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Recommendations for Eradication and Control of Non-indigenous, Colonial, Ascidian Tunicates in Newfoundland Harbours D. Deibel, C.H. McKenzie, M.L. Rise, R.J. Thompson, J.B. Lowen, K.C.K. Ma, G. Applin, R. O’Donnell, T. Wells, J.R. Hall, P. Sargent, and B.B. Pilgrim Science Branch, Newfoundland Region Fisheries and Oceans Canada Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre St. John’s, NL A1C 5X1 2014 Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 3039 Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 3039 2014 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ERADICATION AND CONTROL OF NON-INDIGENOUS, COLONIAL, ASCIDIAN TUNICATES IN NEWFOUNDLAND HARBOURS by D. Deibel1, C.H. McKenzie2, M.L. Rise1, R.J. Thompson1, J.B. Lowen1,3, K.C.K. Ma1,4, G. Applin1, R. O’Donnell5, T. Wells2, J.R. Hall6, P. Sargent2, B.B. Pilgrim7 Science Branch Department of Fisheries and Oceans Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre St. John’s, NL A1C 5X1 1 Department of Ocean Sciences, Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, A1C 5S7 2 Science Branch, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John’s, NL, A1C 5X1 3 Habitat Ecology Section, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, NS, B2Y 1A6 4 Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6 5Field Services, Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, A1C 5S7 6Aquatic Research Cluster, CREAIT Network, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7 7 Policy and Economics Branch, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John’s, NL, A1C 5X1 i © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2014 Cat. No. Fs97-4/3039E-PDF ISBN 978-1-100-24248-4 ISSN 1488-5387 Correct citation for this publication: Deibel, D., McKenzie, C.H., Rise, M.L., Thompson, R.J., Lowen, J.B., Ma, K.C.K., Applin, G., O’Donnell, R., Wells, T., Hall, J.R., Sargent, P., and Pilgrim, B.B. 2014. Recommendations for eradication and control of non-indigenous, colonial ascidian tunicates in Newfoundland harbours. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 3039: xi + 60 p. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... VI ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. VII RÉSUMÉ ................................................................................................................................. VII DISCLAIMER .......................................................................................................................... VIII PREFACE: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................ IX ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... XI 1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 DESCRIPTION OF BOTRYLLUS SCHLOSSERI AND BOTRYLLOIDES VIOLACEUS ........ 2 2.1 Taxonomy and identification ............................................................................................. 2 2.1.1 General biology ......................................................................................................... 2 2.1.2 Origin and morphology .............................................................................................. 3 2.1.3 Genetics .................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Distribution ....................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Global ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.2.2 Regional .................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.3 Local ......................................................................................................................... 7 2.3 Habitat and growth ........................................................................................................... 9 2.3.1 Depth range .............................................................................................................. 9 2.3.2 Preferred substrates .................................................................................................. 9 2.3.3 Asexual growth .......................................................................................................... 9 2.3.4 Seasonal pattern of growth .......................................................................................10 2.4 Factors affecting growth and reproduction .......................................................................12 2.4.1 Temperature control of the life cycle .........................................................................12 2.4.2 Salinity......................................................................................................................13 2.4.3 Predators ..................................................................................................................13 2.4.4 Light .........................................................................................................................14 2.5 Reproduction and dispersal .............................................................................................14 2.5.1 Asexual reproduction ................................................................................................14 2.5.2 Sexual reproduction..................................................................................................15 2.5.3 Natural dispersal ......................................................................................................16 2.5.4 Anthropogenic dispersal ...........................................................................................16 3.0 RISK ANALYSIS OF INVASION ......................................................................................... 20 3.1 How long have Botryllus schlosseri and Botrylloides violaceus been in Newfoundland? .20 3.2 What is the likely invasion habitat in Newfoundland? .......................................................21 3.3 What is the present extent of Botrylloides violaceus in Belleoram Harbour? ....................21 3.4 What is the present extent of Botryllus schlosseri in Newfoundland?...............................22 3.5 Will Botryllus schlosseri and Botrylloides violaceus die out naturally? .............................22 3.6 What is the possibility for regional spread around the island? .........................................22 iii 3.7 How likely is the invasion of mussel farms? .....................................................................22 3.8 How likely is the invasion of salmon farms?.....................................................................23 3.9 What has been the economic impact elsewhere in the region, and in Canada? ..............23 4.0 FEASIBILITY OF ERADICATION ........................................................................................ 24 4.1 Importance of early detection and local science ..............................................................24 4.1.1 Surveys ....................................................................................................................24 4.1.2 Species-specific genetic markers to detect fragments or larvae in plankton tows .....25 4.1.3 Site-specific information on the seasonal cycles of growth, reproduction, larval settlement, and temperature ..............................................................................................26 4.2 Methods ..........................................................................................................................26 4.2.1 Global and regional ..................................................................................................26 4.2.2 Local ........................................................................................................................28 4.2.3 Success rate and factors global and regional ...........................................................28 4.2.4 Success rate and factors at local scales ...................................................................32 4.2.5 Probability of successful eradication .........................................................................34 4.2.6 Risks ........................................................................................................................34 5.0 FEASIBILITY OF CONTROL .............................................................................................. 35 5.1 The importance of monitoring ..........................................................................................35 5.1.1 Rapid Assessment Surveys (RAS) ...........................................................................35 5.1.2 Gene probes.............................................................................................................35 5.1.3 Passive surveys .......................................................................................................35 5.2 Importance of public vigilance .........................................................................................35 5.3 Vector control ..................................................................................................................35