Heavy Metal Pollution Study of Mula-Mutha River in Pune (Maharashtra)

Home , Mula River (India), Mutha River, Pune

International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering Volume 2, Issue 8, 2015 Available online at www.ijiere.com International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering e-ISSN: 2394 - 3343 e-ISSN: 2394 - 5494

Shivaji Jadhava, Mrunalini Jadhavb a Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, College of Engineering, (Department of Basic Sciences & Humanities) Pune, India. bSinhgad Technical Education Society’s Sou. Venutai Chavan Polytechnic, (Department of civil Engineering) Pune, India

ABSTRACT: The entire Pune city is covered by three rivers viz.Mula,Mutha and Pavana. At the time of Peshwai( in Seventeenth – Eighteenth Century) and later on, Mula-Mutha rivers was only the source of water for the city. Good water quality of rivers satisfies the basic need of mankind. But now days, due to the disposal of untreated domestic waste, agricultural run-off and industrial effluents by the industries situated on the bank of the river, the status of river water is severely contaminated. Hence, present investigation is carried out in order to assess the level of heavy metal contaminants. The content of Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb), and Mercury (Hg) in Mula-Mutha river at six sampling stations using atomic absorption spectrophotometer is studied. The concentration of Zinc, Lead and manganese is found beyond the permissible limit while study. Keywords: Mula-Mutha River, Heavy metals, agriculture run-off, Industrial effluents

I. INTRODUCTION

Fresh water is the only resource which is essential for human existence, agriculture and for the industry. Without fresh water of good quality all the developments are not possible. Heavy metals are basically called as toxic environmental contaminants due to their toxicity; water body is getting damaged entirely[1]. Heavy metals are an important category of pollutants and impose major detrimental effects on human and environmental health[2]. Water sources (groundwater, lakes, streams and rivers) can be polluted by toxic heavy metals leaching from industrial and consumer waste. When water from rain and melting snow runs off roofs and roads into our rivers, it picks up toxic chemicals, dirt, trash and disease-carrying organisms along the way. Many of our water resources also lack basic protections, making them vulnerable to pollution from factory farms, industrial plants. This can lead to drinking water contamination, habitat degradation. Fish, birds and wildlife depend on clean water, just as people do. So many agencies are working to protect and restore important waterways to ensure that there is enough water flowing to keep these ecosystems intact and functioning. In a chemical age our life have greatly enhanced virtually with chemicals. This leads to the fact that we are constantly exposed to chemicals. Heavy metal contamination of aquatic ecosystems has been an environmental concern since the industrial revolution. In order to understand the role of trace metals in various biochemical and geochemical processes occurring in natural water, it’s important to determine their concentrations in these waters. Drinking water may be contaminated by different contaminants which have an impact on the health and economic status of the consumers [3] & [4] Contaminants such as bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, nitrates and salt have found their way into water supplies due to inadequate treatment and disposal of waste (human and livestock), industrial discharges, and over-use of limited water resources[5]. Even if no sources of anthropogenic contamination exist, natural sources are also equally potential to contribute higher levels of metals and other chemicals that can harm human health. This is highlighted recently in Bangladesh where natural levels of arsenic in groundwater were found to be causing harmful effects on the population[6] &[7] .As per the periodic table the elements at the lower and middle section of the table, such as Iron, Copper, Zinc, Mercury, Lead and Manganese may be a nuisance in water or food but are dangerous. Lead and Mercury are considered to be more toxic elements as far as environmental agencies are concerned. II. AREA OF STUDY The area of under this investigation is confined to the stretch of the rivers covering Pune city i.e Mula- Mutha rivers. Mula river besides industrial and domestic wastes receives heavy loads of agricultural runoff through non point sources. On the other hand Mutha river passes through the city of Pune receives heavy loads of domestic sewage which is organic and it is a waste of biological oxygen demand. It also receives considerable amount of effluents from small scale industries which are located on the bank of the river. From all these rivers, sampling stations were selected to give a reasonable comparison

International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering Volume 2, Issue 8, 2015 of the rivers quality with respect to heavy metals content in Pune and its suburbs. For the present study seven sampling stations are considered. All the samples were collected at the time of pre-monsoon 2015.

Observation Table No. 1 Sr.No. Name of the sampling stations S1 Kharakwasla (Mutha river) S2 Vitthalwadi (Mutha river) S3 Garware Causeway(Mutha river) S4 Holkar Bridge (Mula river) S5 Wakad Causeway (Mula river) S6 Aundh Causeway (Mula river) S7 Bund Garden (Mula-Mutha river)

Observation Table No. 2 : Observed Values of Heavy Metals Metal S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 WHO limit Iron (Fe) 0.986 2.18 0.763 0.864 2.712 0.982 0.994 ---- Copper(Cu) 0.157 0.38 0.698 0.576 0.624 0.757 0.674 2mg/l Zinc (Zn) 0.067 2.43 0.376 0.584 0.532 0.347 0.356 3mg/l

Mn 0.082 0.433 0.195 0.0971 1.08 1.98 0.875 0.5mg/l

Lead (Pb) 0.00 1.4 2.4 2.3 2.04 2.05 1.49 0.01mg/l

Mercury (Hg) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.001mg/l

3 0.8

0.7 2.5 S1 0.6 S1 2 S2 S2 0.5 S3 S3 1.5 0.4 S4 S4 0.3 S5 1 S5 0.2 S6 S6 0.5 S7 S7 0.1 0 0 Iron Copper

International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering Volume 2, Issue 8, 2015 3 2.5

S1 2.5 S1 2 S2 2 S2 1.5 S3 S3 1.5 S4 S4 1 S5 1 S5 0.5 S6 S6 0.5 S7 S7 0 0 Mn

Zinc

2.5 S1 S2 2 S3 1.5 S4 1 S5 0.5 S6

0 S7 Lead

Figure 1- Graphical Representation of observed heavy Metals in Mula- Mutha River: III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The main goal of this paper was to assess the status of heavy metals in the river Mula-Mutha. which are tabulated clearly and indicate the presence of heavy metals in pune city. These metals have been extensively studied and their effects on human health regularly reviewed by international bodies such as the WHO [9]. Here, the concentration is observed in the range ofZn>Pb>Fe>Mn>Cu similar trend of the heavy metals was observed by Kar[7] for Ganga river. Heavy metals have been used by humans for thousands of years. Although several adverse health effects of heavy metals have been known for a long time, exposure to heavy metals continues. During the analysis the range of Iron is observed in the range of 0.763mg/l to 2.71 mg/l.In water Iron occurs mainly in the ferrous or ferric state.[4] Basically, Iron in surface water generally present in ferric state. The shortage of iron causes disease called Anemia and prolonged Consumption of water having high concentration of iron may lead to liver disease called as haermosiderosis [8]. No guidance is given by WHO (2008) for iron content in drinking water. Zinc is important trace element which plays a good role in the physiological and metabolic process of many organisms. Higher concentration of zinc can be toxic to the organism.[10] Here the observed values are in the range of 0.067 to 2.43 mg/l. Manganese levels are observed in the range of 0.082 to 1.98 mg/l for these sampling stations. During the last century, lead emissions to ambient air have caused considerable pollution, mainly due to lead emissions from petrol. Children are particularly susceptible to lead exposure due to high gastrointestinal uptake and the permeable blood–brain barrier. Blood levels in children should be reduced below the levels so far considered acceptable, recent data indicating that there may be neurotoxic effects of lead at lower levels of exposure than previously anticipated. Although lead in petrol has dramatically decreased over the last decades. Here the observed values are in the range of 00 to 2.4 mg/l.

IV.CONCLUSIONS In the present study the concentration of Zinc, Lead and Manganese is found in excess level. Hence recommended for the treatment before use. Continuous monitoring is required to mention the toxic level of these parameters.

International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering Volume 2, Issue 8, 2015

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