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Really No Merchant : an Ethnohistorical Account of Newman and Company and the Supplying System in the Newfoundland Fishery at Ha

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Really No Merchant : an Ethnohistorical Account of Newman and Company and the Supplying System in the Newfoundland Fishery at Ha ~ationalLibrary BiMiotwnationale i+u ot Canada du Canada Canadian Theses Service Setvice des theses canadie Ottawa. Canada KIA ON4 ', I NOTICE he of this microform is heavily dependent upon the La qualit6 de cette microforme depend grandement de la quality of the original thesis submitted for n?icrofilming. qualit6 de la these soumise au microfilmage.Nous avons €very eff& has been made to ensure the highest quality of tout fait pour assurer une qualife sup6rieure de repfoduc- reproduction~possible. tion. I! pages are missing, contact the university which granted S'il manque des pages, veuillez communiquer avec the degree. I'universitb qui a confer4 le grade. Some pages may have indistinct print especially if the La qualit6 d'impression de certaines pages put laisser a original pages were typed with a poor typewriter ribbon or desirer, surtout si les pages originales ont Bte dactylogra- if the university sent us an inferior photocopy. phiees a I'aide d'un ruban us6 ou si runiversitb nous a fa~t parvenir une photocopie de qualit6 inferieure. Reproduction in full or in part of this microform is vemed La reproduction, meme partielle, de cette microforme est by the Canadian Copyright Act. R.S.C. 1970. C. g30, and soumise ti la Loi canadienne sur le droit d'auteur, SRC subsequent amendments. 1970. c. C-30. et ses amendements subsequents. NL-339 (r. 8&01)c - . - - t REALLY NO MERCHANT: AN ETHNOHISTORICAL ACCBUNT OF HEWMAN AND COMPANY AND THE SUPPLYING SYSTEM IN TBE NEWFOUNDLAND - FISHERY AT HARBOUR BRETON, 1850-1900 David Anthony Macdonald B.A. (Honours), University of Manchester, 1973 M.A., Memorial University of Newfoundlan& , 1979 THESIS SUBMI'MXD IN PARTIAL FULF'1I;LMEHT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR TBE DEGREE OF DOCrOR OF PHIrnSOPEm in the Department - of Sociology and Anthropology , @ David-Anthony Macdonald 1988 9. SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY October 1988 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. National Libtary Biblidhltque nationale of Canada !*I du Canadian Theses Service Service de\ thCtses canadtennes Onawa. Canada KIA ON4 The author has granted an irrevocable non- l'auteur a accorde une licence irr6vocabIe et exdusive licence allowing the National Library non exclusive pennettant a la BibIioth&ue of.(=anada to reproduce, m, distribute or sed nationale du Canada de reproduire, prhter, copies of hisher thesis by any means and in dis'tribuer ou vendre des copies de sa thdse any fmor format, malung this thesis available de quelque maniere et sous quelque forrne to interested persons. que ce soit pour mettre des exemplaires de cette these a la disposition des personnes intkressees. -3 The author retains owne'rship of the copyright *." Cauteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur in hisfher thesis. Neither the thesis nor +, qui prot&ge s these. Ni la Ih&e ni des extraits substantial extracts from it may be printed or substantiels de celle-ci ne doivent &re' otherwise reproduced without hisher per- imprimes ou autrement reproduits sans son . mission. A autorisation. * ISBN - 0-315-S252-2 APPROVAL ilAP1E: David Macdonal d , DEGREE : Doctor of Philosophy TTT ,I,LE OF THESIS: Really No Merchant: An Ethnohistorical Account of Newrnan and Company and the Supplying System in tbe Newfoundland Fishery at Harbour Breton-, 1850-.I 900 E%AMI!i ING COMMITTEE : CHAIRRAN: " Gary Teeple IAN WHITAKER SENIOR SUPERVISOR MICHAEL KENNY-. JACK LITTLE CHRIS MORGAN ERIC W. ~AGER ASSOCIATE PROFESSGR HISTORY DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF VIC13RIA EXTERNAL EXAMINER December 20, 1988 PART I AL ' COPYR I GHT L 1 CENSE I hereby grant to Sirran Fraser University the right to lead ~y fhesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) 4 to bsers of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the 'ibrary of any other university, or other educational institution, on ts own behalf or for one of its users. 1 further agree that perrniss~on L 4 'or multiple copying of this work for scholarlv purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It 1s understood that copying sr publication of *PIS work for firarrial gain shall not be allowed without my writtep permission. Author: ABSTRACT . In this thesis I examine the conduct of the inshore in Newfoundland during the second half of the nineteenthThey century. The main source of data is the business papers bf a mercantile firm, Newman and Company, that operated on the south coast of Newfoundland during this period. As other contemporary merchants, Newmans did little fishing on their own account but advanced supplies to and received in payment the catches of independent fishermen - what I call (following contemporary usage) the supplying system, also known as the credit or truck system. The supplying system has been misrepresented in previously published accounts owing to neglect of the supplying merchantst crucial productive role. The merchants have rather been seen as engaged in distributive activities and the supplying system has been depicted as a means to mercantile ends - binding labour and expropriatingesurplus; yet it has not-been shown that the supplying system could have had such effects, let alone that it did. In addition to their mercantile activities Newmans engaged indirectly in production because little fish could have been caught without their supplies. The ypplying system replaced an earlier eystem of productioq in which merchants1 ships caught fish with hired crews. Duri~gthe study-period the supplying system broke down to the detriment of the inshore fishery. The theoretical framewjrk of this thesis is drawn from the writings of Eric Wolf, who advocates a more historical approach to anthropology than is traditional. I have, however, departed from Wolf's assumption that the purchase of labour as a commodity distinguishes between mercantile (distributive) and capitalist (productive) activities and I have also, unlike Wolf, attributed a productive role to merchants. l1 he merchant is really no merchant he e, - that is, no fair speculator, undert the usual and proper understanding of that term in trade; he is simply a great commercial gambler. - Robert McRae, Lost Amons the Foss, 1869 - I wish to thank my senior supervisor, Dr. Ian Whitaker and the other members of my supervisory committee, Drs. Michael Kenny and Jack ~ittle;also Dr. Noel Dyck, who was my supervisor in the early part of my doctoral studies. For financial support I am grateful to Simon Fraser University and Memorial University's Institute for Social and Economic Research, especially the research director Dr. J.D. House. I also ;thank the Anglican Diocese of Grand Falls for permission to use the church records -and Ms. Marilyn Furlong for typing the manuscript. TABLE OF CONTENTS APPROVAL PAGE ABSTRACT . iii .-, QUOTATION iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF TABLES viii * LIST OF MAPS ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS X CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 14 History and Anthropology Ethnohistory Eric Wolf 'r * Economic Anthropology B i CHAPTER 3: THE INTERNATIONAL FISHERY AT NEWFOUNDLAND The fishery in the nineteenth century The fishery in Fortune Bay . - Harbour Breton CHAPTER 4: HARBOUR BRETON, 1850-99 The settled population The transient population occupational distribution of the workforce Social stratification Social stratification in Harbour Breton, 1850-99 vii Pase . CHAPTER 5: THE SUPPLYING SYSTEM AND THE NEWFOUNDLAND \ FISHERY ._ 137 credit, truck and barter in the supplying system 156 U Credit systems outside the Atlantic Canadian fishery 163 Summary 173 CHAPTER 6: NEWMANS AND THE PLANTERS 178 Problems of the fishery 208 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS r.,, LIST OF REFERENCES - /'- - viii Table Pase r Numbers and tonnage of schooners registered to Fortune and Hermitage Bay owners by quinquennial 1855-98 . Population, number af families and resident population, ~arbouiBreton, 1836-1901 Emigration of children baptised to Harbour Breton residents, 1850-89 Fate of-Newmans' English workers on first recorded ,term of duty, 1864-91 Occupational breakdown of imported workers, 1864-91 Wages and salaries in Harbour Breton, selected occupational categories, 1850-99 Mility to sign by decade of birth and occupation of parents Final status of Harbour Breton grooms who married 1855-99 and reached age. 40 by 1899 Occupational mobility between generations: highest status of men born before 1860 compared with that of their fathers occupations of fathers of marriage partners, Harbour Breton, 1850-99 Inshore cod catch and return to effort, Fortune Bay Electoral Distri'ct, Census years . 1857-1901 LIST OF-MAPS Map L 1 Newfoundland, showing study area LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CNS - Centre for Newfoundland Studies, Memqrial university, S+Johnls. \ ISER =. 1nGtitute f& Social and Ech . ' Memorial University, St. a . Journals of the (Newfoundland) Maritime History Group, Memorial Univ)rsity, St. ' John I s . Letter addressed t4ewman &I company1, Newfoundland; Neman, ~untand Company papers, public' Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador. PANL - Public Archives of NewfoundlandAand Labrador, =, St. John's. US PG = United, Society for the propagation of the .A ~os~elpapers, PANL, St. John's. L k?. CHAPTER 1 -INTRODUCTION ~uringthe nineteegth century the Newfoundland fishery was \ conducted for the most part by inshore fishermen who owned and operated small boats and produced salt-cod for export markets. The merchants who exported the finjshed product seldom caught or processed the fish themselves but supplied the fishermen who did so. 'Fish went to market only once or twice a year and the problem of maintaining the fishery's labour force over the year awas a serious one. Given the structure of the fishery as it had developed throughjthe nineteenth century, ,merchantsextended a range of supplies to fisheqmenC and fishermen came to depend on . > these supplies for the maintenance of their families and for the & conduct o.f the fishery.
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