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10.14457/MU.The.2004.3 04/09/2564 04:23:34 DIVERSITY OF BUTTERFLY POPULATIONS AT PHA KLUAI MAI-HAEW SUWAT WATERFALL TRAIL, KHAO YAI NATIONAL PARK, THAILAND 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3 เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 PREMSAK RATIWIRIYAPONG A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY) FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY 2004 ISBN 974-04-5025-3 COPYRIGHT OF MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY DIVERSITY OF BUTTERFLY POPULATIONS AT PHA KLUAI MAI – HAEW SUWAT WATERFALL TRAIL, KHAO YAI NATIONAL PARK, THAILAND …………………………… Mr. Premsak Ratiwiriyapong 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3Candidate เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38 …………………………… Asst. Prof. Vacharobon Thirakhupt, Ph.D. Major advisor …………………………… Asst. Prof. Kumthorn Thirakhupt, Ph.D. Co advisor …………………………… …………………………… Assoc. Prof. Rassmidara Hoonsawat, Assoc. Prof. Prayad Pokethitiyook, Ph.D. Ph.D. Dean Chair Faculty of Graduate Studies Master of Science Programme In Environmental Biology Faculty of Science DIVERSITY OF BUTTERFLY POPULATIONS AT PHA KLUAI MAI – HAEW SUWAT WATERFALL TRAIL, KHAO YAI NATIONAL PARK, THAILAND was submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University for the degree of Master of Science (Environmental Biology) on May 20, 2004 …………………………… 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3Mr. Premsak Ratiwiriyapong เมื่อ 09/10/2564 00:48:38Candidate …………………………… Asst. Prof. Vacharobon Thirakhupt, Ph.D. Chair …………………………… Asst. Prof. Kumthorn Thirakhupt, Ph.D. Thesis Defense Committee …………………………… Asst. Prof. Sutat Subinprasert, Ph.D. Thesis Defense Committee …………………………… …………………………… Assoc. Prof. Rassmidara Hoonsawat, Prof. Prasert Sobhon, Ph.D. Ph.D. Dean Dean Faculty of Graduate Studies Faculty of Science Mahidol University Mahidol University ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Asst. Prof. Vacharobon Thirakhupt for her valuable advice, attention, kindness, patience and encouragement, which enable me to successfully carry on this study. I am deeply grateful to my advisory committee, Asst. Prof. Kumthorn Thirakhupt, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University and Asst. Prof. Sutat Subinprasert, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3Ramkhumhaeng University, for their kind gui dance, suggestions and comments for เมื่อimprovement 09/10/2564 and contribution to every00:48:38 aspect of this study. I also would like to thank Mr. Surachai Choldumtongkul, Department of National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservations, for his useful suggestions on butterfly surveys. I wish to thank the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University for partial financial support during in this study. This research work was supported by a grant from the Post-Graduate Education, Training and Research Program in Environmental Science, Technology and Management under Higher Education Development Project of the Ministry of University Affairs. Special thanks are to the “savebutterflies group” for many suggestions specially made by Mr. Kriangkrai Suwannapak for check of butterfly photographs, Miss Kanlaya Lorgeranon and Mr. Supat Sophonuiwatkul for some photographs of butterflies, all of my friends especially Miss Chomcheun Siripunkaw and Miss Sukanya Suwanmaneerut for all the help and suggestions. My warm thanks are given to all members in the N504 laboratory room for their help and moral supports. I will always remember their friendship, helpfulness, encouragement and enjoyment. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my family for their understanding, encouragement and supports during the period of my study. Premsak Ratiwiriyapong Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. Thesis / iv DIVERSITY OF BUTTERFLY POPULATIONS AT PHA KLUAI MAI-HAEW SUWAT WATERFALL TRAIL, KHAO YAI NATIONAL PARK, THAILAND PREMSAK RATIWIRIYAPONG 4237527 SCEB/M M.Sc. (ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY) THESIS ADVISORS: VACHAROBON THIRAKHUPT, Ph.D., KUMTHORN THIRAKHUPT, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Butterflies belong to the Order Lepidoptera which is the second largest order of insects. Those having brightest colors and the greatest diversity of species are mostly found in tropical 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3regions and they are widely accepted as ecological indicators of ecosystem health. In this study, surveys of butterfly species and total count of individuals were made along the Pha Kluai Mai เมื่อHaew Suwat09/10/2564 Waterfall natural trail, Khao00:48:38 Yai National Park, Thailand. The transect method was used and run along the study site at a 3-meter width on both sides of the trail. The surveys were made bimonthly for a period of one year during March 2002 to February 2003. Each survey lasted two days. On each day, observations were made twice, once in the morning and the once in the afternoon. The morning observation started from 8.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m., while the afternoon survey started from 1.30 p.m. to 5.30 p.m.. Butterflies were counted and identified by sight. Photographs of the butterflies were taken and two physical factors, temperature and relative humidity, were recorded. Results show that the total number of butterfly species was 138 from five families. The highest number of species (69 species) was in December 2002, while the lowest (47 species) was in July 2002. There are significant differences in the number of observed butterfly species between morning and afternoon observations, when compared by Paired T-test. It was found that 25 species were observed exclusively in the morning, whereas only 11 species were found exculsively in the afternoon. The total number of butterfly individuals was 8,244. The highest number of individuals (1,272 individuals) was found in March 2002 and the lowest was in January 2003 (372 individuals). Eurema hecabe (Family Pieridae) had the highest number, at 982 individuals, and Graphium agetes (Family Papilionidae) was second with 498 individuals. The distribution of the butterflies followed the log series distribution model and Fisher’s alpha index (α) was used to indicate species diversity. The highest index was in January 2003 (21.01±3.67) and the lowest in September 2002 (11.33±1.57). When morning and afternoon observations were compared, it was found that there were significant differences between the number of butterfly species (p=0.001) and the number of individuals (p=0.004) but no significant difference in the Fisher’s alpha indexes (p=0.077). There are negative correlations between temperature and the total number of observed butterfly species (p=0.035) as well as total Fisher’s alpha index (p=0.003) and there is no correlation between temperature and total number of butterfly individuals (p=0.286). No correlations were found between relative humidity and the total number of butterfly species (p=0.753), total number of individuals (p=0.297) or total Fisher’s alpha index (p=0.697). In the morning and afternoon observations, no correlations were found between the environmental factors and number of butterfly species, number of individuals and Fisher’s alpha index with the exception that morning temperatures were negatively correlated with the Fisher’s alpha index (p=0.015). KEY WORDS: DIVERSITY/ BUTTERFLY/ KHAO YAI/ PHA KLUAI MAI- HAEW SUWAT/ FISHER’S ALPHA/PHYSICAL FACTORS 100 pp. ISBN 974-04-5025-3 Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. Thesis / v ความหลากหลายของประชากรผีเสื้อกลางวัน ณ เสนทางศึกษาธรรมชาติผากลวยไม- น้ําตกเหวสุวัต อุทยานแหงชาติเขาใหญ ประเทศไทย (DIVERSITY OF BUTTERFLY POPULATIONS AT PHA KLUAI MAI-HAEW SUWAT WATERFALL TRAIL, KHAO YAI NATIONAL PARK, THAILAND) เปรมศักดิ์ รติวิริยะพงศ 4237527 SCEB/M วท.ม. (ชีววิทยาสภาวะแวดลอม) คณะกรรมการควบคุมวิทยานิพนธ : วัชโรบล ธีรคุปต, Ph.D., กําธร ธีรคุปต, Ph.D. บทคัดยอ ผีเสื้อกลางวันเปนแมลงที่จัดอยูใน อันดับ Lepidoptera ในเขตรอนมักจะมีสีสันสดใสสวยงามและมีความ 10.14457/MU.the.2004.3หลากหลายทางชนิดพันธุสูงมาก นอกจากนี้ยังเปนที่ยอมรับก ันอยางแพรหลายวา ใชเปนดัชนีบอกความสมบูรณ เมื่อของ ระบบน09/10/2564ิเวศได ในการศึกษาครั้งนี้ได สํารวจ00:48:38 จํานวนชนิด จํานวนตัว และความหลากหลายของชนิดผีเสื้อ โดย ใช Fisher’s alpha index พื้นที่ศึกษา คือ เสนทางธรรมชาติ ผากลวยไม-น้ําตกเหวสุวัต อุทยานแหงชาติเขาใหญ ประเทศไทย โดยใชวิธี transect ในการศึกษา กําหนดความกวางของเสนทางดานละ 3 เมตร ตลอดเสนทางการ สํารวจเดือนละ 2 ครั้ง ตลอดระยะเวลา 1 ป เริ่มตั้งแต เดือน มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2545 จนถึงเดือน กุมภาพันธ พ.ศ. 2546 แตละครั้งของการสํารวจ ใชเวลา 2 วัน ในแตละวันแบงการสํารวจเปนวันละ 2 ชวงเวลา ในตอนเชา เริ่มตั้งแตเวลา 8.30 น. ถึง 12.30 น. ในชวงบาย เริ่มตั้งแต 13.30 น.-17.30 น. และระหวางทางไดถายภาพผีเสื้อกลางวันที่พบพรอม กับบันทึก อุณหภูมิ และปริมาณความชื้นสัมพัทธดวย ผลการศึกษาพบ ผีเสื้อกลางวัน 138 ชนิด จาก 5 วงศ ในเดือนธันวาคม พบจํานวนชนิดของผีเสื้อมากที่สุด คือ 69 ชนิด และพบนอยที่สุด ในเดือน กรกฎาคมจานวนํ 47 ชนิด เมื่อเปรียบเทียบระหวางชวงเวลาในการสํารวจ พบวา มีผีเสื้อกลางวัน 25 ชนิด ที่พบเฉพาะในตอนเชา และ 11 ชนิดที่พบเฉพาะในตอนบาย และพบผีเสื้อจํานวน ทั้งหมด 8,244 ตัว โดยพบผีเสื้อเณรธรรมดา (Eurema hecabe, วงศ Pieridae) เปนจํานวนมากที่สุดคือ 982 ตัว และ รองลงมาคือ ผีเสื้อสะพายฟา (Graphium agetes, วงศ Papilionidae) เดือน มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2545 เปนเดือนที่พบจํานวน ผีเส้อมากทื ี่สุด (1,272 ตัว) และพบนอยที่สุด ในเดือนมกราคม พ.ศ. 2546 (372 ตัว) จากการศึกษาพบวาการกระจาย ตัวของผีเสื้อกลางวัน ณ เสนทางสํารวจเปนแบบ log series distribution และมีความหลากหลายสูงที่สุดในเดือน มกราคม พ.ศ. 2546 (21.01±3.67) นอยที่สุดในเดือน กันยายน พ.ศ. 2545 (11.33±1.54) เมื่อเปรียบเทียบ การ สํารวจชวงเชาและชวงบายพบวา มีความแตกตางอยางมีนัยสําคัญ ระหวางจํานวนชนิดและจํานวนตัวของผีเสื้อ กลางวัน (p=0.001 และ p=0.04 ตามลําดับ) แตมีความแตกตางอยางไมมีนัยสําคัญระหวางดัชนีความหลากหลายของ ผีเสื้อ (p=0.077) จากการสํารวจโดยรวม พบวา อุณหภูมิมีความสัมพันธเชิงลบตอจํานวนชนิด
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