human E-FABP for 6 hours and subjected to colony-forming assays.

Graphs represent the colony numbers from three biological replicates. Data are shown as mean±SD.

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Supplemental Materials and Methods

Flow cytometry and cell sorting

Immune cells from draining lymph nodes and spleens were subjected to surface staining or cultured with PMA (50ng/ml; Sigma)/ionomycin (500ng/ml; Sigma) and Golgiplug (BD

Biosciences) for 6~8 hrs. Cells were harvested for surface and intracellular staining. Flow cytometric data were collected with a BD FACS Calibur™. Single immune cell population from spleens or distinct subset of TAMs from tumors was separated with a BD FACSAria II Cell

Sorter. Flow cytometric data were analyzed with Flowjo software (Tree Star). The following antibodies were used for cell staining or depletion: anti-CD3 (clone 145-2C11 ), anti-CD4 (clone

RM4-5 ), anti-CD8 (clone 53-6.7), anti-CD49b (clone DX5), anti-CD36 (clone HM36), anti-

CD11b(clone M1/70), anti-CD11c (clone HL3), TCR γ/δ(clone GL3), NK1.1(clone PK136), anti-F4/80 (clone BM8), anti-MHC class II (clone M5/114.15.2), anti-Ly6C (clone HK1.5 ), anti-

Gr-1 (clone RB6-8C5), anti-interferon-γ (IFN-γ, clone XMG1.2), anti-Dectin-1 (clone RH1), anti-TLR2 (clone T2.5), anti-TLR4 (clone MTS510) and anti-NK1.1 (clone PK136). NK1.1 blocking mAb (clone PK136), TRAIL blocking mAb (clone N2B2), CD4 blocking mAb (clone

GK1.5), and CD8 blocking mAb (clone 53-6.7).

GM-CSF-induced bone marrow-derived macrophages (GM-BMMs)

Bone marrow cells from naïve mice were collected to differentiate into bone marrow derived macrophages (BMMs) using recombinant mouse GM-CSF (R&D Systems). Briefly, bone marrow cells were obtained from sterile mouse femurs and tibias. Red blood cells (RBCs) were lysed with RBC lysis buffer. After washing with 2% FBS PBS twice, 8x106 bone marrow cells

12 were cultured in 12 ml RPMI1640 with 20ng/ml GM-CSF in a 100mm dish. On day 3, 8 ml fresh medium with 20ng/ml GM-CSF was added. On day 5, 10ml of the medium was carefully taken from the top without disturbing the cells, and 10 ml fresh medium with 20ng/ml GM-CSF was added. On day 7, the GM-BMMs were collected for experiments.

Real-time PCR Primers

Sequence Forward Reverse A-FABP TTTCCTTCAAACTGGGCGTG CATTCCACCACCAGCTTGTC E-FABP AACCGAGAGCACAGTGAAG ACACTCCACGATCATCTTCC H-FABP AGAGTTCGACGAGGTGACAG TGCCATGAGTGAGAGTCAGG β-actin GGCTGTATTCCCCTCCATCG CCAGTTGGTAACAATGCCATGT CD69 TGGTGAACTGGAACATTGGA CTCACAGTCCACAGCGGTAA CXCL10 CCAAGTGCTGCCGTCATTTTC GGCTCGCAGGGATGATTTCAA CXCL11 AGTAACGGCTGCGACAAAGT GTCAGACGTTCCCAGGATGT Ifit1 GTCAAGGCAGGTTTCTGAGG AGGAACTGGACCTGCTCTGA IFNβ1 CAGCTCCAAGAAAGGACGAAC GGCAGTGTAACTCTTCTGCAT IFNα1 ACTGGCCAACCTGCTCTCTA GATGGCTTGAGCCTTCTTGA IFN-γ GCTTTGCAGCTCTTCCTCAT GTCACCATCCTTTTGCCAGT IL15RA CTGACATCCGGGTCAAGAAT TGAGGTCACCTTTGGTGTCA IRF-7 CCAGTTGATCCGCATAAGGT GAGCCCAGCATTTTCTCTTG Ms4a4c GTCAATTGCAGCAGGAGTGA TCCAAACCCTTGGTGATTGT Viperin GCTTGTGAGATTCTGCAAGGA GGCCAATCAGAGCATTAACCTG STAT1 AGACAGCCCAAGGATGTCAC GAGAAAAGCGGCTGTACTGG STAT2 TGTTGCAGAACCTTGACAGC GCTGTAGTGGTCCCACTGGT IFNAR1 AGCCACGGAGAGTCAATGG GCTCTGACACGAAACTGTGTTTT TLR3 GAGGTTGACGCACCTGTTCT CCAGATTATGGGTGCAATCC TNFSF10 CCTGCTTGCAGGTTAAGAGG GGCCTAAGGTCTTTCCATCC

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and H&E staining

Tumors collected from mice were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin or snap-frozen in cryo- embedding media OCT (Sakura Finetechnical Co., Ltd). The paraffin-embedded samples were cut to 5μm sections and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). For IHC staining, frozen issue blocks were cut and fixed with cold acetone. To detect tumor-infiltrating macrophages, the

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sections were blocked with 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA) buffer and then stained with anti-

F4/80-biotin for 1 hour at room temperature. After three washes with blocking buffer, the sections were stained with streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase (Southern Biotechnology

Associates) for 1 hour at room temperature. After additional washes, horseradish peroxidase

substrate (Vector Laboratories) was added for 30 min at room temperature. The sections were

counterstained with hematoxylin.

Fatty Acid Preparation

Saturated stearic acids (5mM) and unsaturated oleic/linoleic acids (5mM) were prepared with

2mM BSA in PBS, sonicated for 20~30 min, and filtered through 0.2µM sterile filters.

Wound-healing migration assays

Human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells were grown to confluence in a 6-well plate. The linear

wound of cellular monolayer was created by scratching confluent cell monolayer using a plastic

pipette tip (200μL or 1mL). The scratched cell monolayer was washed with PBS to remove

debris. After incubation at 37°C for 72 hours with different concentrations of recombinant

human E-FABP, the migration of the cells towards the wound was photographed under light microscopy. Image J was used to determine the migration distance.

Colony formation assays

Methylcellulose colony formation assays of MDA-MB-231 cells were performed in MethoCult® mixture (Stem Cell Technologies, Canada) following manufacturers’ instruction. Briefly, 6 hours after exposure to different concentrations of recombinant human E-FABP, the cells were

14 harvested and diluted with 2% FBS IMDM to 5000-10000 cells/ml (10×). 0.3ml of diluted cells was mixed with 3ml of MethoCult and 1.1mL of the MethoCult® mixture and dispensed into a

35mm dish. Colony formation was measured on day 7 in the culture dish.

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