DIVERSITY OF BUTTERFLY POPULATIONS AT PHA KLUAI MAI-HAEW SUWAT WATERFALL TRAIL, KHAO YAI NATIONAL PARK, THAILAND
10.14457/MU.the.2004.3
เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38
PREMSAK RATIWIRIYAPONG
A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY) FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY 2004
ISBN 974-04-5025-3 COPYRIGHT OF MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY
DIVERSITY OF BUTTERFLY POPULATIONS AT PHA KLUAI MAI – HAEW SUWAT WATERFALL TRAIL, KHAO YAI NATIONAL PARK, THAILAND
…………………………… Mr. Premsak Ratiwiriyapong 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3Candidate เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 …………………………… Asst. Prof. Vacharobon Thirakhupt, Ph.D. Major advisor
…………………………… Asst. Prof. Kumthorn Thirakhupt, Ph.D. Co advisor
…………………………… …………………………… Assoc. Prof. Rassmidara Hoonsawat, Assoc. Prof. Prayad Pokethitiyook, Ph.D. Ph.D. Dean Chair Faculty of Graduate Studies Master of Science Programme In Environmental Biology Faculty of Science DIVERSITY OF BUTTERFLY POPULATIONS AT PHA KLUAI MAI – HAEW SUWAT WATERFALL TRAIL, KHAO YAI NATIONAL PARK, THAILAND
was submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University for the degree of Master of Science (Environmental Biology) on May 20, 2004
…………………………… 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3Mr. Premsak Ratiwiriyapong เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38Candidate
…………………………… Asst. Prof. Vacharobon Thirakhupt, Ph.D. Chair
…………………………… Asst. Prof. Kumthorn Thirakhupt, Ph.D. Thesis Defense Committee
…………………………… Asst. Prof. Sutat Subinprasert, Ph.D. Thesis Defense Committee
…………………………… …………………………… Assoc. Prof. Rassmidara Hoonsawat, Prof. Prasert Sobhon, Ph.D. Ph.D. Dean Dean Faculty of Graduate Studies Faculty of Science Mahidol University Mahidol University
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Asst. Prof. Vacharobon Thirakhupt for her valuable advice, attention, kindness, patience and encouragement, which enable me to successfully carry on this study.
I am deeply grateful to my advisory committee, Asst. Prof. Kumthorn Thirakhupt, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University and Asst. Prof. Sutat Subinprasert, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3Ramkhumhaeng University, for their kind gui dance, suggestions and comments for เมื่อimprovement 09/10/2564 and contribution to every00:48:38 aspect of this study. I also would like to thank Mr. Surachai Choldumtongkul, Department of National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservations, for his useful suggestions on butterfly surveys.
I wish to thank the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University for partial financial support during in this study. This research work was supported by a grant from the Post-Graduate Education, Training and Research Program in Environmental Science, Technology and Management under Higher Education Development Project of the Ministry of University Affairs.
Special thanks are to the “savebutterflies group” for many suggestions specially made by Mr. Kriangkrai Suwannapak for check of butterfly photographs, Miss Kanlaya Lorgeranon and Mr. Supat Sophonuiwatkul for some photographs of butterflies, all of my friends especially Miss Chomcheun Siripunkaw and Miss Sukanya Suwanmaneerut for all the help and suggestions. My warm thanks are given to all members in the N504 laboratory room for their help and moral supports. I will always remember their friendship, helpfulness, encouragement and enjoyment.
Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my family for their understanding, encouragement and supports during the period of my study.
Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. Thesis / iv
DIVERSITY OF BUTTERFLY POPULATIONS AT PHA KLUAI MAI-HAEW SUWAT WATERFALL TRAIL, KHAO YAI NATIONAL PARK, THAILAND
PREMSAK RATIWIRIYAPONG 4237527 SCEB/M
M.Sc. (ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY)
THESIS ADVISORS: VACHAROBON THIRAKHUPT, Ph.D., KUMTHORN THIRAKHUPT, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT Butterflies belong to the Order Lepidoptera which is the second largest order of insects. Those having brightest colors and the greatest diversity of species are mostly found in tropical 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3regions and they are widely accepted as ecological indicators of ecosystem health. In this study, surveys of butterfly species and total count of individuals were made along the Pha Kluai Mai เมื่อHaew Suwat09/10/2564 Waterfall natural trail, Khao00:48:38 Yai National Park, Thailand. The transect method was used and run along the study site at a 3-meter width on both sides of the trail. The surveys were made bimonthly for a period of one year during March 2002 to February 2003. Each survey lasted two days. On each day, observations were made twice, once in the morning and the once in the afternoon. The morning observation started from 8.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m., while the afternoon survey started from 1.30 p.m. to 5.30 p.m.. Butterflies were counted and identified by sight. Photographs of the butterflies were taken and two physical factors, temperature and relative humidity, were recorded. Results show that the total number of butterfly species was 138 from five families. The highest number of species (69 species) was in December 2002, while the lowest (47 species) was in July 2002. There are significant differences in the number of observed butterfly species between morning and afternoon observations, when compared by Paired T-test. It was found that 25 species were observed exclusively in the morning, whereas only 11 species were found exculsively in the afternoon. The total number of butterfly individuals was 8,244. The highest number of individuals (1,272 individuals) was found in March 2002 and the lowest was in January 2003 (372 individuals). Eurema hecabe (Family Pieridae) had the highest number, at 982 individuals, and Graphium agetes (Family Papilionidae) was second with 498 individuals. The distribution of the butterflies followed the log series distribution model and Fisher’s alpha index (α) was used to indicate species diversity. The highest index was in January 2003 (21.01±3.67) and the lowest in September 2002 (11.33±1.57). When morning and afternoon observations were compared, it was found that there were significant differences between the number of butterfly species (p=0.001) and the number of individuals (p=0.004) but no significant difference in the Fisher’s alpha indexes (p=0.077). There are negative correlations between temperature and the total number of observed butterfly species (p=0.035) as well as total Fisher’s alpha index (p=0.003) and there is no correlation between temperature and total number of butterfly individuals (p=0.286). No correlations were found between relative humidity and the total number of butterfly species (p=0.753), total number of individuals (p=0.297) or total Fisher’s alpha index (p=0.697). In the morning and afternoon observations, no correlations were found between the environmental factors and number of butterfly species, number of individuals and Fisher’s alpha index with the exception that morning temperatures were negatively correlated with the Fisher’s alpha index (p=0.015).
KEY WORDS: DIVERSITY/ BUTTERFLY/ KHAO YAI/ PHA KLUAI MAI- HAEW SUWAT/ FISHER’S ALPHA/PHYSICAL FACTORS 100 pp. ISBN 974-04-5025-3
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. Thesis / v
ความหลากหลายของประชากรผีเสื้อกลางวัน ณ เสนทางศึกษาธรรมชาติผากลวยไม- น้ําตกเหวสุวัต อุทยานแหงชาติเขาใหญ ประเทศไทย (DIVERSITY OF BUTTERFLY POPULATIONS AT PHA KLUAI MAI-HAEW SUWAT WATERFALL TRAIL, KHAO YAI NATIONAL PARK, THAILAND)
เปรมศักดิ์ รติวิริยะพงศ 4237527 SCEB/M วท.ม. (ชีววิทยาสภาวะแวดลอม) คณะกรรมการควบคุมวิทยานิพนธ : วัชโรบล ธีรคุปต, Ph.D., กําธร ธีรคุปต, Ph.D. บทคัดยอ ผีเสื้อกลางวันเปนแมลงที่จัดอยูใน อันดับ Lepidoptera ในเขตรอนมักจะมีสีสันสดใสสวยงามและมีความ 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3หลากหลายทางชนิดพันธุสูงมาก นอกจากนี้ยังเปนที่ยอมรับก ันอยางแพรหลายวา ใชเปนดัชนีบอกความสมบูรณ เมื่อของ ระบบน09/10/2564ิเวศได ในการศึกษาครั้งนี้ได สํารวจ00:48:38 จํานวนชนิด จํานวนตัว และความหลากหลายของชนิดผีเสื้อ โดย ใช Fisher’s alpha index พื้นที่ศึกษา คือ เสนทางธรรมชาติ ผากลวยไม-น้ําตกเหวสุวัต อุทยานแหงชาติเขาใหญ ประเทศไทย โดยใชวิธี transect ในการศึกษา กําหนดความกวางของเสนทางดานละ 3 เมตร ตลอดเสนทางการ สํารวจเดือนละ 2 ครั้ง ตลอดระยะเวลา 1 ป เริ่มตั้งแต เดือน มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2545 จนถึงเดือน กุมภาพันธ พ.ศ. 2546 แตละครั้งของการสํารวจ ใชเวลา 2 วัน ในแตละวันแบงการสํารวจเปนวันละ 2 ชวงเวลา ในตอนเชา เริ่มตั้งแตเวลา 8.30 น. ถึง 12.30 น. ในชวงบาย เริ่มตั้งแต 13.30 น.-17.30 น. และระหวางทางไดถายภาพผีเสื้อกลางวันที่พบพรอม กับบันทึก อุณหภูมิ และปริมาณความชื้นสัมพัทธดวย ผลการศึกษาพบ ผีเสื้อกลางวัน 138 ชนิด จาก 5 วงศ ในเดือนธันวาคม พบจํานวนชนิดของผีเสื้อมากที่สุด คือ 69 ชนิด และพบนอยที่สุด ในเดือน กรกฎาคมจํานวน 47 ชนิด เมื่อเปรียบเทียบระหวางชวงเวลาในการสํารวจ พบวา มีผีเสื้อกลางวัน 25 ชนิด ที่พบเฉพาะในตอนเชา และ 11 ชนิดที่พบเฉพาะในตอนบาย และพบผีเสื้อจํานวน ทั้งหมด 8,244 ตัว โดยพบผีเสื้อเณรธรรมดา (Eurema hecabe, วงศ Pieridae) เปนจํานวนมากที่สุดคือ 982 ตัว และ รองลงมาคือ ผีเสื้อสะพายฟา (Graphium agetes, วงศ Papilionidae) เดือน มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2545 เปนเดือนที่พบจํานวน ผีเส้อมากทื ี่สุด (1,272 ตัว) และพบนอยที่สุด ในเดือนมกราคม พ.ศ. 2546 (372 ตัว) จากการศึกษาพบวาการกระจาย ตัวของผีเสื้อกลางวัน ณ เสนทางสํารวจเปนแบบ log series distribution และมีความหลากหลายสูงที่สุดในเดือน มกราคม พ.ศ. 2546 (21.01±3.67) นอยที่สุดในเดือน กันยายน พ.ศ. 2545 (11.33±1.54) เมื่อเปรียบเทียบ การ สํารวจชวงเชาและชวงบายพบวา มีความแตกตางอยางมีนัยสําคัญ ระหวางจํานวนชนิดและจํานวนตัวของผีเสื้อ กลางวัน (p=0.001 และ p=0.04 ตามลําดับ) แตมีความแตกตางอยางไมมีนัยสําคัญระหวางดัชนีความหลากหลายของ ผีเสื้อ (p=0.077) จากการสํารวจโดยรวม พบวา อุณหภูมิมีความสัมพันธเชิงลบตอจํานวนชนิด (p=0.035) และดัชนี ความหลากหลายของผีเสื้อกลางวัน (p=0.003) แตไมมีความสัมพันธตอจํานวนตัว (p=0.286) สวนความชื้นสัมพัทธ ไมมีความสัมพันธ ตอ จํานวนชนิด (p=0.753) จํานวนตัว (p=0.297) และความหลากหลายของผีเสื้อกลางวัน (p=0.697) เมื่อพิจารณาในแตละชวงเวลา พบวา ปจจัยทั้งสอง ไมมีผลตอ จํานวนชนิด จํานวนตัวและความ หลากหลายของผีเสื้อกลางวัน ยกเวน ในชวงเชา อุณหภูมิมีความสัมพันธเชิงลบตอความหลากหลายของผีเสื้อ กลางวัน (p=0.015) 100 หนา ISBN 974-04-5025-3
CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) iv ABSTRACT (THAI) v LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGERES xi 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3CHAPTER เมื่อ 09/10/25641 INTRODUCTION 00:48:38 1 2 LITERATURE REWVIEW 4 1. General Characteristic of Butterflies 4 1.1 External Morphology 4 1.2 Butterfly Life Cycle 5 2. Description of Butterflies Families in Thailand 5 3. Ecology of Butterfly 8 3.1. Effect Environmental Factors on Butterfly biology 8 3.2 Food and Enemies 9 3.3 Behavior of Butterflies 9 4. The Ecological rules of butterfly 9 4.1 As primary consumers 9 4.2 As prey 10 4.3. As predators 10 4.4. As pollinators 10 5. Classifications of Butterflies 10 6. Diversity of butterflies 11 7. The butterflies study method 12 8. The studies of butterfly in Thailand 13 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 14 1. Materials 14
vii
CONTENTS (CONT.) Page 2. The Study Site 14 3. Field Activities: Transect 16 4. Identification of the Butterflies 16 5. Data Analysis 16 4 RESULTS 18 1. Diversity and Distribution of Butterflies 18 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 1.1 Number of Observed Butterfly Species 18 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 1.2 Number of Observed 00:48:38 Butterfly Individuals 18 1.3 Distribution Model of Butterflies 19 1.4 Diversity Index (Fisher’s alpha, α) 19 2. Environmental Factors 29 2.1 Average Temperatures 29 2.2 Average Relative Humidity 29 3. Relationships between Environmental Factors and the 32 Diversity of Butterflies 3.1 The Total Number of Observed Butterfly Species, 32 Number of Observed Butterfly Individuals and Diversity index vs. Environmental Factors 3.2 The Number of Butterfly Species, Number of Butterfly 32 Individuals and Diversity in the Morning vs. Morning Environmental Factors 3.3 The Number of Butterfly Species, Number of Butterfly 32 Individuals and Diversity in the Afternoon vs. Afternoon Environmental Factors 4. Comparisons of Environmental Factors between 33 Morning and Afternoon Observations 5. Comparisons of Number of Butterfly Species, 33 Number of Butterfly Individuals and Diversity index 5 DISCUSSION 5.1 The Transect and Identification of Butterflies 35 viii
CONTENTS (CONT.) Page 5.2 The Number of Butterfly Species during 12-Month 35 Study from March 2002 to February 2003 5.3 Comparison of Number of Butterfly Species between 36 Morning and Afternoon Observations 5.4 The Number of Butterfly Individuals during 12-Month 37 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 Study from March 2002 to February 2003 เมื่อ 09/10/25645.5 Comparison of the 00:48:38 Number of Butterfly Individual 39 between Morning and Afternoon Observations 5.6 The Diversity Index (Fisher’s alpha) of Butterflies during 39 12-Month Study from March 2002 to February 2003 5.7 Comparison of Diversity Index (Fisher’s alpha) between 40 Morning and Afternoon Observations 5.8 The Butterflies Species Found once during 12-month 40 Period VI CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 41 1. Conclusions 41 2. Recommendations 43 BIBLIOGRAPHY 45 APPENDIX Appendix A 51 Appendix B 72 Appendix C 75 Appendix D 79 Appendix E 80 BIOGRAPHY 100
LIST OF TABLES Page Table 4.1 List of butterflies exclusively found during morning observations 22 Table 4.2 List of butterflies exclusively found during afternoon observations 23 Table 4.3 The correlation between the number of observed butterfly species, 34 number of individuals and diversity index and environmental factors Table 4.4 The correlation between the number of observed butterfly species, 34 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3number of observed butterfly individuals and diversity index in the เมื่อ 09/10/2564morning observation and 00:48:38 morning environmental factors Table 4.5 The correlation between the number of observed butterfly species, 34 number of observed butterfly individual and diversity index in the afternoon observation and afternoon environmental factors Table 5.1 Number of species, of individuals and diversity index of butterflies 39 during 12-month study from March 2002 to February 2003 Table A-1 The list of total butterflies were found along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew 50 Suwat waterfall trail Table A-2 The list of butterflies were found on morning surveyed found along Pha 57 Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat waterfall trail Table A-3 The list of butterflies were found on afternoon surveyed found along 64 Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat waterfall trail Table B-1 The number of total butterfly species, found along Pha Kluai 71 Mai-Haew Suwat trail Table B-2 The number of butterfly species, found along Pha Kluai 71 Mai-Haew Suwat trail from morning observations Table B-3 The number of butterflies’ species, found along Pha Kluai 71 Mai-Haew Suwat trail from afternoon observations Table B-4 The number of butterfly individuals in each family found along 72 Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail Table B-5 The number of butterfly individuals in each family found along 72 Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail from morning observations x
LIST OF TABLES (CONT.) Page Table B-6 The number of butterfly individuals in each family found along 72 Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail from afternoon observations Table B-7 The Fisher’s alpha of found at Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail 73 Table C-1 Correlation analysis between total number of butterfly species 74 vs. temperature and relative humidity 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3Table C-2 Correlation analysis between total number of butterfly individuals 74 เมื่อ 09/10/2564vs. temperature and relative 00:48:38 humidity Table C-3 Correlation analysis between total diversity index vs. temperature 74 and relative humidity Table C-4 Correlation analysis between number of butterfly species vs. 75 temperature and relative humidity in the morning observations Table C-5 Correlation analysis between number of butterfly individuals vs. 75 temperature and relative humidity in the morning observations Table C-6 Correlation analysis between diversity index vs. temperature and 75 relative humidity in the morning observations Table C-7 Correlation analysis between number of butterfly species vs. 76 temperature and relative humidity in the afternoon observations Table C-8 Correlation analysis between number of butterfly individuals vs. 76 temperature and relative humidity in the afternoon observations Table C-9 Correlation analysis between diversity index vs. temperature and 76 relative humidity in the afternoon observations Table C-10 Paired T-test between morning and afternoon observations on the 77 number of butterfly species, number of butterfly individuals and diversity index Table C-11 Paired T-test between morning and afternoon observations on 77 Temperature and relative humidity in the Table C-12 Paired T-test between morning and afternoon observations on the 77 number butterfly species in five families x
LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 3.1 The Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat Waterfall 15 Figure 3.2 The plant community along the Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat 15 Waterfall trail Figure 4.1 The total number of species in five families of butterflies found 20 along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3Figure 4.2 The total number of butterfly species found each month along 20 เมื่อ 09/10/2564Pha Kluai Mai-Haew 00:48:38Suwat trail Figure 4.3 The number of butterfly species found along Pha Kluai 21 Mai-Haew Suwat trail during morning and afternoon observations Figure 4.4 Comparisons of the number of butterfly species observed during 24 morning, afternoon and both among 5 families Figure 4.5 The total number of individuals in each family of butterflies found 25 along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail Figure 4.6 The total number of butterfly individuals found each month along 25 Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail Figure 4.7 The number of butterfly individuals found along Pha Kluai 26 Mai-Haew Suwat trail during morning and afternoon observations Figure 4.8 The distribution of the butterflies found along the Pha Kluai 27 Mai-Haew Suwat trail follows the pattern of log series model Figure 4.9 The Fisher’s alpha index of butterflies found along Pha Kluai 28 Mai-Haew Suwat trail from March 2002 to February 2003 Figure 4.10 Comparison of the Fisher’s alpha indices from the morning and 28 afternoon observations along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail Figure 4.11 Average daily temperatures along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail 30 Figure 4.12 Average morning and afternoon temperatures recorded along Pha 30 Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail Figure 4.13 Average daily recorded relative humidity at Pha Kluai Mai-Haew 31 Suwat trail xxii
LIST OF FIGURES (CONT.) Page Figure 4.14 Average morning and afternoon relative humidity recorded along 31 Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail Figure 5.1 1 The rainfall at Khao Yai National Park and number of butterfly 38 individuals from march 2002 to February 2003 Figure D Nomograph for determining the index of Diversity (α)78 (Fisher et al 1943) 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3Figure E-1 Representatives of Family Papilionidae 79 Figure E-2 Representatives of Family Pieridae 82 เมื่อFigure 09/10/2564E-3 Representatives of Family 00:48:38 Nymphalidae 84 Figure E-4 Representatives of Family Lycaenidae 93 Figure E-5 Representatives of Family Hesperiidae 96 Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc.(Environmental Biology) / 1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Butterflies are the representatives of insects in the order Lepidoptera. Lepidopterans consist of more than 120,000 species, which make Lepidoptera the second largest insect order after the Coleoptera (Romoser 1994), and it is composed of members in two suborders: Jugatae and Frenatae. The Jugatae is a small group of 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3uncommon moths. The Frenatae is divided into two major groups, Macrolepidoptera เมื่อand Microlepidoptera. 09/10/2564 The Macrolepidopte 00:48:38ra includes a diverse group of butterflies and skippers (Rhopalocera) and moths (Heterocera). There are some unique characteristics, described by New (1991), that make the butterflies differ from the moths. First, most butterflies are diurnal whereas the moths are nocturnal, however there are some exceptions. Second, the antennae of butterflies are club-shaped. Third, butterflies are brightly colored. And last, when at rest, most butterflies have their wings closed vertically above their bodies. Butterflies are widely distributed in almost all parts of the world ranging from the tropical to polar region. They also can be found in high mountain and even in desert. But those having brightest colors and the greatest diversity of species are mostly found in tropical region (Novak 1990). In Thailand, 864 species and subspecies of butterflies have been described and characterized in six volumes of the book entitled “Butterflies in Thailand” (Pinratana and Eliot 1981, 1983, 1985, 1988 1992 and 1996). Not only the attractiveness of coloration and the beauty that make butterflies an interesting creature, but also they are widely accepted as ecological indicators of ecosystem health (Blau 1980, Rosenberg et al 1986). The reasons are that they have a fairly clear taxonomic characteristic as well as the life history and biology that is well defined (Smart 1981). They could be identified by sight in the field in many areas (Thomas and Mallorie 1985). They are small, have high reproductive rates, fairly mobile and able to tolerate disturbances at a certain degree because of their ability to move and find resource (Pollard and Yates 1993). There had been studies on Premsak ratiwiriyapong Introduction / 2
butterflies in relation to environmental factors. Kocher and Williams 2000 proposed that butterflies’ life history and behavior can be affected by environmental factors, for example, they fly less in low temperature, strong wind, rain and cloudy conditions. The butterfly populations are strongly influenced by local weather, microclimate and light level acting in a variety of ways in all stages of life cycle (Kremem 1992). Butterflies are susceptible to unusual low temperature in subalpine forest which can cause the extinction of one butterfly population (Ehrlich et al 1972). The abundance and species richness of butterflies can be affected by small size fragmented habitat (Steffan-dewenter and Tscharntke 2002, Jeanneret et al 2003). Changes of butterflies’ 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3diversity may reflect the alteration of the environment and ecosystem by human เมื่อactivities, 09/10/2564 for example, abundance 00:48:38of butterflies was greater, and evenness was lower in agricultural than in non-agriculture site, because of agricultural habitats are monocultures (Fleishman et al 1999, Clausen et al 2001). These studies can be used as evidences to support that the study of butterfly diversity and abundance can be used for monitoring the changing of environment and ecosystem. However, most of the studies described above were done in temperate environments and a handful study has been done studies in Thailand or in any countries in the tropical region. This thesis will focus on the survey of butterflies observed along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail. This trail is natural trail located at Khao Yai National Park, which is one of the most important wildlife conservation areas in Thailand. The period of observation was during March 2002 to February 2003. The trail starts from Pha Kluai Mai camping site, lines paralleled along Lamtakhong stream and ends at Haew Suwat Waterfall with the approximate distance of 3.1 kilometers. The nature of this trail attracts a large member of tourists throughout the year. Butterflies can be found along the trail, especially at the end of the trail, which is a butterfly saltlick where they usually aggregate. The result of this study will provide an update information of butterfly record in Khao Yai National Park after the latest one that was done over 20 years ago by Nhun and Reeves (1980). The information obtained may be useful in many aspects. It can be used for publications of butterfly checklist, for tourist information especially to the ecotourism industry, and for database that may lead to proper management of butterfly conservation in the future. Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc.(Environmental Biology) / 3
Objectives: 1. To study the number of butterflies species, the total number of butterflies individuals and distribution models along the Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat natural trail. 2. To compare the diversity of butterflies found in the morning and in the afternoon. 3. To fine whether there are relationships between environmental physical factors (temperature and relative humidity) and the number of butterflies species and number of butterflies individuals 10.14457/MU.the.2004.34. To make the checklist of butterflies found on the natural trail. เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Literature Review / 4
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
1. General Characteristics of Butterflies
1.1 External Morphology 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3Butterflies are in the order Lepi doptera, and the suborder Frenatae, whose the whole body is covered with minute hair and scales. The body consists of เมื่อthree main09/10/2564 regions, the head, the 00:48:38 thorax and the abdomen. The morphology of butterflies as described by Smart (1981) and Novak (1990) is as follows: The head is a small spherical capsule, which joined to the thorax by a short neck. The head bears a pair of large compound eyes and a pair of simple eyes (or ocelli). Two club-shaped antennae are located on the head. Butterflies usually have sucking mouthparts (conspicuous proboscis) that evolve from the jaws, it is a double organ-two grooved halves joined by a seam to slender tube. The proboscis will fully extend only while the butterflies are sucking nectar. When not in use, it is coiled up in a spiral. The thorax comprises three parts : prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax. The three pairs of legs are attached to each thoracic segment. The legs are usually well- developed. The wings, attached to the thorax by means of a complex system of tiny sclerites, are two-layered, membranous structures. They are densely clothed with tiny, usually colored scales, orientated in one direction and overlapping each other like tiles on a roof. The whole colorful splendors of the butterflies lies in these small scales which either contain pigments, or produce colors physically by the differentiation or refraction of light. The individual colored scales are arranged like a mosaic to form the elaborate wing patterns. The profusion of different patterns typical of butterflies is dependent on this basic scheme. The abdomen is cylindrical and consists of ten segments. The first 7-8 segments are similar in shape and internal structure. The terminal segments have been Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 5
transformed into copulatory organs. The external sexual organs formed the sclerites of the terminal abdominal segment and function as mechanical organ for copulation. 1.2 Butterfly Life Cycle Butterflies undergo complete metamorphosis (Chapman 1982). The first stage is the egg. Depending on the species, an adult female butterfly may lay up to 400 or more eggs in her lifetime on selected food plants. The butterfly eggs are commonly green in color although they may darken just before hatching. The shape of the egg varies in different species. The egg usually hatches within 5 to 15 days and gives rise 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3to the first larval stage. เมื่อ 09/10/2564A butterfly larva is called caterpillar.00:48:38 Its external morphology is different from adult. The larva has a prominent head followed by 13 trunk segments of which the first three are regarded as the thorax and the remainder the abdomen. The larval skin is soft and flexible. The caterpillar has chewing mouthparts and usually feeds on vegetative materials such as leaves, bud, and fruits. Compound eyes are lacking but the main visual organs are lateral ocelli. These are arranged in two groups on each side of the head. The three segments of the thorax each have a pair of short legs which end in a single claw. The abdomen has ten segments, five of these bear a pair of prolegs. As it grows larger, the caterpillar has a need to shed its skin. There are usually five molts before the caterpillar is fully mature and then it molts into the pupal stages. Pupa is immobile in most pupae the internal cellular matter is rearranging it self to produce the essential body parts of the adult, i.e. wings, legs and head. Depending on climate conditions, the time period spent as a pupa is usually about 10-80 days. The skin of the pupa splits behind the head and the adult butterfly emerges.
2. Description of Butterfly Families found in Thailand
Butterflies found on the study site, are members of Phylum Arthropoda Class Hexapoda Order Lepidoptera Suborder Frenatae Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Literature Review / 6
Superfamily Hesperioidea Family Hesperiidae Superfamily Papilionoidea Family Papilionidae Family Pieridae Family Nymphalidae Family Lycaenidae
Lekagul et al (1977), Hoi-sen (1983) and Braby (2000) described all families 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3in the book entitled “Field Guide to the Butterflies of Thailand”, “Malaysian butterfly เมื่อAn introduction” 09/10/2564 and “The Butterflies 00:48:38 of Australia: Their identification, biology and distribution” as follow.
Family Hesperiidae: They are often regarded as in between butterflies and moths. Adult hesperiid butterflies have large head and stout, hairy body whit relatively small wings and three pairs of functional legs. The antennae are clubbed-shaped likes those in the true butterflies, but often bent backwards at apex giving a slightly hooked appearance. Hesperiid butterflies are fast fliers, but the flight is short and not sustained. Most of them are rather plainly colored with brown and tawny yellow. The marking when present on the upperside are confined to forewing. Often, there is little or no difference in the wing pattern between related species. The skipper caterpillars are usually stout, and may be naked or with dispersed bristles. Some of them feed on monocotyledonous plants (palms, grasses, bamboo or ginger), while others feed on dicotyledons. In Thailand 89 species were found.
Family Papilionidae: The member of this family are generally referred to as swallowtails because they have tails on the hind wings although a few number of tropical species lack this character and are commonly known as birdwings. Most of them are quite common, both on the hills and at lower elevations. They are large in size and are strong flies. In general, the two sexes are similar, but there are cases of sexual dimorphism. In few species, the female butterfly is polymorphic. The males of some species are attracted to damp muddy spots along roads or trails and to seepage Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 7
on roads and riverbanks. All six legs in the adult butterfly are well developed and fit for walking. In Thailand 56 species were found.
Family Pieridae: Most of species in this family of worldwide occurrence are white or yellow or orange in color. Hence, the common names are white, yellow and sulphur. None of pierid butterflies possesses tails. The male butterflies often aggregate in large numbers at roadside puddles in bright sunshine, or at pools or muddy banks of rivers and streams. All six legs in the pierids are functional. In 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3Thailand 42 species were found. เมื่อ 09/10/2564Family Nymphalidae: The 00:48:38 common name is brush-footed butterflies. The forelegs are reduced and are useless for walking. They usually, serve as sense organs. This group is very diverse, and in Thailand contains six subfamilies. They are Danainae, Amathusiinae, Satyrinae, Nymphalinae, Acraeinae, and Libytheinae. In Thailand 256 species were found.
Subfamily Danainae: The members of this subfamily are commonly referred to as the milkweed butterflies or tigers and crows. They are considered to be the most highly developed of all butterflies. The coloring and type of markings are remarkably conservative in the Danainae, being mostly yellow-brown, white and black, and blue or greenish blue and black. The caterpillars feed on poisonous food plants. Both the caterpillars and the adult butterflies advertise their distasteful and poisonous nature by warning coloration. Instead of concealing them, their colors make them conspicuous, so predators quickly learn to recognize and avoid them.
Subfamily Satyrinae and Subfamily Amathusiinae. Members of these groups avoid sunshine and prefer the shade, rarely visit flowers, and are usually dull- colored. They generally fly close to the ground near shelter. Most satyrines and amathsiids are generally brown in color with ringed eye-sports on underwings. Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Literature Review / 8
Subfamily Nymphalinae: Members of this group prefer sunshine, and are often seen at flowering plants. Adult nymphalid butterflies have great variations in size, shape, coloring and habits. Many of them are often brightly colored. Subfamily Acreinae: This is small group. Members of this group are yellow or tawny, have long forewings and round hindwings. Subfamily Libythenae: The common names are snout butterflies or beak butterflies, because of their extraordinary long palpi which project in front like a long beak. The wings are ungulate with darker and lighter shades of brown.
10.14457/MU.the.2004.3Family Lycaenidae: Members of this family are characterized by their เมื่อmetallic 09/10/2564 colors, quick flight and preference00:48:38 for sunshine. They are commonly known as blues, coppers and hairstreaks. The majority of them inhibit primeval forest, but quite a number of them are common in gardens and by the roadsides. Many lycaenid butterflies have brilliant colors with iridescent blue, violet, green, red, orange or brown and they have 1-3 pairs of filamentous tails on the hindwings. The forelegs are reduced in size compared with the mid and hind legs. In Thailand 187 species were found including subfamilies Riodininae.
3. Ecology of Butterfly
3.1 Effect Environmental Factors on Butterfly biology Temperature is a basic factor affecting biology of butterflies. Most butterflies are not active in dull weather, usually because it is too cold to fly. The butterflies have the developmental threshold, usually between 5 and 10°C (Novak 1999) when the temperature is below caterpillars stop developing and in adult, there will be no reproduction. The temperature threshold varies among species. The temperate butterfly species are most active at temperatures between 20-25°C. Humidity is an important factor to butterflies (Oostermeijer and Van Swaay 1998). Many species required environments with suitable humidity. All developmental stages of butterflies are well adapted for the prevention of water loss. Kemp (2001) suggested that the humidity had effects on the reproductive activities of some tropical butterflies. Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 9
Sunlight and photoperiod are also important with respect to signaling and orientation. Butterflies can detect wavelengths beyond those included in the spectrum of visible light and near ultraviolet. They see quite different colors from human. The butterflies are sensitive to changes in light during the day so that the activity of most butterflies is concentrated in the morning and afternoon. Pieloor and Seymour (2001) demonstrated that the short day photoperiod had significant effect to the diapause in adult female butterflies.
3.2 Food and Enemies 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 Caterpillars live on leaves, flowers, or fruit whereas adults suck nectar from เมื่อflowers 09/10/2564 and sweet juice from fruits. 00:48:38 Caterpillars are rarely predators, they feeding on other insect larvae. In all developmental stages of butterflies have many natural enemies both as parasites (Moss 1933) and predators (Richards 1940). Predators prey on both larva and adult butterflies such as beetles, spiders, mantis (Freeny et al 1985) and birds (Stamps and Gon 1983).
3.3 Behavior of Butterflies Most butterflies live solitarily. Occasionally, individuals assemble and from organized communities. The most common causes are migration, hibernation or concentration at a source of food or water. The aggregation of butterflies around food can most easily be obtained by smearing some sweet, fermenting juice in dry and warm weather. Sometimes the aggregation of butterflies could be found on damp sand, muddy ground or on patches of dung or urine.
4. The Ecological Roles of Butterfly Because butterflies have complete metamorphosis and they feed on different foods between their developing stages, they play many roles in the ecosystems.
4.1 As primary consumers: The larval stage is herbivore. Some species are monophagous they feed on only a few plants species (Thomas 1990, Thompson 1998). For example, the larva of common milkweed butterflies feed on milkweed plants Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Literature Review / 10
(Asclepiadaceae) only (Ralp 1977). Some are pholyphagous they feed many species of plants (Nylin et al 2000, Ting et al 2002).
4.2 As prey: All developmental stages of butterflies serve as food for other animals (Novak 1999). The animals that consume butterflies are small arthropods such as spiders, harvestman, mantids, ants and vertebrates including birds, frogs and lizards.
4.3 As predators: In rare case, butterflies are report to be predators. The butterflies in the family Lycaenidae feed on homoptera or ant larvae. (Gibert and 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3Singer 1975) เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 4.4 As pollinators: Adult butterflies are known to feed on floral nectar. Many species of butterflies are common visitors to the flowers of a diverse array of species with brightly corolla (Bawa 1990). The foraging selectivity of adult butterflies is influenced by their proboscis lengths (May 1992), so that the butterflies which have long proboscis prefer long-corolla flowers, while short-proboscis prefer open flowers.
5. Classification of Butterflies
The classification of butterflies into families was based on various features. The main characteristics used are the wing venation (Borror et al 1981), (that is, on the number of veins, their position and branching), the type of antennae, and the position of the labial palps and other mouthparts, legs and body structure, number and location of the female sexual ducts. Veins are usually covered with scales and so they are not easily seen. To clear the scales, the whole wing has to be dipped into solvents such as xylene, benzene or ether. After treated, the venation becomes clearly visible until the solvent evaporates, the wing regains its former appearance. However, the specimens treated by this method, will be sacrificed. In order to save the butterflies, a new technique has been practiced. The external morphology and color patterns on the wings are used to classify butterflies into families. This method makes identification of the live specimens in the field. Butterflies in many regions were reported to be identified by sight. For example, in the Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 11
North America (Klots 1951), Europe (Hargreaves and Chinery 1981), and Central Himalaya, Nepal (Smit 1994). In Thailand there are records from the book entitled “Field Guide to Butterflies of Thailand” by Lekagul et al (1977) and six volumes of “Butterflies in Thailand” by Pinratana (1981, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1992 and 1996).
6. Diversity of Butterflies
Species diversity is the most widely used measurement of biodiversity. Krebs (1990) defined species diversity on the basis of species richness which is the number 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3of species in a community and of species evenness which is the relative abundance of เมื่อspecies. 09/10/2564 Ecologists have developed 00:48:38 many indices to measure the species diversity (Southwood 1978). Fisher et al (1943) measures the species diversity by Alpha index. This index measures the diversity within a particular site or habitat. They have been found to give a reasonable description of the distribution of the individuals of some insects. This index is closely related to the log series species abundance model. The alpha indices use two parameters which are the total number of species and the total number of individuals. Fisher et al. (1943) concluded from the plotted data of relative abundance of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) that the data available were best fitted by the logarithmic series, which is a series with finite sum whose terms can be written as a function of two parameters: ax, ax2/2, ax3/3, ax4/4,…. where ax = Number of species in the total catch represented by one individual ax2/2 = Number of species represented by two individuals, and so on The sum of the terms in the series equals to α ln(1-x), which is the total number of species in the catch. The logarithmic series for a set of data is fixed by two variables, the number of species in the sample and the number of individuals in the sample. The relationship between these is S = α ln (1= N/α) where S = Total number of species in the sample N = Totals number of individuals in the sample α = Index of diversity Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Literature Review / 12
Kempton and Taylor (1974) accepted the log series model as a fit model for describing relative species abundance of moths if the samples are collected from stable environments and highly efficient index in site discrimination and yielding reasonable value with only moderate distribution fit.
7. The Method of Butterfly Survey
The early studies of butterflies by Moore (1975) were on the effects of chemicals on wildlife. He made regular counts of butterflies along the Monks Wood 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3National Reserve in England. In 1977, Pollard et al had developed the Moore’s เมื่อmethod 09/10/2564 to monitor the butterflies’ 00:48:38 population called “the monitoring scheme methods”. The method was standardized within limits to counter the influences of weather and differing activity profiles of the butterflies. Pollard’s procedure (Pollard 1977) involved starting counts after 10.45 hours and completing them before 15.45 hours, and assessing weather conditions counts were not made at temperatures below 13°C. This procedure defined the transect boundaries, which could also be delaminated by markers or by eyes. The precise width of transects was decided by the recorder, but once adopted it is not to be changed. All butterflies observed within the range of the transect were counted while walking at a steady pace. Thus, no special effort is made to see any butterflies, which may be settled out of direct sight in dense vegetation. Sometimes a single conspicuous butterfly flew along in front of the recorder or in and out of the recording area. If the recorder was contain that this was the same individual, it would be counted only once. If the recorder was not contain, it would be counted again. Thomas (1983) suggested that the method can measure the numbers of for species that fly freely in open area in heterogeneous habitats. Walpole and Sheldon (1999) used the Pollard transect in tropical rain forest and demonstrated that transect walks were more effective than the kite netting in accumulating individuals and species. Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 13
8. The Studies of Butterfly in Thailand
The first publication describing butterflies in Thailand is “The Butterflies of Siam” by Godfrey in 1916. Three hundred and seventy-one species of butterflies were recorded, and then in 1930, there were 692 species. It was not until 1977 that the first known guidebook entitled “Field Guide to Butterflies of Thailand” by Lekagul et al was published. This guide has nearly 700 illustrated species and has been widely used for the field identification of butterflies of Thailand. Pinratana and Eliot, surveyed and collected the butterflies around Thailand, and then published six volumes of 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3“Butterflies in Thailand” (1981, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1992 and 1996). These books เมื่อcontain 09/10/2564 photographs of butterfly specimens 00:48:38 and provide descriptions of the butterflies species and subspecies. The scientific butterfly survey in Thailand were mostly confined to various national parks around the country, beginning in 1984, Watanasit made butterfly surveys at Tarutao National Park. For the period of seven months he found 105 species. Chondumrongkul and Chumnarnkid (1998) studied the butterfly diversity at Namnao National Park, to be used as indicator of biodiversity. Transects were selected along the five habitats-dry evergreen forest, mixed deciduous forest, pine forest, dry dipterocarp forest and grassland and analyze the butterfly population by Fisher’s alpha index. The distribution of butterfly populations followed the log normal model. They found that evergreen forest showed the highest butterfly diversity, while grassland showed the lowest diversity. Boonvano et al (2000) used the Shanon- Weiner index to study butterfly diversity at Ton Nga-Chang Wildlife Sanctuary, Songkha province in Southern Thailand. They found that the maximum diversity was in February and the lowest in September. Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Materials and Methods / 14
CHAPTER 3 MATERAILS AND METHODS
1. Materials 1. Single Lens Reflex camera (Canon) 2. Lens, focal length 80-105 mm. (Cannon) 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3Lens, focal length 70-300 mm. (Tamron ) 3. Tripod เมื่อ 09/10/25644. Air thermometer 00:48:38 5. Hygrometer 6. Measuring tape
2. The Study Site
The Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat Waterfall natural trail in the Khao Yai National Park (Fig. 3.1) area was chosen as the study site. The Park is the first national park of Thailand, which covers four provinces in Central, Eastern and Northeastern Thailand including Saraburi, Nakhon Nayok, Prachinburi and Nakhon Ratchsima. The trail starts from the Pha Kluai Mai camping ground and runs straight along the Lamtakhong stream to the Haew Suwat Waterfall with the total distance of about 3.1 kilometers (Srikosamatara et al 2000). The plant community in this trail is the moist evergreen forest (Fig. 3.2). The most vegetation are the Dipterocarpus spp., some are Anisoptera spp., Paramichelia spp. and Lithocarpus spp. The ground floras are a large-clumped bamboo and small-clumped bamboo belonging to the genus Teinostahyum is found shatteringly along the valleys. Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 15
10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38
Figure 3.1 The Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat Waterfall
Figure 3.2 The plant community along the Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat Waterfall trail Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Materials and Methods / 16
3. Field Activities: Transect
This method is modified from Pollard (1977). A transect runs along the Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat Waterfall natural trail, and the width is about 3 meters on both sides of the trail. The survey was made twice a month for a period of one year during March 2002 to February 2003. Each survey lasted two days. On the first day, the survey was done by walking along the line between 8.30 a.m.–12.30 p.m., and then again between 1.30 p.m.- 5.30 p.m.. On the second day, the survey was practiced by repeating the procedures on the first day. Butterflies, which were spotted moving 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3within the transect were counted, identified and photographed using a SLR camera. เมื่อThe physical 09/10/2564 factors, temperature 00:48:38 and relative humidity, along the transect were recorded.
4. Identification of the Butterflies
Live butterflies observed along the Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat natural trail, were identified by sight. Those which could not be identified by sight were identified later from the photographs taken by comparing the unique features such as the wing patterns with those available in the book entitled “Butterflies in Thailand” Vol. 1-6 by Pinratana and Eliot (1981, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1992 and 1996) and “Field Guide to The Butterflies of Thailand” by Lekagul et al (1977).
5. Data Analysis 5.1 Fisher’s alpha Diversity (α) The diversity index of butterflies was analyzed and designated in term of Fisher’s alpha (α) (Fisher et al 1943). S = α {ln [1+ (N/α)]} where S = the total number of species in each month. N = the total number of individuals in each month. α = Fisher’s alpha diversity index. The total number of observed individuals was the total count of butterflies from the total of 48 surveys over a period of one year. Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 17
Fisher’s alpha (α) were calculated by using the program Gwbaic by Robinson G. (1990), the Department of Entomology, National History Museum, London.
5.2 The correlation between the number of species, the number of individuals and Fisher’s alpha and physical factors were determined by using the correlation in SPSS version 9.
10.14457/MU.the.2004.35.3 The difference among number of butterfly species, number of butterfly individuals, Fisher’s alpha diversity, temperature and relative humidity in the เมื่อmorning 09/10/2564 and afternoon observation 00:48:38 were determined by using the paired T-test in SPSS version 9. Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Results / 18
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS
1. Diversity and Distribution of Butterflies 1.1 Number of Observed Butterfly Species The total number of butterfly species along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail observed during March 2002 and February 2003, was 138 from five families. They 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3consisted of 19, 12, 67, 19 and 21 species from families Papilionidae, Pieridae, เมื่อNymphalidae, 09/10/2564 Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae, 00:48:38 respectively (Fig. 4.1). Figure 4.2 shows the number of butterfly species observed each month. The highest number of species was in December 2002 (69 species), while the lowest was in July 2002 (47 species). When the time of observations, morning or afternoon, was taken into consideration, the highest and lowest numbers of species found were in different months. From morning observations, the highest was found in October 2002 (62 species), and the lowest was in July 2002 (38 species) (Fig 4.3). The afternoon observations (Fig.4.3) showed that the highest number of species was in September 2002 and January 2003 (46 species), and the lowest were in May and October 2002 (29 species). Out of these, 25 species were found in the morning only as shown in Table 4.1 whereas 11 species were found in the afternoon only (Table 4.2). Figure 4.4 compares the number of butterfly species found in the morning only, in the afternoon only and in both, among the 5 families.
1.2 Number of Observed Butterfly Individuals The total number of butterfly individuals along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail during the study period was 8,244 (Fig. 4.5). The family Nymphalidae had the highest number of 3,170 individuals and the family Lycaenidae had 258. The individual number of each family recorded in each month was compared in Fig. 4.6. It is shown that the highest number of individuals was found in March 2002 (1,272 individuals) and the lowest was in January 2003 (372 individuals). Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 19
Among 138 species observed, Eurema hecabe (Family Pieridae) had the highest number of 982 individuals. Graphium agetes (Family Papilionidae) was second with 498 individuals. The number of butterfly individuals observed in the morning and afternoon were shown in Fig. 4.7. In the morning observed, the highest number of individuals was found in March 2002 (762 individuals) and lowest in January 2003 (208 individuals). For afternoon observations, the highest number was found in March 2002 (510 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3individuals) while the lowest was in May 2002 (76 individuals). เมื่อ1.3 09/10/2564 Distribution Model of Butterflies 00:48:38 The distribution of the observed butterflies follows the log series distribution model (Fig. 4.8). A few species were highly abundant, others occurred in moderate numbers and a few individuals presented most species.
1.4 Diversity Index (Fisher’s alpha, α) The Fisher’s alpha index was used to compare the species diversity from monthly observations (Fig. 4.9). The highest index was in January 2003 (21.01±3.67) and the lowest in September 2002 (11.33±3.67). When comparisons were made between morning and afternoon observations, the index values were not much different. The differences are the time of the year having the highest and the lowest index values. The Fisher’s alpha of the morning and the afternoon observations were shown in Fig. 4.10. The highest index was in October 2002 (20.80±3.53) and the lowest was in August 2002 (11.54±2.12) for morning observations. However, the highest index (21.23±3.67) and the lowest (8.84±1.57) were found in January 2003 and March 2002, respectively, for afternoon observations. Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Results / 20
Number of species 80 67 60
40
19 19 21 10.14457/MU.the.2004.320 เมื่อ 09/10/256412 00:48:38 0 Pap ilionidae Pieridae Ny mp halidae Ly caenidae Hesperiidae Fam ilies
Figure 4.1 The total number of species in five families of butterflies found along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail from March 2002 to February 2003
Number of species
60
Hesperiidae
Lycaenidae
Nymphalidae
40 Pieridae
Papilionidae
20
0 Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 Nov-02 May-02
Figure 4.2 The total number of butterfly species found each month along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail from March 2002 to February 2003 Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 21
10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38
Figure 4.3 The number of butterfly species found along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail from March 2002 to February 2003 during morning and afternoon observations Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Results / 22
Table 4.1 List of butterflies exclusively found during morning observations Family Common name Scientific name Papilionidae Burmese Batwing Parides zaleucus Papilionidae Chin Swordtail Graphium aristeus Papilionidae Fivebar Swordtail G. antiphates Papilionidae Great Zebra G. xenocles Papilionidae Great Jay G. eurypylus Pieridae Yellow Orange Tip Ixias pyrene Nymphalidae Spotted Palmfly Elymnias malelas 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3Nymphalidae Bamboo Forester Lethe kansa เมื่อ 09/10/2564Nymphalidae Common 00:48:38 Busbrown Mycalesis perseus Nymphalidae Great Saturn Zeuxidia aurelius Nymphalidae Spotted Jester Symbrenthia hypselis Nymphalidae Marbled Map Cyrestis cocles Nymphalidae Color Sergeant Athyma nefte Nymphalidae Blackvein Sergeant A. ranga Nymphalidae Tawny Rajah Charaxes bernardus Nymphalidae Common Nawab Polyura athamas Lycaenidae Common Pierrot Castalius rosimon Lycaenidae Restricted Purple Sapphire Heliophorus ila Lycaenidae Purple Sapphire H. epicles Lycaenidae Common Tit Hypolycaena erylus Lycaenidae Dentate Sunbeam Curetis dentata Lycaenidae Common Punchinello Zemeros flegyas Lycaenidae Common Plum Judy Abisara echerius Hesperiidae Yellow Flat Mooreana trichoneura Hesperiidae Chestnuts Angle Odontoptilum angulatum Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 23
Table 4.2 List of butterflies exclusively found during afternoon observations Family Common name Scientific name Papilionidae Lime Butterfly Papilio demoleus Nymphalidae Nigger Orsotriaena medus Nymphalidae Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha Nymphalidae Banded Dandy Laringa horsfieldi Nymphalidae Common Archduke Lexias pardalis Lycaenidae Common Quaker Neopithecops zalmora Lycaenidae Orchid Tit Chliaria othona 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3Hesperiidae Orange-tail Awl Bibasis sena เมื่อ 09/10/2564Hesperiidae Water 00:48:38 Snow Flat Tagiades litigiosus Hesperiidae Spotted Snow Flat T. menaka Hesperiidae White-tipped Palmer Lotongus calathus Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Results / 24
10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38
Figure 4.4 Comparisons of the number of butterfly species observed during morning, afternoon and both among 5 families Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 25
Number of individuals 4000 3170 3000 2160 2218 2000
1000 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 438 258 เมื่อ0 09/10/2564 00:48:38 Papilioinidae Pieridae Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Hesperiidae Families
Figure 4.5 The total number of individuals in each family of butterflies found along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail from March 2002 to February 2003
Number of individuals
1400
Hesperiidae
1200
Lycaenidae
1000 Nymphalidae
800 Pieridae
Papilioinidae
600
400
200 0 Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Feb-03 Sep-02 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Nov-02 Aug-02 May-02
Figure 4.6 The total number of butterfly individuals found each month along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail from March 2002 to February 2003 Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Results / 26
10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38
Figure 4.7 The number of butterfly individuals found along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail from March 2002 to February 2003 during morning and afternoon observations Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 27
10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Results / 28
25
21.01 19.64 19.68 19.03 20 18.2 17.71 17.48 15.43 15 13.94 13.07 12.73 11.33
10 10.14457/MU.the.2004.35 เมื่อ0 09/10/2564 00:48:38 Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 Nov-02 May-02
Figure 4.9 The Fisher’s alpha index of butterflies found along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew
Suwat trail from March 2002 to February 2003
25 Morning
Afternoon
21.23
20.8
20 18.91
18.07
17.12 17.45 17.01
15.94 16.57
14.07 14.54 14.31 15 13.47 13.74
13.49 13
12.63 12.5 12.09
11.54
11.72 10.9 10.99
10 8.84
5
0 Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Feb-03 Sep-02 Apr-02 Dec-02 Nov-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 May-02
Figure 4.10 Comparison of the Fisher’s alpha indices from the morning and afternoon observations along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail from March 2002 to February 2003 Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 29
2. Environmental Factors 2.1 Average Temperatures The average daily temperatures during observation times were shown in Fig. 4.11. The highest average temperature was in June 2002 (26.66 °C) while the lowest was in January 2003 (21.42 °C). The average morning and afternoon temperatures were shown in Fig 4.12. The highest average of morning and afternoon temperatures were 27.10 °C and 26.29 °C, respectively, and both were in June 2002, but the lowest average morning 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3temperature was in January 2003 (19.98 °C) while the lowest afternoon temperature เมื่อwas recorded 09/10/2564 in December 2002 (22.06 00:48:38 °C).
2.2 Average Relative Humidity The average daily relative humidity was shown in Fig. 4.13. The highest relative humidity was in June 2002 (87.19%), and the lowest was in October 2002 (79.5%). The averages for morning and afternoon relative humidity were shown in Fig. 4.14. The highest morning relative humidity was in February 2003 (86.46%), and the lowest was in October 2002 (79.96%). The highest afternoon relative humidity was in June 2002 (86.5%), and the lowest was in January 2003 (79.96%). Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Results / 30
o C 27 26.66 26
25.04 24.99 25 24.76 24.52 24.55 24.21 24.32 24 23.21 23 22.9 22.41 22 21.42 10.14457/MU.the.2004.321 เมื่อ20 09/10/2564 00:48:38 Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Nov-02 Aug-02 May-02
Figure 4.11 Average daily temperatures along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail from March 2002 to February 2003
o C 29 Morning 27.1 27 Afternoon
25.2 25.34 24.86 25.3 24.88 25.6 26.29 25 24.27 23.7 24.66 24.69 24.33 24.46 22.78 22.79 23.96 23.31 24.09 23 22.06
22.65 21.99
21 21.39 19.98
19 Jul-02 Jan-03 Oct-02 Jun-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Nov-02 Aug-02 May-02
Figure 4.12 Average morning and afternoon temperatures recorded along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail from March 2002 to February 2003 Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 31
% RH 88 87.19 86
84 84.1 84.22 81.94 82.8 82.56 82.19 82 81.72 81.02 80 80.28 79.5 79.58 78 10.14457/MU.the.2004.376 เมื่อ 09/10/256474 00:48:38 Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Nov-02 Aug-02 May-02
Figure 4.13 Average daily recorded relative humidity at Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail from March 2002 to February 2003
% RH Morning 89 Afternoon 86.5 87 86.01 86.46 85.88 85 84.39 85.85 82.44 81.73 83.43 83 82.08 83.06 79.96 80.85 81.86 82.18 82.74 81 81 81.35 81.42 81.58 79.36 79 80 79.03
77 78.03
75 Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 Nov-02 May-02
Figure 4.14 Average morning and afternoon relative humidity recorded along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail from March 2002 to February 2003 Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Results / 32
3. Relationships between Environmental Factors and the Diversity of Butterflies 3.1 The Total Number of Observed Butterfly Species, Number of Observed Butterfly Individuals and Diversity index vs. Environmental Factors
The correlation between the numbers of total observed butterfly species, number of observed butterfly individuals and diversity index and environmental factors were shown in Table 4.3. It shows that temperatures had negative effect on the number of butterfly species (p=0.035*, r = -0.611) and the diversity index (p=0.003**, r =- 0.783). There are no correlations between temperature and the number of butterfly 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3individuals. In the case of relative humidity, there are no correlations between the เมื่อnumber 09/10/2564 of butterfly species, number 00:48:38 of butterfly individuals and diversity index and relative humidity.
3.2 The Number of Butterfly Species, Number of Butterfly Individuals and Diversity in the Morning vs. Morning Environmental Factors
The correlation between the numbers of butterfly species, number of butterfly individuals and diversity index and environmental factors were shown in Table 4.4. It demonstrates that temperatures had negative effects to the diversity index (p= 0.015, r =-0.678*), and there are no correlation between number of butterfly species and number of individuals to temperature. In addition, there are no correlations between number of butterfly spices, number of individuals and diversity index and relative humidity.
3.3 The Number of Butterfly Species, Number of Butterfly Individuals and Diversity in the Afternoon vs. Afternoon Environmental Factors
The correlation between the numbers of butterfly species, number of butterfly individuals and diversity index and environmental factors were shown in Table 4.5. There are no correlations between the number of butterfly species, number of butterfly individuals and diversity index and temperature as well as relative humidity. Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 33
4. Comparisons of Environmental Factors between Morning and Afternoon Observations
When the environmental factors were compared by using paired T- test, it was found that there is significant difference between morning temperature and afternoon temperature (p= 0.001) and there is no significant difference between morning relative humidity and afternoon relative humidity (p= 0.099).
10.14457/MU.the.2004.35. Comparisons of Number of Butterfly Species, Number of Butterfly Individuals เมื่อ and 09/10/2564 Diversity index 00:48:38 When comparing the environmental factors by using paired T-test, there is significant difference between morning and afternoon number of butterfly species (p= 0.001) and there is significant difference between morning and afternoon number of butterfly individual (p=0.004) whereas there is no significant difference morning and afternoon diversity index (p=0.077). Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Results / 34
Table 4.3 The correlation between the number of observed butterfly species, number of observed butterfly individuals and diversity index and environmental factors
Total observed Temperature Relative humidity p-value r p-value r No. Species 0.035* -0.611 0.753 -0.102 No. Individuals 0.286 0.336 0.297 0.329 Diversity index 0.003** -0.783 0.697 -0.126 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3* Correlation is significant at the .05 level (2-tailed) เมื่อ 09/10/2564** Correlation is significant 00:48:38 at the .01 level (2-tailed) Table 4.4 The correlation between the number of observed butterfly species, number of observed butterfly individuals and diversity index in the morning observation and morning environmental factors
Morning Temperature Relative humidity observation p-value r p-value r No. Species 0.166 -0.427 0.888 0.046 No. Individuals 0.286 0.336 0.379 0.28 Diversity index 0.015* -0.678 0.697 -0.126 * Correlation is significant at the .05 level (2-tailed)
Table 4.5 The correlation between the number of observed butterfly species, number of observed butterfly individual and diversity index in the afternoon observation and afternoon environmental factors Afternoon Temperature Relative humidity observation p-value r p-value r No. Species 0.462 -0.235 0.601 0.168 No. Individuals 0.557 0.189 0.112 0.483 Diversity index 0.071 -0.538 0.863 -0.056 Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc.(Environmental Biology) / 35
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION
5.1 The Transect and Identification of Butterflies The observations were made using the transect method and the by-sight identification. The transect is the universal technique and could be modified to suit 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3the specific groups of animals. This study adjusted the method used by Walpole เมื่อ(1999) 09/10/2564by making the observations 00:48:38 within the 3-meter width on each side of the line. Along this trail, the 3-meter distance provided the best visibility for the most accurate reading as possible. The species identification was made once the butterflies came into view within the 3-meter range. No butterflies were captured or marked for the identification purposes for fear that such practices would disturb the population and interfere with the natural behaviors. Both the numbers of butterfly species and individuals are highest in the family Nymphalidae as expected because this family is highly diverse in Thailand. However, those in the families Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae observed were not high in number. This may be because the members of these families are small in size and the wing patterns are very complicated marking them very difficult to identify by sight in the field. Besides, hesperiid butterflies are also a fast flyer and they usually rest on underside of the leaves. So they could be readily missed out which may lead to the underestimation of the population size.
5.2 The Number of Butterfly Species during 12-Month Study from March 2002 to February 2003 There are two possible reasons for the significant differences in the appearance of butterflies between months. Firstly, it is probably due to the differences in the developmental period of different species. Lewvanich (2001) reported that larvae of Orange Awlet (Bibasis harisa, Family Hesperiidae) could be commonly found in Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Discussion / 36
November. This agrees with the observations from this study since the species were found in October and November. It was also recorded (Lewvanich 2001) that larvae of the knight (Lebadea Martha) (Family Nymphalidae) were found in July. Along the study trail, adults of this species were observed 2 months later and lasted until February. According to this report, the Common Jester (Symbernthia lilaea) was generally found during September while, from this study, they were observed in high number during August. However, larvae of some species could be found almost throughout the year, for example, the Common Grass Yellow (Eurema hecabe, Family Pieridae) could be found in January, April, June, September, November and 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3December. เมื่อ 09/10/2564The other reason probably lies00:48:38 on the availability of flowering plants for adult butterflies. The adult stages of butterfly occurring usually synchronize to the time of their food plants’ appearances (Gomez 1993). From the observations, different groups of flowers along this trail bloomed in different months. Smitinand (1977) reported that the flowering time of some plants on the Khao Yai National Park, for example, monocotyledon plants in the family Zingiberaceae, Cenolophon oxymitrum, flower between January to February and Globba obscura between June to July. These two are food plants for hesperiids. The dicotyledon plants, Jasminum scandens, (Family Oleaceae) which attract a wide range of butterfly species flower between November to January. This plant species along the trail was also found to bear flowers around this period of the year during which the number of butterfly species were high.
5.3 Comparison of Number of Butterfly Species between Morning and Afternoon Observations The number of butterfly species in each family was compared between morning and afternoon observations as shown in Appendix C-12. The number of species were significantly higher in the morning than in the afternoon in the families Papilionidae, Pieridae and Nymphalidae (p= 0.00, p= 0.025 and p= 0.015, respectively), while in the families Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae, there are no significant differences (p= 0.101 and p= 0.601, respectively). As shown in Table 4.3, the atmospheric temperature was negatively correlated with the total number of butterfly individuals. That is, the number tended to be higher under lower Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc.(Environmental Biology) / 37
temperatures and from this study, the temperature is lower during morning observations. It should be noted that members of the Family Papilionidae, especially Graphium, was found exclusively in the morning. For this particular species, there may be another physical factor involved – the light intensity Graphium were observed only in the area around a natural salt lick located at the end of the trail. Therefore, the total count of this species was obtained. It was noticed that Graphium aggregated under strong sunlight in this open area rather than otherwise more shady conditions. In contrast, numbers of the Family Nymphalidae are more diversed in terms of external morphology and habits. Some are flower visitors, some prefer rotting fruit 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3excrement and some visit all types of food sources. However, the Nymphalidae เมื่อobserved 09/10/2564 in this study were mostly 00:48:38flower visitors. The appearance was found to be in accordance with the morning blooming of Caesaweed (Urena lobata, Family Malvaceae) and Straits Rhododendron (Melastoma Sanquineum, Family Melastomaceae). In the case of Hesperiidae, they were observed earlier in the morning than other groups. During late morning when the sunlight is stronger, this group was usually found on the underside of the leaves and was less active, making the count lower than in the early morning. It occurred likewise for afternoon observations.
5.4 The Number of Butterfly Individuals during 12-Month Study from March 2002 to February 2003 In March 2002, butterflies were found to reach the highest individual number. This was caused by the rises in the populations of striped albatross (Appias libythea) and common albatross (A. albaina) of the Family Pieridae during this period. This occurrence followed the same pattern as what was reported by Nuhn and Reeves (1980) that the migrations of butterflies could be observed along the Lamtakhong Stream above and below Haew Suwat Waterfall in March. The other physical factor that should be considered is the amount of rainfall. It may indirectly affect the number of butterfly individuals. The rainfall during the study period was recorded by the meteorological station at Mor Singto located at Khao Yai National Park. The total counts of butterflies were low in May 2002. It is possible that Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Discussion / 38
the drought during dry season in March and April (Figure 5.1) caused the food shortage for larvae. Thus, causing the decrease in the emergence of adults.
10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38
Figure 5.1 The rainfall at Khao Yai National Park and number of butterfly individuals from march 2002 to February 2003 Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc.(Environmental Biology) / 39
On the other hand, there was heavy rainfall during the rainy season especially in September 2002 (562.8 mm). It was found that there was flooding in some parts of the trail and it caused extensive plant damage and even death. This could be partly responsible for the decrease in number of the adults in the following months (October- November 2002). Temperature could play a role in the lowest number of individuals in January 2003 since it was lowest of the year at the average of 21.42 °C. The low flying activity was recorded under the low temperatures (Heinrich 1986). So, butterflies 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3along the trail might be less active and did not fly as frequently as in some months. It เมื่อmight account09/10/2564 for the fewer appearances 00:48:38 of the butterflies. 5.5 Comparison of the Number of Butterfly Individual between Morning and Afternoon Observations. There are significant differences of the number of butterfly individuals families Papilionidae, Nymphalidae and Hesperiidae in morning and afternoon observations (p=0.000, p=0.039 and p=0.000, respectively). However, the numbers in the other two families Pieridae and Lycaenidae, there are not significantly differences (p=0.145 and p=0.499, respectively). These differences follow the same patterns as when the number of species was compared. It is most likely that the same factors play a role in affecting the numbe5rof individuals as well.
5.6 The Diversity Index (Fisher’s alpha) of Butterflies during 12-Month Study from March 2002 to February 2003 Table 5.1 Number of species, of individuals and diversity index of butterflies during 12-month study from March 2002 to February 2003 Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 Nov-02 May-02
No. Species 60 57 60 59 47 64 52 66 62 69 61 64
No. Individuals 1272 605 397 946 498 639 1103 534 589 695 372 594
Diversity Index 13.07 15.43 19.64 13.94 12.73 17.71 11.33 19.68 17.48 19.03 21.01 18.2 Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Discussion / 40
The diversity index (Fisher’s alpha) of butterflies in this study follows the Fisher’s nomograph (Appendix D). This index is determined by the number of species and number of individuals. The value of α is indefinite, varying from 1 as the lowest to the highest of ∞. The highest value is reached when one individual is observed for one species. That is, if any two observations having the same number of species are compared, the observation that has fewer number of individuals will be evaluated as having the higher index than the other. 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3Alpha values in Table 5.1 indicate the highest value of 21.01 in January 2003 whereas the lowest (11.33) was in September 2002. From the table, it should be เมื่อpointed 09/10/2564 out that both the highest (21.01) 00:48:38 and the lowest (11.33) values do not necessarily indicate the highest (61) and the lowest (52) number of observed species, respectively. It should be note that the highest number of species is 69 (α= 19.03) and the lowest is 47 (α=12.73)
5.7 Comparison of Diversity Index (Fisher’s alpha) between Morning and Afternoon Observations In each month, the index values were not significantly different between morning and afternoon observations, even though the number of species alone was significantly different as discussed in 5.3 This confirms the importance of number of individuals in addition to the number of species.
5.8 The Butterfly Species Found once during 12-month Period Over 12-month period, there were 13 species which were found only once. Twelve out of these were reported as rare species that were found in small number in the nature (Lekagul et al 1977). The exception was the Lime Butterfly (Papilio demoleus, Family Papilionidae). This particular species is commonly found in urban and rural habitats. This could explain the trail since citrus plants were scare during the study period. Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc.(Environmental Biology) / 41
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusions
1. The total observed number of butterfly species along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3Suwat trail from March 2002 to February 2003 was 138 from five families. 2. The highest total number of species was in December 2002 (69 species), while เมื่อ 09/10/2564the lowest was in July 2002 00:48:38 (47 species). 3. In the morning observations, the highest number of observed butterfly species was found in October 2002 (62 species) and lowest in July 2002 (38 species). 4. In the afternoon observations, the highest number of observed butterfly species was found in September 2002 and January 2003 (46 species) and lowest in May and July 2002 (29 species). 5. Twenty-five species of butterfly were found exclusively in the morning whereas 11 species were found in the afternoon only. 6. There is significant difference between morning and afternoon number of observed butterfly species (p=0.001). 7. The total number of observed butterfly individuals was 8,244. 8. The highest total number of individuals was in March 2002 (1,272 individuals), while the lowest was in January 2003 (372 individuals). 9. In the morning observations, the highest number of observed butterfly individuals was found in March 2002 (762 individuals) and lowest in January 2003 (208 individuals). 10. In the afternoon observations, the highest number of observed butterfly individuals was also found in March 2002 (510 individuals) and lowest in May 2002 (76 individuals). 11. Eurema hecabe (Family Pieridae) had the highest number of 982 individuals. Graphium agetes (Family Papilionidae) was second with 498 individuals. Premask Ratiwiriyapong Conclusion and Recommendation / 42
12. There is significant difference between morning and afternoon number of butterfly individuals (p=0.004). 13. The distribution of the butterflies along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail from March 2002 to February 2003 follows the log series distribution model. 14. The highest Fisher’s alpha index was in January 2003 (21.01±3.67) and the lowest in September 2002 (11.33±1.54). 15. In the morning observations, the highest Fisher’s alpha index was in October 2002 (20.8±3.53) and lowest in August 2002 (11.54±2.12). 10.14457/MU.the.2004.316. In the afternoon observations, the highest Fisher’s alpha index was in January 2003 (21.23±5.25) and lowest in October 2002 (10.9±2.94). เมื่อ17. There09/10/2564 is no significant difference 00:48:38 between the Fisher’s alpha index during morning and afternoon observations (p= 0.077). 18. The temperature is negatively correlated to the total number of observed butterfly species (p=0.035, r =-0.611) and diversity index (p=0.003, r =-0.783). 19. There is no correlation between temperature and the total number of observed butterfly individuals (p= 0.286, r = 0.336). 20. There are no correlations between relative humidity and total number of observed butterfly species (p=0.753), number of individuals (p=0.297) and diversity index (p=0.697). 21. In the morning observations, there are no correlations between temperature and number of butterfly species (p=0.116, r = -0.427) and number of butterfly individuals (p= 0.286, r = 0.336), while there is negative correlation between temperature and diversity index (p= 0.015, r =-0.783). There are no correlations between relative humidity and number of butterfly species, number of individuals and diversity index. 22. In the afternoon observations, there are no correlations between the two environmental factors and number of observed butterfly species, number of individuals and diversity index. Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc.(Environmental Biology) / 43
Recommendations
1. Transect Method 1.1 Transect technique is suitable for the study of butterflies. Pollard and Yates (1993) suggested that this method required fewer assumptions about the behavior of individual butterflies and about the structure of population and this method is not greatly influenced by weather conditions on the day of recording. However, in order to minimize the overestimation of butterfly population caused by repeated 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3counts. It is recommended that the survey each month should cover only one trip along the study trail and then period of observations should be throughout the day. เมื่อThe survey 09/10/2564 could be made twice a month,00:48:38 if possible.
1.2 In this study, the width of the transect was 3 meters on each side. It is appropriate since many parts of the trail were covered with densely populated plants on both sides. This limited the identification by sight. It is recommend that, the width of the transect could be adjusted to fit different study sites. However, it should not be over 5 meters because there is high possibility that, at distances beyond this, the identification would be less accurate.
1.3 The daily observation is recommended to cover both morning and afternoon surveys in order to obtain data as complete as possible. It is obvious that some species are active in early morning, some in the afternoon and some could be found throughout the day. If any specific species are to be studies, however, the observation time could be arranged according to the active period of the species or group.
2. Identification of Butterflies For medium and large butterflies, i.e. those in the families Papilionidae, Nymphalidae and some Pieridae, they could be readily identified by sight on location or from photographs taken. Any persons working in this field should be well prepared to be able to identify them by sight as many as possible. For small butterflies like those in the families Lycaenidae, Hesperiidae and some Pieridae, they are difficult to Premask Ratiwiriyapong Conclusion and Recommendation / 44
identify by sight at the time of the survey due to their size and their fast flying behavior. 3. In this study, temperature and relative humidity were the only factors recorded. Other environmental factors such as light density, period of rainfall and other related biotic factors such as plant species, the flowering time of the plants, could be included. The correlations among these factors are then analyzed.
10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 45
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APPENDIX 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. Appendix A-1. The list of total butterflies were found along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat waterfall trail Family Papilionidae
ไทย Common name Scientific name Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 Nov-02 May-02 1 ถุงทองธรรมดา Golden Birdwing Troides aeacus 2 0 0 1 0 6 2 1 2 0 0 2 16 2 ปกคางคาวพมา Burmese Batwing Parides zaleucus 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 หางตุมจุดชมพู Common Rose Pachliopta aristolochiae 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 หนอนมะนาว Lime Butterfly Papilio demoleus 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 หางติ่งมหาเทพ Burmese Raven P. mahadeva 6 1 1 4 0 10 8 0 0 0 0 2 32 6 หางติ่งเฮเลน Red Helen P. helenus 0 5 9 56 27 109 138 37 2 2 0 5 390 7 หางติ่งชะออน Black and White Helen P. nephelus 9 13 0 0 0 2 3 8 0 0 0 0 35 M.Sc. (Environmental Biology)/51 8 หางติ่งนางระเวง Great Mormon P. memnon 2 2 1 1 0 5 5 12 2 3 2 1 36 9 หางติ่งธรรมดา Common Mormon P. polytes 12 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 17 10 หางติ่งปารีส Paris Peacock P. paris 1 18 10 39 30 73 163 60 11 4 2 10 421 11 หางดาบภูเขา Fourbar Swordtail Graphium agetes 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 0 0 29 12 หางดาบลายขีด Chain Swordtail G. aristeus 40 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 13 หางดาบธรรมดา Fivebar Swordtail G. antiphates 20 25 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 50 14 มาลายใหญ Great Zebra G. xenocles 10 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 17 15 สะพายฟา Common Bluebottle G. sarpedon 74 32 19 24 22 52 95 22 17 80 15 46 498 16 หนอนจําปจุดแยก Common Jay G. doson 56 35 17 50 0 0 11 5 10 4 0 5 193 17 หนอนจําปจุดเชื่อม Great Jay G. eurypylus 0 13 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 19 18 หนอนจําปธรรมดา Tailed Jay G. agamemnon 13 6 3 2 4 1 2 2 5 6 2 4 50 19 หางมังกรขาว White Dragontail Lamproptera curius 2 1 1 3 20 14 173 68 8 8 4 3 305 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix Family Pieridae
ไทย
Common name Scientific name Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Feb-03 Sep-02 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 Nov-02 May-02 1 ขาวแคระ Psyche Leptosia nina 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 3 4 5 17 2 เหลืองสยามขอบดํา Lesser Gull Cepora nadina 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 8 1 13 3 หนอนใบกุมขอบตาลไหม Chocolate Albatross Appias lyncida 5 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 4 หนอนใบกุมเสนดํา Striped Albatross A. libythea 250 5 0 2 0 0 0 6 0 22 7 10 302 5 หนอนใบกุมธรรมดา Common Albatross A. albina 150 25 13 0 0 1 2 8 105 139 12 40 495 6 ปลายปกสมเล็ก Yellow Orange Tip Ixias pyrene 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 7 ปลายปกสมใหญ Great Orange Tip Hebomoia glaucippe 0 0 4 3 8 6 11 5 1 2 1 2 43 8 หนอนคูณธรรมดา Lemon Emigrant Catopsilia pomona 5 0 1 1 0 2 1 2 0 1 0 3 16 9 เณรธรรมดา Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe 19 15 46 143 217 142 257 63 17 35 23 5 982 10 เณรภูเขา Hill Grass Yellow E. simulatrix 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 16 8 61 11 เณรแอนเดอรสัน Anderson's Grass Yellow E. andersonii 2 15 0 0 0 0 0 32 109 56 13 27 254 12 เณรยอดไม Tree Yellow Gandaca harina 5 2 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24
Family Nymphalidae
ไทย Common name Scientific name Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 Nov-02 May-02 1 หนอนใบรักลายเสือ Common Tiger Danaus genutia 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 3 2 หนอนใบรักฟาใหญ Dark Blue Tiger Tirumala septentrionis 23 49 36 91 1 2 3 2 6 2 1 18 234 3 Yellow Glassy Tiger Parantica aspasia 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 3 1 1 2 11
หนอนใบรักเหลือง /52 4 หนอนใบรักขีดยาว Common Glassy Tiger P. aglea 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 12 5 หนอนใบรักสีตาล Chocolate Tiger P. melaneus 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 1 8 3 17 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. 6 จรกาเหลือบฟา Blue King Crow Euploea camaralzeman 0 0 0 0 1 8 3 6 19 3 0 0 40 7 จรกาหนอนยี่โถ Common Indian Crow E. core 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 9 8 จรกาขีดเดียว Long-branbed Blue Crow E. algea 138 57 38 168 2 0 0 1 2 11 34 104 555 9 จรกาสองขีด Double-braned Blue Crow E. sylvester 0 0 0 10 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 10 จรกาเมียลาย Striped Blue Crow E. mulciber 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 2 2 9 11 จรกาดําขาว Magpie Crow E. radamanthus 75 20 30 84 2 4 1 3 29 17 5 21 291 12 สายัณหสีตาลไหม Dark Evening Brown Melanitis phedima 89 45 8 1 0 1 18 0 34 21 41 69 327 13 หนอนมะพราวธรรมดา Common Palmfly Elymnias hypermnestra 0 1 2 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 3 1 11 14 หนอนมะพราวลายจุด Spotted Palmfly E. malelas 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 15 เลอะเทอะเมขลา Common Red Forester Lethe mekara 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 0 0 0 1 7 16 เลอะเทอะลายสองขีด Bamboo Forester L. kansa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 17 ตาลพุมใหญ Cyclops Bushbrown Mycalesis mnasicles 8 5 3 8 21 26 18 6 22 1 0 6 124 18 ตาลพุมสามจุดเรียง Common Bushbrown M. perseus 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 M.Sc. (Environmental Biology)/53 19 ตาลพุมสี่จุดเรียง Dark-brand Bushbrown M. mineus 20 3 0 2 5 4 6 0 5 19 9 17 90 20 ตาลพุมแถบขาวเล็ก White-bar Bushbrown M. anaxias 28 15 17 25 12 21 7 7 21 13 8 16 190 21 นิโกร Nigger Orsotriaena medus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 22 ตาแมวมวง Scarce Catseye Coelites nothis 4 3 3 0 0 10 4 0 0 0 0 0 24 23 สีตาลจุดตาหาธรรมดา Common Five-ring Ypthima baldus 22 10 8 18 7 10 15 24 30 20 47 29 240 24 สีตาลจุดตาสาม Looped Three-ring Y. pandocus 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 13 1 2 20 25 ปาสีตาลไหม Common Faun Faunis canens 8 1 5 9 9 4 10 6 4 6 1 4 67 26 หนอนมะพราวขนปุย Common Palmking Amathusia phidippus 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 27 พระเสารธรรมดา Common Saturn Zeuxidia amethystus 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 4 28 พระเสารใหญ Great Saturn Z. aurelius 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 29 สีอิฐธรรมดา Common Yeoman Cirrochroa tyche 0 1 11 1 0 0 0 2 1 2 3 0 21 30 อไซเรี่ยนเล็ก Royal Assyrian Terinos terpander 0 0 4 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 12 31 อไซเรี่ยนใหญ Assyrian T. clarissa 0 0 1 3 2 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 9 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix 32 เสือดาวใหญ Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 33 ลายขี้เมี่ยง Rustic Cupha erymanthis 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 5 34 ลายตลกธรรมดา Common Jester Symbrenthia lilaea 0 0 1 0 0 1 7 0 1 3 0 0 13 35 ลายตลกลายจุด Spotted Jester S. hypselis 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 36 แพนซีตาลไหม Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 2 1 1 10 37 แพนซีเทา Gray Pansy J. atlites 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 9 21 38 แพนซีมยุรา Peacock Pansy J. almana 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 4 39 แพนซีสีตาล Lemon Pansy J. lemonias 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 4 40 ปกไขใหญ Great Egg-fly Hypolimnas bolina 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 10 41 ใบไมเล็ก Autumn Leaf Doleschallia bisaltide 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 8 42 ใบไมใหญ Orange Oakleaf Kallima inachus 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 2 10 43 ขี้โอลายแถบ Banded Dandy Laringa horsfieldi 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 44 แผนที่แดงธรรมดา Common Maplet Chersonesia risa 0 0 2 1 4 7 5 6 2 1 1 0 29 45 แผนที่ลายหินออน Marbled Map Cyrestis cocles 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 47 แผนที่เล็ก Little Map C. themire 0 0 0 1 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 46 แผนที่ธรรมดา Common Map C. thyodamas 1 8 2 1 0 1 3 1 4 8 1 3 33 48 กลาสีลายทึบ Clear Sailor Neptis clinia 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 1 0 2 0 9 49 กลาสีแดงธรรมดา Common Lasscar N. hordonia 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 2 4 2 2 16 50 กลาสีธรรมดา Common Plain Sailor N. hylas 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 4 11 3 4 26 51 จาเซลลทึบ Staff Sergeant Athyma selenophora 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 4 52 จาเมียสีสม Color Sergeant A. nefte 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 6 53 จาเสนปกดํา Blackvein Sergeant A. ranga 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 54 แถบขาวธรรมดา Commander Moduza procris 1 2 0 0 2 0 1 1 2 4 1 0 14 55 สะพายขาวปกโคง Knight Lebadea martha 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 5 1 1 1 2 14 56 ชางรอน Clipper Parthenos sylvia 10 20 6 25 14 9 11 16 9 6 11 4 141 /54 57 ไวสเคาทขอบฟา Common Earl Tanaecia julii 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 4 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. 58 เคาทเทา Gray Count T. lepidea 7 2 7 12 2 0 5 10 6 10 9 10 80 59 เคาทขอบมวง Lavender Count T. cocytus 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 5 3 14 60 บารอนมวงดํา Plain Earl T. jahnu 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 0 5 61 บารอนประดับฟา Powdered Baron Euthalia kesava 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 62 อาคดุกธรรมดา Common Archduke Lexias pardalis 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 63 เจาชายดํา Black Prince Rohana parisatis 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 1 7 4 2 20 64 ตาลหนามแดง Tawny Rajah Charaxes bernardus 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 65 เหลืองหนามธรรมดา Common Nawab Polyura athamas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 66 เหลืองหนามใหญโคนปกดํา Great Nawab P. eudamippus 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 67 หัวแหลมกระบองหัก Common Beak Libythea celtis 100 85 16 3 0 0 0 5 20 37 15 22 303
Family Lycaenidae M.Sc. (Environmental Biology)/55 ไทย Common name Scientific name Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 Nov-02 May-02 1 หนอนพุทราธรรมดา Common Pierrot Castalius rosimon 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 หนอนพุทราแถบตรง Straight Pierrot Caleta roxus 0 0 0 0 5 22 5 3 0 0 0 0 35 3 หนอนพุทราแถบหักศอก Elbowed Pierrot C. elna 0 0 0 2 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 4 ขอบไรจุด Common Quaker Neopithecops zalmora 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 3 5 ฟาวาวใหญ Metallic Cerulean Jamides alecto 0 0 0 5 5 10 7 3 3 0 1 0 34 6 ขมิ้นกับปูนแถบแคบ Restricted Purple Sapphire Heliophorus ila 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 ขมิ้นกับปูนธรรมดา Purple Sapphire H. epicles 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 5 8 แตมแสดธรรมดา Common Posy Drupadia ravindra 6 2 5 3 8 4 8 8 8 11 8 12 83 9 พุมไมธรรมดา Common Tit Hypolycaena erylus 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 3 10 หางพลิ้ว Fluffy Tit Zeltus amasa 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 3 1 8 0 0 20 11 หนอนไมผลแถบดํา Brilliant Flash Rapala elcia 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38
12 หนอนกลวยไมปา Orchid Tit Chliaria othona 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix 13 สีหมากสุก Dentate Sunbeam Curetis dentata 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 14 บินตลกธรรมดา Common Punchinello Zemeros flegyas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 15 ปกกึ่งหุบลายหัก Common Plum Judy Abisara echerius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 16 ปกกึ่งหุบลายแปลก Abnormal Plum Judy A. abnormis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 17 ปกกึ่งหุบหางยาว Common Tailed Judy A. neophron 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 18 ใตปกพราวเล็ก Lesser Harlequin Laxita thuisto 2 1 1 4 0 3 3 3 1 2 1 0 21 19 ใตปกพราวใหญ Larger Harlequin Taxila haquinus 1 1 2 5 0 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 23
Family Hesperiidae
ไทย Common name Scientific name Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 Nov-02 May-02
1 หนาเข็มปกมนสม Orange Awlet Bibasis harisa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 2 หนาเข็มปกมนแถบขาว Orange-tailed Awl Bibasis sena 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 หนาเข็มแถบขาวเหลือบเขียว White-banded Awl Hasora taminatus 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 5 4 หนาเข็มแถบเหลือง Yellow-banded Awl H. schoenherr 1 4 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 2 14 5 ปกราบลายจุด Common Spotted Flat Celaenorrhinus leucocera 1 2 13 3 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 22 6 ปกราบแถบทอง Dark Yellow-banded Flat C. Aurivittatus 1 9 10 57 19 10 16 16 0 1 1 4 144 7 เชิงเหลือง Yellow Flat Mooreana trichoneura 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 8 ปายขาวธรรมดา Common Snow Flat Tagiades japetus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 9 ปายขาวใหญ Large Snow Flat T. gana 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 10 ปายขาวลําธาร Water Snow Flat T. litigiosus 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 4 11 ปายขาวลายจุด Spotted Snow Flat T. menaka 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 3 12 ตาลแดงโคนขีด Chestnust Angle Odontoptilum angulatum 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 /56 13 จิ๋วหนอนมะพราวธรรมดา Common Chestnut Bob Iambrix salsala 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. 14 คาดแสดแถบสั้น Narrow-baned Velvet Bob Koruthaialos rubecula 0 1 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 15 นิลกายธรรมดา Chocolate Demon Ancistroides nigrita 3 6 2 8 10 16 21 22 14 6 2 12 122 16 นิลวรรณปกแถบธรรมดา Common Banded Demon Notocrypta paralysos 3 2 2 9 0 13 7 9 11 4 6 6 72 17 มุมใตปกขาว White-tipped Palmer Lotongus calathus 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 18 ตาแดงธรรมดา Common Redeye Matapa aria 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 19 ตาแดงขลิบสม Fringed Redeye M. cresta 0 0 0 3 0 1 5 1 0 0 0 0 10 20 หนอนหญาสิกขิม Sikkim Dart Potanthus nesta 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 21 หนอนหญาตาลหนึ่งจุด Full Stop Swift Caltoris cormasa 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 5 M.Sc. (Environmental Biology)/57 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38
Appendix A-2. The list of butterflies were found on morning surveyed found along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat waterfall trail Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix Family Papilionidae
ไทย Common name Scientific name Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 Nov-02 May-02
1 ถุงทองธรรมดา Golden Birdwing Troides aeacus 1 0 0 1 0 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 7 2 ปกคางคาวพมา Burmese Batwing Parides zaleucus 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 01 3 หางตุมจุดชมพู Common Rose Pachliopta aristolochiae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 หนอนมะนาว Lime Butterfly Papilio demoleus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 5 หางติ่งมหาเทพ Burmese Raven P. mahadeva 5 1 1 2 0 6 5 0 0 0 0 1 21 6 หางติ่งเฮเลน Red Helen P. helenus 0 5 7 35 20 72 84 33 2 2 0 3 263 7 หางติ่งชะออน Black and White Helen P. nephelus 7 11 0 0 0 1 2 8 0 0 0 0 29 8 หางติ่งนางระเวง Great Mormon P. memnon 1 2 1 1 0 4 4 10 1 3 1 129 9 หางติ่งธรรมดา Common Mormon P. polytes 12 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 17 10 หางติ่งปารีส Paris Peacock P. paris 1 13 9 18 16 60 102 36 10 4 2 10 281 11 หางดาบภูเขา Fourbar Swordtail Graphium agetes 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 7 0 0 27 12 หางดาบลายขีด Chain Swordtail G. aristeus 40 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 048 13 หางดาบธรรมดา Fivebar Swordtail G. antiphates 20 25 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 50 14 มาลายใหญ Great Zebra G. xenocles 10 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 517 15 สะพายฟา Common Bluebottle G. sarpedon 72 32 19 23 17 42 70 22 17 80 15 46 455 16 หนอนจําปจุดแยก Common Jay G. doson 56 35 17 50 0 0 6 5 10 4 0 5 188 17 หนอนจําปจุดเชื่อม Great Jay G. eurypylus 0 13 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 19 18 หนอนจําปธรรมดา Tailed Jay G. agamemnon 13 6 3 0 3 1 2 2 4 5 1 444 19 หางมังกรขาว White Dragontail Lamproptera curius 2 1 1 3 20 14 122 64 6 8 3 3 247 /58 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38
Family Pieridae Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ.
ไทย Common name Scientific name Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Feb-03 Sep-02 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 Nov-02 May-02 1 ขาวแคระ Psyche Leptosia nina 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 6 2 เหลืองสยามขอบดํา Lesser Gull Cepora nadina 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 8 111 3 หนอนใบกุมขอบตาลไหม Chocolate Albatross Appias lyncida 5 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 4 หนอนใบกุมเสนดํา Striped Albatross A. libythea 150 5 0 2 0 0 0 6 0 21 6 10 200 5 หนอนใบกุมธรรมดา Common Albatross A. albina 30 22 13 0 0 1 1 7 80 53 3 30 240 6 ปลายปกสมเล็ก Yellow Orange Tip Ixias pyrene 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 7 ปลายปกสมใหญ Great Orange Tip Hebomoia glaucippe 0 0 4 3 4 2 10 5 1 2 0 2 33 8 หนอนคูณ ธรรมดา Lemon Emigrant Catopsilia pomona 5 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 312
9 เณรธรรมดา Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe 10 6 36 90 102 79 111 26 9 23 7 0 499 M.Sc. (Environmental Biology)/59 10 เณรภูเขา Hill Grass Yellow E. simulatrix 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 8 130 11 เณรแอนเดอรสัน Anderson's Grass Yellow E. andersonii 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 20 57 37 1 15 143 12 เณรยอดไม Tree Yellow Gandaca harina 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 08
Family Nymphalidae
ไทย Common name Scientific name Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 Nov-02 May-02 1 หนอนใบรักลายเสือ Common Tiger Danaus genutia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 2 หนอนใบรักฟาใหญ Dark Blue Tiger Tirumala septentrionis 11 9 31 19 0 1 2 2 6 2 0 16 99 3 หนอนใบรักเหลือง Yellow Glassy Tiger Parantica aspasia 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 2 8 4 หนอนใบรักขีดยาว Common Glassy Tiger P. aglea 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 26 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 5 หนอนใบรักสีตาล Chocolate Tiger P. melaneus 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 7 1 10 Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix 6 จรกาเหลือบฟา Blue King Crow Euploea camaralzeman 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 3 16 2 0 026 7 จรกาหนอนยี่โถ Common Indian Crow E. core 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 8 จรกาขีดเดียว Long-branbed Blue Crow E. algea 40 26 38 87 0 0 0 1 2 2 23 69 288 9 จรกาสองขีด Double-branded Blue Crow E. sylvester 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 จรกาเมียลาย Striped Blue Crow E. mulciber 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 14 11 จรกาดําขาว Magpie Crow E. radamanthus 30 5 30 20 2 2 0 3 26 7 4 17 146 12 สายัณหสีตาลไหม Dark Evening Brown Melanitis phedima 69 40 3 0 0 1 17 0 27 15 33 48 253 13 หนอนมะพราวธรรมดา Common Palmfly Elymnias hypermnestra 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 4 14 หนอนมะพราวลายจุด Spotted Palmfly E. malelas 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 15 เลอะเทอะเมขลา Common Red Forester Lethe mekara 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 5 16 เลอะเทอะลายสองขีด Bamboo Forester L. kansa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 01 17 ตาลพุมใหญ Cyclops Bushbrown Mycalesis mnasicles 5 2 2 5 14 15 7 2 12 0 0 5 69 18 ตาลพุมสามจุดเรียง Common Bushbrown M. perseus 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 19 ตาลพุมสี่จุดเรียง Dark-brand Bushbrown M. mineus 3 1 0 1 2 3 3 0 1 10 6 12 42 20 ตาลพุมแถบขาวเล็ก White-bar Bushbrown M. anaxias 16 9 12 12 5 11 2 3 10 8 7 13 108 21 นิโกร Nigger Orsotriaena medus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 ตาแมวมวง Scarce Catseye Coelites nothis 0 0 1 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 09 23 สีตาลจุดตาหาธรรมดา Common Five-ring Ypthima baldus 11 3 4 3 3 2 6 15 9 2 12 5 75 24 สีตาลจุดตาสาม Looped Three-ring Y. pandocus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 14 25 ปาสีตาลไหม Common Faun Faunis canens 5 1 3 3 5 1 2 3 0 2 0 2 27 26 หนอนมะพราวขนปุย Common Palmking Amathusia phidippus 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 01 27 พระเสารธรรมดา Common Saturn Zeuxidia amethystus 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 28 พระเสารใหญ Great Saturn Z. aurelius 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 03
29 สีอิฐธรรมดา Common Yeoman Cirrochroa tyche 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 13 /60 30 อไซเรี่ยนเล็ก Royal Assyrian Terinos terpander 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 06 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3
เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. 31 อไซเรี่ยนใหญ Assyrian T. clarissa 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 32 เสือดาวใหญ Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 33 ลายขี้เมี่ยง Rustic Cupha erymanthis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 34 ลายตลกธรรมดา Common Jester Symbrenthia lilaea 0 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 1 3 0 011 35 ลายตลกลายจุด Spotted Jester S. hypselis 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 36 แพนซีตาลไหม Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 03 37 แพนซีเทา Gray Pansy J. atlites 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 7 18 38 แพนซีมยุรา Peacock Pansy J. almana 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 03 39 แพนซีสีตาล Lemon Pansy J. lemonias 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 40 ปกไขใหญ Great Egg-fly Hypolimnas bolina 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 16 41 ใบไมเล็ก Autumn Leaf Doleschallia bisaltide 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 7 42 ใบไมใหญ Orange Oakleaf Kallima inachus 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 05
43 ขี้โอลายแถบ Banded Dandy Laringa horsfieldi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 M.Sc. (Environmental Biology)/61 44 แผนที่แดงธรรมดา Common Maplet Chersonesia risa 0 0 2 0 3 1 2 4 1 0 0 013 45 แผนที่ลายหินออน Marbled Map Cyrestis cocles 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 46 แผนที่ธรรมดา Common Map C. thyodamas 0 4 2 1 0 1 1 1 2 6 1 221 47 แผนที่เล็ก Little Map C. themire 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 48 กลาสีลายทึบ Clear Sailor Neptis clinia 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 1 06 49 กลาสีแดงธรรมดา Common Lasscar N. hordonia 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 1 2 10 50 กลาสีธรรมดา Common Plain Sailor N. hylas 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 4 9 1 218 51 จาเซลลทึบ Staff Sergeant Athyma selenophora 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 52 จาเมียสีสม Color Sergeant A. nefte 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 06 53 จาเสนปกดํา Blackvein Sergeant A. ranga 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 54 แถบขาวธรรมดา Commander Moduza procris 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 4 1 013 55 สะพายขาวปกโคง Knight Lebadea martha 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 1 1 1 9 56 ชางรอน Clipper Parthenos sylvia 7 9 4 19 11 5 7 10 7 4 6 493 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 57 ไวสเคาทขอบฟา Common Earl Tanaecia julii 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix 58 เคาทเทา Gray Count T. lepidea 6 1 5 12 1 0 3 8 3 4 5 452 59 เคาทขอบมวง Lavender Count T. cocytus 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 5 60 บารอนมวงดํา Plain Earl T. jahnu 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 01 61 บารอนประดับฟา Powdered Baron Euthalia kesava 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 62 อาคดุกธรรมดา Common Archduke Lexias pardalis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 63 เจาชายดํา Black Prince Rohana parisatis 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 1 6 4 1 17 64 ตาลหนามแดง Tawny Rajah Charaxes bernardus 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 65 เหลืองหนามธรรมดา Common Nawab Polyura athamas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 66 เหลืองหนามใหญโคนปกดํา Great Nawab P. eudamippus 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 01 67 หัวแหลมกระบองหัก Common Beak Libythea celtis 80 65 11 2 0 0 0 5 20 37 15 18 253
Family Lycaenidae
ไทย Common name Scientific name Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 Nov-02 May-02 1 หนอนพุทราธรรมดา Common Pierrot Castalius rosimon 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 หนอนพุทราแถบตรง Straight Pierrot Caleta roxus 0 0 0 0 5 1 5 3 0 0 0 014 3 หนอนพุทราแถบหักศอก Elbowed Pierrot C. elna 0 0 0 1 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 4 ขอบไรจุด Common Quaker Neopithecops zalmora 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 5 ฟาวาวใหญ Metallic Cerulean Jamides alecto 0 0 0 3 4 9 6 3 0 0 0 0 25 6 ขมิ้นกับปูนแถบแคบ Restricted Purple Sapphire Heliophorus ila 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 01 7 ขมิ้นกับปูนธรรมดา Purple Sapphire H. epicles 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 5 8 แตมแสดธรรมดา Common Posy Drupadia ravindra 2 1 3 1 5 0 4 7 3 4 1 334
9 พุมไมธรรมดา Common Tit Hypolycaena erylus 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 3 /62 10 หางพลิ้ว Fluffy Tit Zeltus amasa 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 3 1 6 0 014 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3
เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. 11 หนอนไมผลแถบดํา Brilliant Flash Rapala elcia 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 12 หนอนกลวยไมปา Orchid Tit Chliaria othona 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 13 สีหมากสุก Dentate Sunbeam Curetis dentata 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 14 บินตลกธรรมดา Common Punchinello Zemeros flegyas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 02 15 ปกกึ่งหุบลายหัก Common Plum Judy Abisara echerius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 16 ปกกึ่งหุบลายแปลก Abnormal Plum Judy A. abnormis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 01 17 ปกกึ่งหุบหางยาว Common Tailed Judy A. neophron 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 18 ใตปกพราวเล็ก Lesser Harlequin Laxita thuisto 1 1 1 2 0 1 2 1 0 1 1 011 19 ใตปกพราวใหญ Larger Harlequin Taxila haquinus 1 0 2 3 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 12
Family Hesperiidae
ไทย Common name Scientific name M.Sc. (Environmental Biology)/63 Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 Nov-02 May-02
1 หนาเข็มปกมนสม Orange Awlet Bibasis harisa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 หนาเข็มปกมนแถบขาว Orange-tailed Awl Bibasis sena 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 3 หนาเข็มแถบขาวเหลือบเขียว White-banded Awl Hasora taminatus 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 หนาเข็มแถบเหลือง Yellow-banded Awl H. schoenherr 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 17 5 ปกราบลายจุด Common Spotted Flat Celaenorrhinus leucocera 1 1 7 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 11 6 ปกราบแถบทอง Dark Yellow-banded Flat C. Aurivittatus 1 7 8 33 12 6 8 10 0 1 0 288 7 เชิงเหลือง Yellow Flat Mooreana trichoneura 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 8 ปายขาวธรรมดา Common Snow Flat Tagiades japetus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 9 ปายขาวใหญ Large Snow Flat T. gana 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 10 ปายขาวลําธาร Water Snow Flat T. litigiosus 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 11 ปายขาวลายจุด Spotted Snow Flat T. menaka 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 ตาลแดงโคนขีด Chestnust Angle Odontoptilum angulatum 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3
เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix 13 จิ๋วหนอนมะพราวธรรมดา Common Chestnut Bob Iambrix salsala 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 14 คาดแสดแถบสั้น Narrow-banded Velvet Bob Koruthaialos rubecula 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 06 15 นิลกายธรรมดา Chocolate Demon Ancistroides nigrita 1 5 2 6 9 12 20 16 12 6 1 8 98 16 นิลวรรณปกแถบธรรมดา Common Banded Demon Notocrypta paralysos 2 1 2 7 0 11 7 7 10 3 3 659 17 มุมใตปกขาว White-tipped Palmer Lotongus calathus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 ตาแดงธรรมดา Common Redeye Matapa aria 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 19 ตาแดงขลิบสม Fringed Redeye M. cresta 0 0 0 2 0 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 8 20 หนอนหญาสิกขิม Sikkim Dart Potanthus nesta 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 02 21 หนอนหญาตาลหนึ่งจุด Full Stop Swift Caltoris cormasa 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 /64 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3
เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. Appendix A-3. The list of butterflies were found on afternoon surveyed found along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat waterfall trail Family Papilionidae
ไทย Common name Scientific name Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 Nov-02 May-02
1 ถุงทองธรรมดา Golden Birdwing Troides aeacus 1 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 2 9 2 ปกคางคาวพมา Burmese Batwing Parides zaleucus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 3 หางตุมจุดชมพู Common Rose Pachliopta aristolochiae 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 หนอนมะนาว Lime Butterfly Papilio demoleus 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 01 5 หางติ่งมหาเทพ Burmese Raven P. mahadeva 1 0 0 2 0 4 3 0 0 0 0 1 11 6 หางติ่งเฮเลน Red Helen P. helenus 0 0 2 21 7 37 54 4 0 0 0 2 127
7 หางติ่งชะออน Black and White Helen P. nephelus 2 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 M.Sc. (Environmental Biology)/65 8 หางติ่งนางระเวง Great Mormon P. memnon 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 07 9 หางติ่งธรรมดา Common Mormon P. polytes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 หางติ่งปารีส Paris Peacock P. paris 0 5 1 21 14 13 61 24 1 0 0 0 140 11 หางดาบภูเขา Fourbar Swordtail Graphium agetes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 12 หางดาบลายขีด Chain Swordtail G. aristeus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 13 หางดาบธรรมดา Fivebar Swordtail G. antiphates 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 มาลายใหญ Great Zebra G. xenocles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 15 สะพายฟา Common Bluebottle G. sarpedon 2 0 0 1 5 10 25 0 0 0 0 0 43 16 หนอนจําปจุดแยก Common Jay G. doson 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 05 17 หนอนจําปจุดเชื่อม Great Jay G. eurypylus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 หนอนจําปธรรมดา Tailed Jay G. agamemnon 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 06 19 หางมังกรขาว White Dragontail Lamproptera curius 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 4 2 0 1 0 58 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix
Family Pieridae
ไทย Common name Scientific name Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 Nov-02 May-02
1 ขาวแคระ Psyche Leptosia nina 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 4 11 2 เหลืองสยามขอบดํา Lesser Gull Cepora nadina 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 3 หนอนใบกุมขอบตาลไหม Chocolate Albatross Appias lyncida 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 หนอนใบกุมเสนดํา Striped Albatross A. libythea 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 102 5 หนอนใบกุมธรรมดา Common Albatross A. albina 120 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 25 86 9 10 255 6 ปลายปกสมเล็ก Yellow Orange Tip Ixias pyrene 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 7 ปลายปกสมใหญ Great Orange Tip Hebomoia glaucippe 0 0 0 0 4 4 1 0 0 0 1 0 10 8 หนอนคูณธรรมดา Lemon Emigrant Catopsilia pomona 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 04 9 เณรธรรมดา Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe 9 9 10 53 115 63 146 37 8 12 16 5 483 10 เณรภูเขา Hill Grass Yellow E. simulatrix 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 8 731 11 เณรแอนเดอรสัน Anderson's Grass Yellow E. andersonii 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 12 52 19 12 12 111 12 เณรยอดไม Tree Yellow Gandaca harina 5 2 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 016
Family Nymphalidae
ไทย
Common name Scientific name Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 Nov-02 May-02
1 หนอนใบรักลายเสือ Common Tiger Danaus genutia 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 /66 2 หนอนใบรักฟาใหญ Dark Blue Tiger Tirumala septentrionis 12 40 5 72 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 135 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. 3 หนอนใบรักเหลือง Yellow Glassy Tiger Parantica aspasia 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 3 4 หนอนใบรักขีดยาว Common Glassy Tiger P. aglea 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 06 5 หนอนใบรักสีตาล Chocolate Tiger P. melaneus 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 7 6 จรกาเหลือบฟา Blue King Crow Euploea camaralzeman 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 3 3 1 0 014 7 จรกาหนอนยี่โถ Common Indian Crow E. core 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 8 จรกาขีดเดียว Long-branbed Blue Crow E. algea 98 31 0 81 2 0 0 0 0 9 11 25 257 9 จรกาสองขีด Double-branded Blue Crow E. sylvester 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 จรกาเมียลาย Striped Blue Crow E. mulciber 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 15 11 จรกาดําขาว Magpie Crow E. radamanthus 45 15 0 64 0 2 1 0 3 10 1 4 145 12 สายัณหสีตาลไหม Dark Evening Brown Melanitis phedima 20 5 5 1 0 0 1 0 7 6 8 21 74 13 หนอนมะพราวธรรมดา Common Palmfly Elymnias hypermnestra 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 7 14 หนอนมะพราวลายจุด Spotted Palmfly E. malelas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 15 เลอะเทอะเมขลา Common Red Forester Lethe mekara 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 M.Sc. (Environmental Biology)/67 16 เลอะเทอะลายสองขีด Bamboo Forester L. kansa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 17 ตาลพุมใหญ Cyclops Bushbrown Mycalesis mnasicles 3 3 1 3 7 11 11 4 10 1 0 1 55 18 ตาลพุมสามจุดเรียง Common Bushbrown M. perseus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 19 ตาลพุมสี่จุดเรียง Dark-brand Bushbrown M. mineus 17 2 0 1 3 1 3 0 4 9 3 5 48 20 ตาลพุมแถบขาวเล็ก White-bar Bushbrown M. anaxias 12 6 5 13 7 10 5 4 11 5 1 382 21 นิโกร Nigger Orsotriaena medus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 22 ตาแมวมวง Scarce Catseye Coelites nothis 4 3 2 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 015 23 สีตาลจุดตาหาธรรมดา Common Five-ring Ypthima baldus 11 7 4 15 4 8 9 9 21 18 35 24 165 24 สีตาลจุดตาสาม Looped Three-ring Y. pandocus 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 11 0 116 25 ปาสีตาลไหม Common Faun Faunis canens 3 0 2 6 4 3 8 3 4 4 1 2 40 26 หนอนมะพราวขนปุย Common Palmking Amathusia phidippus 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 27 พระเสารธรรมดา Common Saturn Zeuxidia amethystus 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 28 พระเสารใหญ Great Saturn Z. aurelius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix 29 สีอิฐธรรมดา Common Yeoman Cirrochroa tyche 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 8 30 อไซเรี่ยนเล็ก Royal Assyrian Terinos terpander 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 06 31 อไซเรี่ยนใหญ Great Assyrian T. atlita 0 0 0 3 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 6 32 เสือดาวใหญ Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 33 ลายขี้เมี่ยง Rustic Cupha erymanthis 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 34 ลายตลกธรรมดา Common Jester Symbrenthia lilaea 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 02 35 ลายตลกลายจุด Spotted Jester S. hypselis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 แพนซีตาลไหม Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 2 1 17 37 แพนซีเทา Gray Pansy J. atlites 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 38 แพนซีมยุรา Peacock Pansy J. almana 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 39 แพนซีสีตาล Lemon Pansy J. lemonias 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 40 ปกไขใหญ Great Egg-fly Hypolimnas bolina 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 41 ใบไมเล็ก Autumn Leaf Doleschallia bisaltide 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 42 ใบไมใหญ Orange Oakleaf Kallima inachus 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 24 43 ขี้โอลายแถบ Banded Dandy Laringa horsfieldi 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 44 แผนที่แดงธรรมดา Common Maplet Chersonesia risa 0 0 0 1 1 6 3 2 1 1 1 016 45 แผนที่ลายหินออน Marbled Map Cyrestis cocles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 แผนที่ธรรมดา Common Map C. thyodamas 1 4 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 112 47 แผนที่เล็ก Little Map C. themire 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 48 กลาสีลายทึบ Clear Sailor Neptis clinia 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 03 49 กลาสีแดงธรรมดา Common Lasscar N. hordonia 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 3 1 0 6 50 กลาสีธรรมดา Common Plain Sailor N. hylas 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 28 51 จาเซลลทึบ Staff Sergeant Athyma selenophora 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 52 จาเมียสีสม Color Sergeant A. nefte 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 53 จาเสนปกดํา Blackvein Sergeant A. ranga 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /68 54 แถบขาวธรรมดา Commander Moduza procris 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. 55 สะพายขาวปกโคง Knight Lebadea martha 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 5 56 ชางรอน Clipper Parthenos sylvia 3 11 2 6 3 4 4 6 2 2 5 048 57 ไวสเคาทขอบฟา Common Earl Tanaecia julii 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 3 58 เคาทเทา Gray Count T. lepidea 1 1 2 0 1 0 2 2 3 6 4 628 59 เคาทขอบมวง Lavender Count T. cocytus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 4 2 9 60 บารอนมวงดํา Plain Earl T. jahnu 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 04 61 บารอนประดับฟา Powdered Baron Euthalia kesava 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 62 อาคดุกธรรมดา Common Archduke Lexias pardalis 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 02 63 เจาชายดํา Black Prince Rohana parisatis 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 3 64 ตาลหนามแดง Tawny Rajah Charaxes bernardus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 65 เหลืองหนามธรรมดา Common Nawab Polyura athamas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 66 เหลืองหนามใหญโคนปกดํา Great Nawab P. eudamippus 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 67 หัวแหลมกระบองหัก Common Beak Libythea celtis 20 20 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 50 M.Sc. (Environmental Biology)/69
Family Lycaenidae
ไทย Common name Scientific name Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 Nov-02 May-02 1 หนอนพุทราธรรมดา Common Pierrot Castalius rosimon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 หนอนพุทราแถบตรง Straight Pierrot Caleta roxus 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 021 3 หนอนพุทราแถบหักศอก Elbowed Pierrot C. elna 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 ขอบไรจุด Common Quaker Neopithecops zalmora 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 03 5 ฟาวาวใหญ Metallic Cerulean Jamides alecto 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 3 0 1 0 9 6 ขมิ้นกับปูนแถบแคบ Restricted Purple Sapphire Heliophorus ila 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 7 ขมิ้นกับปูนธรรมดา Purple Sapphire H. epicles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix 8 แตมแสดธรรมดา Common Posy Drupadia ravindra 4 1 2 2 3 4 4 1 5 7 7 949 9 พุมไมธรรมดา Common Tit Hypolycaena erylus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 หางพลิ้ว Fluffy Tit Zeltus amasa 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 06 11 หนอนไมผลแถบดํา Brilliant Flash Rapala elcia 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 12 หนอนกลวยไมปา Orchid Tit Chliaria othona 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 13 สีหมากสุก Dentate Sunbeam Curetis dentata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 บินตลกธรรมดา Common Punchinello Zemeros flegyas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 15 ปกกึ่งหุบลายหัก Common Plum Judy Abisara echerius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 ปกกึ่งหุบลายแปลก Abnormal Plum Judy A. abnormis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 01 17 ปกกึ่งหุบหางยาว Common Tailed Judy A. neophron 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 18 ใตปกพราวเล็ก Lesser Harlequin Laxita thuisto 1 0 0 2 0 2 1 2 1 1 0 010 19 ใตปกพราวใหญ Large Harlequin Taxila haquinus 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 10
Family Hesperiidae
ไทย Common name Scientific name Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 Nov-02 May-02
1 หนาเข็มปกมนสม Orange Awlet Bibasis harisa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 หนาเข็มปกมนแถบขาว Orange-tailed Awl Bibasis sena 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 3 หนาเข็มแถบขาวเหลือบเขียว White-banded Awl Hasora taminatus 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 4 หนาเข็มแถบเหลือง Yellow-banded Awl H. schoenherr 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 17 5 ปกราบลายจุด Common Spotted Flat Celaenorrhinus leucocera 0 1 6 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 11
6 ปกราบแถบทอง Dark Yellow-banded Flat C. Aurivittatus 0 2 2 24 7 4 8 6 0 0 1 256 /70 7 เชิงเหลือง Yellow Flat Mooreana trichoneura 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 ปายขาวธรรมดา Common Snow Flat Tagiades japetus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 01 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 9 ปายขาวใหญ Large Snow Flat T. gana 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. 10 ปายขาวลําธาร Water Snow Flat T. litigiosus 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 03 11 ปายขาวลายจุด Spotted Snow Flat T. menaka 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 3 12 ตาลแดงโคนขีด Chestnust Angle Odontoptilum angulatum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 13 จิ๋วหนอนมะพราวธรรมดา Common Chestnut Bob Iambrix salsala 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 14 คาดแสดแถบสั้น Narrow-branded Velvet Bob Koruthaialos rubecula 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 15 นิลกายธรรมดา Chocolate Demon Ancistroides nigrita 2 1 0 2 1 4 1 6 2 0 1 4 24 16 นิลวรรณปกแถบธรรมดา Common Banded Demon Notocrypta paralysos 1 1 0 2 0 2 0 2 1 1 3 013 17 มุมใตปกขาว White-tipped Palmer Lotongus calathus 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 18 ตาแดงธรรมดา Common Redeye Matapa aria 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 19 ตาแดงขลิบสม Fringed Redeye M. cresta 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 20 หนอนหญาสิกขิม Sikkim Dart Potanthus nesta 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 21 หนอนหญาตาลหนึ่งจุด Full Stop Swift Caltoris cormasa 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 M.Sc. (Environmental Biology)/71 Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix / 72
Appendix B-1 The number of total butterflies’ species, found along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail
Family Mar-02 Apr-02 May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Papilionidae151410959910109511 Pieridae 8855455649811 Nymphalidae 23 24 31 31 25 30 23 32 35 37 34 32 Lycaenidae 756658897892 Hesperiidae7688812796658 10.14457/MU.the.2004.360 57 60 59 47 64 52 66 62 69 61 64 เมื่อAppendix 09/10/2564 B-2 The number of butterflies’ 00:48:38 species, found along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail from morning observations
Family Mar-02 Apr-02 May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Papilionidae14141085 9119109510 Pieridae5755434648710 Nymphalidae 19 19 28 22 19 19 30 30 29 29 26 27 Lycaenidae 735654795662 Hesperiidae755856484536 52 48 53 49 38 41 56 62 52 57 47 55
Appendix B-3 The number of butterflies’ species, found along Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat
trail from afternoon observations
Family Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 Nov-02 May-02 Papilionidae622447956133 Pieridae652234443775 Nymphalidae 18 18 17 20 18 18 23 13 19 25 26 27 Lycaenidae 343727534561 Hesperiidae3651164545445 36 35 29 44 33 40 46 29 37 42 46 41 Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 73
Appendix B-4 The number of butterfly individuals in each family found along Pha Kluai Mai-
Haew Suwat trail
Family Total Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 Nov-02 May-02 Papilionidae 263 164 68 180 103 272 603 216 65 115 25 86 2160 Pieridae 437 66 66 166 229 152 272 116 232 295 84 103 2218 Nymphalidae 545 344 215 486 102 126 149 121 245 240 234 363 3170 Lycaenidae 15 7 14 22 24 45 28 26 17 29 18 13 258 Hesperiidae 12 24 34 92 40 44 51 55 30 16 11 29 438 10.14457/MU.the.2004.31272 605 397 946 498 639 1103 534 589 695 372 594 8244
เมื่อAppendix 09/10/2564 B-5 The number of butterfly 00:48:38 individuals in each family found along Pha Kluai Mai-
Haew Suwat trail from morning observations 02 Total May- Jul-02 Jan-03
Family Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Nov-02 Aug-02 Papilionidae 255 157 65 133 76 202 401 181 57 114 22 81 1744 Pieridae 200 49 55 104 108 82 123 65 147 159 35 65 1192 Nymphalidae 290 187 171 198 57 60 86 82 165 140 140 244 1820 Lycaenidae 9 3 10 11 20 14 20 22 7 15 6 4 141 Hesperiidae8 1620522733393924125 20295 762 412 321 498 288 391 669 389 400 440 208 414 5192
Appendix B-6 The number of butterfly individuals in each family found along Pha Kluai Mai-
Haew Suwat trail from afternoon observations Total
Family Jul-02 Jan-03 Jun-02 Oct-02 Sep-02 Feb-03 Apr-02 Dec-02 Mar-02 Aug-02 Nov-02 May-02 Papilionidae 8 7 3 47 27 70 202 35 8 1 3 5 416 Pieridae 237 17 11 62 121 70 149 51 85 136 49 38 1026 Nymphalidae 255 157 44 288 45 66 63 39 80 100 94 119 1350 Lycaenidae 6 4 4 11 4 31 8 4 10 14 12 9 117 Hesperiidae 4 8 14 40 13 11 12 16 6 4 6 9 143 510 193 76 448 210 248 434 145 189 255 164 180 3052 Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix / 74
Appendix B-7 The Fisher’s alpha of found at Pha Kluai Mai-Haew Suwat trail
Fisher's alpha Fisher's alpha Fisher's alpha (Total) (Morning) (Afternoon) Mar-02 13.07±1.65 12.63±1.86 8.84±1.57 Apr-02 15.43±2.34 14.07±2.46 12.5±2.96 May-02 19.64±3.33 18.07±3.36 17.12±6.3 Jun-02 13.94±1.88 13.47±2.23 12.46±2.11 Jul-02 12.73±2.13 11.72±2.39 10.99±2.55 Aug-02 17.71±2.58 11.54±2.12 13.49±2.86 Sep-02 11.33±1.54 14.54±2.16 13.00±2.26 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3Oct-02 19.68±2.98 20.8±3.53 10.9±2.94 Nov-02 17.48±2.62 15.94±2.77 13.74±3.25 เมื่อ 09/10/2564Dec-02 19.03±2.66 00:48:38 17.45±2.89 14.31±2.99 Jan-03 21.01±3.67 18.91±4.2 21.23±5.25 Feb-03 18.20±2.7 17.01±1.82 16.57±3.95 Total 23.25±1.65 23.5±1.82 22.84±2.02 Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 75
Appendix C-1 Correlation analysis between total number of butterfly species vs. temperature and relative humidity Correlations
TSP TTEMP TRH Spearman's rho TSP Correlation Coefficient 1.000 -.611* -.102 Sig. (2-tailed) . .035 .753 N 12 12 12 TTEMP Correlation Coefficient -.611* 1.000 .231 Sig. (2-tailed) .035 . .471 N 12 12 12 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3TRH Correlation Coefficient -.102 .231 1.000 Sig. (2-tailed) .753 .471 . N 12 12 12 เมื่อ*. 09/10/2564 00:48:38 Correlation is significant at the .05 level (2-tailed).
Appendix C-2 Correlation analysis between total number of butterfly individuals vs. temperature and relative humidity
Correlations
TN TTEMP TRH Spearman's rho TN Correlation Coefficient 1.000 .336 .329 Sig. (2-tailed) . .286 .297 N 12 12 12 TTEMP Correlation Coefficient .336 1.000 .231 Sig. (2-tailed) .286 . .471 N 12 12 12 TRH Correlation Coefficient .329 .231 1.000 Sig. (2-tailed) .297 .471 . N 12 12 12
Appendix C-3 Correlation analysis between total diversity index vs. temperature and relative humidity
Correlations
TALPHA TTEMP TRH Spearman's rho TALPHA Correlation Coefficient 1.000 -.783** -.126 Sig. (2-tailed) . .003 .697 N 12 12 12 TTEMP Correlation Coefficient -.783** 1.000 .231 Sig. (2-tailed) .003 . .471 N 12 12 12 TRH Correlation Coefficient -.126 .231 1.000 Sig. (2-tailed) .697 .471 . N 12 12 12 **. Correlation is significant at the .01 level (2-tailed). Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix / 76
Appendix C-4 Correlation analysis between number of butterfly species vs. temperature and relative humidity in the morning observations
Correlations
MSP MTEMP MRH Spearman's rho MSP Correlation Coefficient 1.000 -.427 .046 Sig. (2-tailed) . .166 .888 N 12 12 12 MTEMP Correlation Coefficient -.427 1.000 .294 Sig. (2-tailed) .166 . .354 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3N 12 12 12 MRH Correlation Coefficient .046 .294 1.000 Sig. (2-tailed) .888 .354 . เมื่อ 09/10/2564N 00:48:3812 12 12
Appendix C-5 Correlation analysis between number of butterfly individuals vs. temperature and relative humidity in the morning observations
Correlations
MN MTEMP MRH Spearman's rho MN Correlation Coefficient 1.000 .336 .280 Sig. (2-tailed) . .286 .379 N 12 12 12 MTEMP Correlation Coefficient .336 1.000 .294 Sig. (2-tailed) .286 . .354 N 12 12 12 MRH Correlation Coefficient .280 .294 1.000 Sig. (2-tailed) .379 .354 . N 12 12 12
Appendix C-6 Correlation analysis between diversity index vs. temperature and relative humidity in the morning observations
Correlations
MALPHA MTEMP MRH Spearman's rho MALPHA Correlation Coefficient 1.000 -.678* -.126 Sig. (2-tailed) . .015 .697 N 12 12 12 MTEMP Correlation Coefficient -.678* 1.000 .294 Sig. (2-tailed) .015 . .354 N 12 12 12 MRH Correlation Coefficient -.126 .294 1.000 Sig. (2-tailed) .697 .354 . N 12 12 12 *. Correlation is significant at the .05 level (2-tailed). Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 77
Appendix C-7 Correlation analysis between number of butterfly species vs. temperature and relative humidity in the afternoon observations
Correlations
ASP ATEMP ARH Spearman's rho ASP Correlation Coefficient 1.000 -.235 .168 Sig. (2-tailed) . .462 .601 N 12 12 12 ATEMP Correlation Coefficient -.235 1.000 .371 Sig. (2-tailed) .462 . .236 N 12 12 12 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3ARH Correlation Coefficient .168 .371 1.000 Sig. (2-tailed) .601 .236 . เมื่อ 09/10/2564N 00:48:3812 12 12
Appendix C-8 Correlation analysis between number of butterfly individuals vs. temperature and relative humidity in the afternoon observations
Correlations
AN ATEMP MRH Spearman's rho AN Correlation Coefficient 1.000 .189 .483 Sig. (2-tailed) . .557 .112 N 12 12 12 ATEMP Correlation Coefficient .189 1.000 -.049 Sig. (2-tailed) .557 . .880 N 12 12 12 MRH Correlation Coefficient .483 -.049 1.000 Sig. (2-tailed) .112 .880 . N 12 12 12
Appendix C-9 Correlation analysis between diversity index vs. temperature and relative humidity in the afternoon observations
Correlations
AALPHA ATEMP ARH Spearman's rho AALPHA Correlation Coefficient 1.000 -.538 -.056 Sig. (2-tailed) . .071 .863 N 12 12 12 ATEMP Correlation Coefficient -.538 1.000 .371 Sig. (2-tailed) .071 . .236 N 12 12 12 ARH Correlation Coefficient -.056 .371 1.000 Sig. (2-tailed) .863 .236 . N 12 12 12 Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix / 78
Appendix C-10 Paired T-test between morning and afternoon observations on the number of butterfly species, number of butterfly individuals and diversity index
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences 95% Confidence Interval of the Std. Std. Error Difference Sig. Mean Deviation Mean Lower Upper t df (2-tailed) Pair 1 MSP - ASP 12.6667 9.3550 2.7005 6.7228 18.6105 4.690 11 .001 Pair 2 MN - AN 128.3333 122.8779 35.4718 50.2605 206.4062 3.618 11 .004 Pair 3 MALPHA - AALPHA 1.7525 3.1155 .8994 -.2270 3.7320 1.949 11 .077
Appendix C-11 Paired T-test between morning and afternoon observations on temperature and 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3relative humidity in the
เมื่อ 09/10/2564Paired 00:48:38 Samples Test
Paired Differences 95% Confidence Interval of the Std. Std. Error Difference Sig. Mean Deviation Mean Lower Upper t df (2-tailed) Pair 1 M_TEMP - A_TEMP -1.0067 .7958 .2297 -1.5123 -.5010 -4.382 11 .001 Pair 2 MRH - ARH 1.4025 2.6975 .7787 -.3114 3.1164 1.801 11 .099
Appendix C-12 Paired T-test between morning and afternoon observations on the number butterfly species in five families
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences 95% Confidence Interval of the Std. Std. Error Difference Sig. Mean Deviation Mean Lower Upper t df (2-tailed) Pair 1 MPAPI - APAPI 5.1667 3.3800 .9757 3.0191 7.3142 5.295 11 .000 Pair 2 MPIER - APIER 1.3333 1.7753 .5125 .2054 2.4613 2.602 11 .025 Pair 3 MNYM - ANYM 4.5833 5.4848 1.5833 1.0984 8.0682 2.895 11 .015 Pair 4 MLYC - ALYC 1.2500 2.4168 .6977 -.2856 2.7856 1.792 11 .101 Pair 5 MHES - AHES .3333 2.1462 .6195 -1.0303 1.6969 .538 11 .601
Appendix C-13 Paired T-test between morning and afternoon observations on the number of butterfly individuals in five families
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences 95% Confidence Interval of the Std. Std. Error Difference Sig. Mean Deviation Mean Lower Upper t df (2-tailed) Pair 1 MNPAPI - ANPAPI 110.6667 67.3071 19.4299 67.9018 153.4315 5.696 11 .000 Pair 2 MNPIER - ANPIER 13.8333 30.5698 8.8248 -5.5898 33.2565 1.568 11 .145 Pair 3 MNNYM - ANNYM 39.1667 58.0514 16.7580 2.2825 76.0508 2.337 11 .039 Pair 4 MNLYC - ANLYC 2.0000 9.9178 2.8630 -4.3015 8.3015 .699 11 .499 Pair 5 MNHES - ANHES 12.6667 8.4351 2.4350 7.3072 18.0261 5.202 11 .000 Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 79
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Appendix D. Nomograph for determining the index of Diversity (α) for the number of species (S) and the number of individuals (N) in a random sample (Fisher et al 1943) Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix / 80
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Appendix E-1 Representatives of Family Papilionidae
1. Scientific name: Troides aeacus 2. Scientific name: Pachliopta aristolochiae Common name: Golden Birdwing Common name: Common Rose ผีเสื้อถุงทองธรรมดา ผีเสื้อหางตุมจุดชมพู
3. Scientific name: Papilio demoleus 4. Scientific name: Papilio mahadeva Common name: Lime Butterfly Common name: Burmese Raven ผีเสื้อหนอนมะนาว ผีเสื้อหางติ่งมหาเทพ
5. Scientific name: Papilio polytes 6. Scientific name: Papilio nephelus Common name: Common Mormon Common name: Black and White Helen ผีเสื้อหางติ่งธรรมดา ผีเสื้อหางติ่งชะออน Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 81
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Representatives of Family Papilionidae (Cont.)
7. Scientific name: Papilio helenus 8. Scientific name: Papilio memnon Common name: Red Helen Common name: Great Mormon ผีเสื้อหางติ่งเฮเลน ผีเสื้อหางติ่งนางระเวง
9. Scientific name: Papilio paris 10. Scientific name: Graphium agetes Common name: Paris Peacock Common name: Fourbar Swordtail ผีเสื้อหางติ่งปารีส ผีเสื้อหางดาบภูเขา
11. Scientific name: Graphium aristeus 12. Scientific name: Graphium antiphates Common name: Chain Swordtail Common name: Fivebar Swordtail ผีเสื้อหางดาบลายขีด ผีเสื้อหางดาบธรรมดา Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix / 82
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Representatives of Family Papilionidae (Cont.)
13. Scientific name: Graphium sarpedon 14. Scientific name: Graphium doson Common name: Common Bluebottle Common name: Common Jay ผีเสื้อสะพายฟา ผีเสื้อหนอนจําปจุดเชื่อม
15. Scientific name: Graphium agamemnon 16. Scientific name: Graphium xenocles Common name: Tailed Jay Common name: Great Zebra ผีเสื้อหนอนจําปธรรมดา ผีเสื้อมาลายใหญ
17. Scientific name: Lamproptera curius Common name: White Dragontail ผีเสื้อหางมังกรขาว Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 83
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Appendix E-2 Representatives of Family Pieridae
1. Scientific name: Leptosia nina 2. Scientific name: Cepora nadina Common name: Psyche Common name: Lesser Gull ผีเสื้อขาวแคระ ผีเสื้อเหลืองสยามขอบดํา
3. Scientific name: Appias lyncida 4. Scientific name: Appias libythea Common name: Chocolate Albatross Common name: Striped Albatross ผีเสื้อหนอนใบกุมขอบตาลไหม ผีเสื้อหนอนใบกุมเสนดํา
5. Scientific name: Appias albina 6. Scientific name: Ixias pyrene Common name: Common Albatross Common name: Yellow Orange Tip ผีเสื้อหนอนใบกุมธรรมดา ผีเสื้อปลายปกสมเล็ก Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix / 84
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Representatives of Family Pieridae (Cont.)
7. Scientific name: Hebomonia glaucippe ผีเสื้อหนอนคูณธรรมดา Common name: Great Orange Tip ผีเสื้อปลายปกสมใหญ 10. Scientific name: Eurema andersonii Common name: Anderson’s Grass Yellow 9. Scientific name: Eurema hecabe ผีเสื้อเณรแอนเดอรสัน Common name: Common Grass Yellow ผีเสื้อเณรธรรมดา 12. Scientific name: Eurema simulatrix Common name: Hill Grass Yellow 11. Scientific name: Eurema harina ผีเสื้อเณรภูเขา Common name: Tree Yellow ผีเสื้อเณรยอดไม
8. Scientific name: Catopsilia pomona Common name: Lemon Emigrant Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 85
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Appendix E-3 Representatives of Family Nymphalidae
1. Scientific name: Danaus genutia 2. Scientific name: Parantica aspasia Common name: Common Tiger Common name: Yellow Glassy Tiger ผีเสื้อหนอนใบรักลายเสือ ผีเสื้อหนอนใบรักเหลือง
3. Scientific name: Parantica aglea 4. Scientific name: Euploea core Common name: Glassy Tiger Common name: Common Indian Crow ผีเสื้อหนอนใบรักขีดยาว ผีเสื้อจรกาหนอนยี่โถ
5. Scientific name: Euploea algea 6. Scientific name: Euploea radamanthus Common name: Long-branbed Blue Crow Common name: Magpie Crow ผีเสื้อจรกาขีดเดียว ผีเสื้อจรกาดําขาว Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix / 86
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Representatives of Family Nymphalidae (Cont.)
7. Scientific name: Melanitis phedima 8. Scientific name: Elymnias hypermnestra Common name: Dark Evening Brown Common name: Common Palmfly ผีเสื้อสายัณหสีตาลไหม ผีเสื้อหนอนมะพราวธรรมดา
9. Scientific name: Lethe mekara 10. Scientific name: Mycalesis mnasicles Common name: Common Red Forester Common name: Cyclops Bushbrown ผีเสื้อเลอะเทอะเมขลา ผีเสื้อตาลพุมใหญ
11. Scientific name: Mycalesis Perseus 12. Scientific name: Mycalesis mineus Common name: Common Busbrown Common name: Dark-brand Bushbrown ผีเสื้อตาลพุมสามจุดเรียง ผีเสื้อตาลพุมสี่จุดเรียง Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 87
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Representatives of Family Nymphalidae (Cont.)
13. Scientific name: Mycalesis anaxias 14. Scientific name: Orsotriaena medus Common name: White-bar Bushbrown Common name: Nigger ผีเสื้อตาลพุมแถบขาวเล็ก ผีเสื้อนิโกร
15. Scientific name: Coelite nothis 16. Scientific name: Ypthima baldus Common name: Scarce Catseye Common name: Common Five-ring ผีเสื้อตาแมวมวง ผีเสื้อสีตาลจุดตาหาธรรมดา
17. Scientific name: Faunis canens 18. Scientific name: Amathusia phidippus Common name: Common Faun Common name: Common Palmking ผีเสื้อปาสีตาลไหม ผีเสื้อหนอนมะพราวขนปุย Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix / 88
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Representatives of Family Nymphalidae (Cont.)
19. Scientific name: Zeuxidia amethystus 20. Scientific name: Cirrochroa tyche Common name: Common Saturn Common name: Common Yeoman ผีเสื้อพระเสารธรรมดา ผีเสื้อสีอิฐธรรมดา
21. Scientific name: Terinos atlita 22. Scientific name: Symbrenthia lilaea Common name: Great Assyrian Common name: Common Jester ผีเสื้ออไซเรี่ยนใหญ ผีเสื้อลายตลกธรรมดา
23. Scientific name: Junonia iphita 24. Scientific name: Junonia atlites Common name: Chocolate Pansy Common name: Gray Pansy ผีเสื้อแพนซีตาลไหม ผีเสื้อแพนซีเทา Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 89
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Representatives of Family Nymphalidae (Cont.)
25. Scientific name: Junonia almana 26. Scientific name: Junonia lemonias Common name: Peacock Pansy Common name: Lemon Pansy ผีเสื้อแพนซีมยุรา ผีเสื้อแพนซีสีตาล
27. Scientific name: Hypolimnas bolina 28. Scientific name: Doleschallia bisaltide Common name: Great Egg-fly Common name: Autumn Leaf ผีเสื้อปกไขใหญ ผีเสื้อใบไมเล็ก
29. Scientific name: Kallima inachus 30. Scientific name: Laringa horsfieldi Common name: Orange Oakleaf Common name: Banded Dandy ผีเสื้อใบไมใหญ ผีเสื้อขี้โอลายแถบ Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix / 90
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Representatives of Family Nymphalidae (Cont.)
31. Scientific name: Chersonesia risa 32. Scientific name: Cyrestis thyodamas Common name: Common Maplet Common name: Common Map ผีเสื้อแผนที่แดงธรรมดา ผีเสื้อแผนที่ธรรมดา
33. Scientific name: Cyrestis themire 34. Scientific name: Neptis clinia Common name: Little Map Common name: Clear Sailor ผีเสื้อแผนที่เล็ก ผีเสื้อกลาสีลายทึบ
35. Scientific name: Neptis hordonia 36. Scientific name: Neptis hylas Common name: Common Lasscar Common name: Common Sailor ผีเสื้อกลาสีแดงธรรมดา ผีเสื้อกลาสีธรรมดา Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 91
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Representatives of Family Nymphalidae (Cont.)
37. Scientific name: Athym selenophora 38. Scientific name: Athyma ranga Common name: Staff Sergeant Common name: Blackvein Sergeant ผีเสื้อจาเซลลทึบ ผีเสื้อจาเสนปกดํา
39. Scientific name: Moduza procris 40. Scientific name: Lebadea martha Common name: Commander Common name: Knight ผีเสื้อแถบขาวธรรมดา ผีเสื้อสะพายขาวปกโคง
41. Scientific name: Parthenos sylvia 42. Scientific name: Tanaecia julii Common name: Clipper Common name: Common Earl ผีเสื้อชางรอน ผีเสื้อไวสเคาทขอบฟา Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix / 92
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Representatives of Family Nymphalidae (Cont.)
43. Scientific name: Tanaecia lepidea 46. Scientific name: Euthalia monina Common name: Gray Count Common name: Powdered Baron ผีเสื้อเคาทเทา ผีเสื้อบารอนประดับฟา
45. Scientific name: Tanaecia jahnu 48. Scientific name: Polyura athamas Common name: Plain Earl Common name: Common Nawab ผีเสื้อบารอนมวงดํา ผีเสื้อเหลืองหนามธรรมดา
47. Scientific name: Charaxes bernardus Common name: Tawny Rajah ผีเสื้อตาลหนามแดง
44. Scientific name: Tanaecia cocytus Common name: Lavender Count ผีเสื้อเคาทขอบมวง Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 93
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Representatives of Family Nymphalidae (Cont.)
49. Scientific name: Polyura eudamippus 50. Scientific name: Libythea celtis Common name: Great Nawab Common name: Common Beak ผีเสื้อเหลืองหนามใหญโคนปกดํา ผีเสื้อหัวแหลมกระบองหัก Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix / 94
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Appendix E-4 Representatives of Family Lycaenidae
1. Scientific name: Castalius rosimon 2. Scientific name: Castalius roxus Common name: Common Pierrot Common name: Straight Pierrot ผีเสื้อหนอนพุทราธรรมดา ผีเสื้อหนอนพุทราแถบตรง
3. Scientific name: Castalius elna 4. Scientific name: Neopithecops zalmaora Common name: Elbowed Pierrot Common name: Common Quaker ผีเสื้อหนอนพุทราแถบหักศอก ผีเสื้อขอบไรจุด
5. Scientific name: Jamides alecto 6. Scientific name: Drupadia ravindra Common name: Metallic Cerulean Common name: Common Posy ผีเสื้อฟาวาวใหญ ผีเสื้อแตมแสดธรรมดา Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 95
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Representatives of Family Lycaenidae (Cont.)
7. Scientific name: Hypolycaena erylus 8. Scientific name: Zeltus amasa Common name: Common Tit Common name: Fluffy Tit ผีเสื้อพุมไมธรรมดา ผีเสื้อหางพลิ้ว
9. Scientific name: Chliaria othona 10. Scientific name: Curetis dentata Common name: Orchid Tit Common name: Dentate Sunbeam ผีเสื้อหนอนกลวยไมปา ผีเสื้อสีหมากสุก
11. Scientific name: Zemeros flegyas 12. Scientific name: Abisara echerius Common name: Common Punchinello Common name: Common Plum Judy ผีเสื้อบินตลกธรรมดา ผีเสื้อปกกึ่งหุบลายหัก Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix / 96
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Representatives of Family Lycaenidae (Cont.)
13. Scientific name: Abisara neophron 14. Scientific name: Taxila haquinus Common name: Common Tailed Judy Common name: Large Harlequin ผีเสื้อปกกึ่งหุบหางยาว ผีเสื้อใตปกพราวใหญ Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 97
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Appendix E-5 Representatives of Family Hesperiidae
1. Scientific name: Bibasis harisa 2. Scientific name: Bibasis sena Common name: Orange Awlet Common name: Orange-tailed Awl ผีเสื้อหนาเข็มปกมนสมธรรมดา ผีเสื้อหนาเข็มปกมนแถบขาว
3. Scientific name: Hasora taminatus 4. Scientific name: Hasara schoenherr Common name: White-banded Awl Common name: Yellow-banded Awl ผีเสื้อหนาเข็มปกมนแถบขาวเหลือบเขียว ผีเสื้อหนาเข็มแถบเหลือง
5. Scientific name: Celaenorrhinus leucocera 6. Scientific name: C. aurivittata Common name: Common Spotted Flat Common name: Dark Yellow-banded Flat ผีเสื้อปกราบลายจุด ผีเสื้อปกราบแถบทอง Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Appendix / 98
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Representatives of Family Hesperiidae (Cont.)
7. Scientific name: Mooreana trichoneura Common name: Yellow Flat 8. Scientific name: Tagiades japetus ผีเสื้อเชิงเหลือง Common name: Common Snow Flat ผีเสื้อปายขาวธรรมดา 9. Scientific name: Tagiades litigiosus Common name: Water Snow Flat 10. Scientific name: Tagiades menaka ผีเสื้อปายขางลําธาร Common name: Spotted Snow Flat ผีเสื้อปายขางลายจุด 11. Scientific name: Iambrix salsala Common name: Common Chestnut Bob 12. Scientific name: Ancistroides nigrita ผีเสื้อจิ๋วหนอนมะพราวธรรมดา Common name: Chocolate Demon ผีเสื้อนิลกายธรรมดา Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M. Sc. (Environmental Biology) / 99
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Representatives of Family Hesperiidae (Cont.)
13. Scientific name: Notocrypta paralysos 14. Scientific name: Matapa aria Common name: Common Banded Demon Common name: Common Redeye ผีเสื้อนิลวรรณปกแถบธรรมดา ผีเสื้อตาแดงธรรมดา
15. Scientific name: Matapa cresta Common name: Fringed Redeye ผีเสื้อตาแดงขลิบสม Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Biography / 100
BIOGRAPHY
NAME Mr. Premsak Ratiwiriyapong
DATE OF BIRTH July 26, 1977 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อPLACE 09/10/2564 OF BIRTH 00:48:38Bangkok, Thailand INSTITUTIONS ATTENDED Mahidol University, 1996-1999 Bachelor of Science (Biology) Mahidol University, 2000-2004 Master of Science (Environmental Biology)
HOME ADDRESS 303 Soi Prachathipok 2, Prachathipok Rd., Thonburi Bangkok, 10600 Thailand Tel. 02-8900023 E-mail: [email protected]