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No 68 Politorbis Zeitschrift zur Aussenpolitik www.eda.admin.ch/politorbis Revue de politique étrangère Rivista di politica estera Prévenir les atrocités : vers de nouveaux paradigmes? Preventing atrocities; towards new paradigms? 1/2020 Contact: Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA Directorate of Political Affairs DP Division for Security Policy DSP Politorbis Effingerstrasse 27 3003 Bern Phone: + 41 58 464 81 53 Fax: + 41 58 464 38 39 [email protected] www.eda.admin.ch/politorbis Die Texte werden normalerweise in der Sprache der Verfasser gedruckt. Der Inhalt muss nicht zwingend mit der Meinung des EDA übereinstimmen. En principe, les articles sont publiés dans la langue de travail de leurs auteurs. Le contenu ne reflète pas nécessairement la position du DFAE. The articles are published usually in the language in which they were written. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views of the FDFA . 2 Politorbis Nr. 68 – 1 / 2020 Politorbis Ignazio Cassis Préface 7 Foreword 9 Mô Bleeker Introduction 11 Introduction 15 Première partie: enjeux émergents de la prévention des atrocités First Part; Emerging Challenges in Atrocity Prevention Antoine Garapon Les nouvelles formes de violence de masse 21 Andrea Bartoli & Mauro Garofalo From the Prevention of Genocide and the 27 Responsibility to Protect to the Prevention of Atrocities Adama Dieng Prévention des atrocités criminelles: la grande 31 opportunité? Karen Smith The Responsibility to Protect at 15: Lessons Learned 35 and Ways Forward Mona Rashmawi The Role of United Nations Human Rights System in 39 the Prevention of Atrocities Jennifer Leaning Prevention in Public Health and Atrocity: A Comparative Approach to Early Warning for Early 45 Action Victor de Currea-Lugo Récits de pandémie: la revanche de la science 53 Deuxième partie: abordages thématiques Second Part: Thematic Approaches Genre Gender Habib Nassar & Christalla Yakintou Embedding Change: Reflections on Gender, Agency, 59 and Prevention Jelena Pia-Comella L’agenda « Femmes, paix et sécurité »: cadre 65 normatif, bonnes pratiques de sa mise en œuvre Politorbis Nr. 68 – 1 / 2020 3 Révisionnisme, documentations et archives, populismes, nouvelles technologies atrocités et éducation, droit à l’information, contre-pouvoirs et gouvernance Revisionism, Documentation and Archives, Populisms, New Technologies, Atrocities and Education, the Right to Information, Counter-Powers and Governance Yehuda Bauer The Emergence of Denial of Facts, Revisionism, and 71 the Distortion of the Past: How Can We Try to Advance the Prevention of Mass Atrocity Crimes? Nick Waters New Opportunities and Challenges in Documenting 75 Atrocities: Bellingcat and Open Source Documentation- Principles and Lessons Learned Enzo Maria Le Fevre Cervini New Technologies, New War Crimes, and New Threats 81 to Fundamental Rights: State of Play, Consequences, Lessons for Prevention Joël Hubrecht Quatre principes pour améliorer l’enseignement des 85 atrocités de masse Michel Duclos Émergences des populismes et nationalismes: état des 89 lieux, conséquences et leçons pour la prévention Clément Voulé & Christopher Roberts Civil Society and Counterpowers Under Attack: The 93 Current Situation, Consequences, and Lessons for Prevention Christophe Deloire Gouvernance de l’espace de l’information et de la 97 communication: principes démocratiques et responsabilités des acteurs Crises humanitaires, migrations forcées Humanitarian Crises, Forced Migration Amin Awad Humanitarian Aid in Danger: State of Play, Challenges, 103 and Measures to be Taken: Reasons Why the Conscience of the World Leaders Should Be Awakened 111 Laura Thompson Addressing Atrocities Against Migrants Environnement et business. Vision émergente du futur, la contribution des peuples indigènes Environment and business. Emerging Visions of the Future, the Contribution of Indigenous Peoples Jürgen Zimmerer Climate Challenges, Environmental Violence, and 117 Genocide Prevention: New Issues, New Challenges Salil Tripathi Access to Resources, Private Actors: From Exploitation 121 to Prevention Juan Mayr & Juana Londoño La pensée préhispanique: source d’inspiration pour la 127 prévention Mucha-Sim L. Quiling The Sama Dilaut Home and Journey: An Indigenous 133 People’s Perspective of Non-Violence and Peace 4 Politorbis Nr. 68 – 1 / 2020 Responsabilité, complémentarité Responsibility, Complementarity Silvia Fernández de Gurmendi Enhancing the Preventive Power of International 139 Criminal Justice Carlos Castresana Corruption, Organized Crime, and International 143 Crimes: Lessons for Prevention Antoine Bernard Le principe de complémentarité contre les atrocités 149 Christian Huglo & Joël Hubrecht Le rôle et l’effet préventif du droit à l’ère de 155 l’anthropocène Traitement du passé, médiation, mise en œuvre accords de paix Dealing With the Past, Mediation, Implementation of Peace Agreements Mô Bleeker Passé-présent-futur: justice transitionnelle et 161 traitement du passé à l’heure de la prévention Yasmin Sooka Lessons Learned from the Truth and Reconciliation Commissions in South Africa and Sierra Leone 165 Karen N. Tanada Sustaining a Peace Process amidst High Atrocity 169 Risks: A Contrasted Reading of the Philippines Narrative Mario Giro Médiation et prévention: leçons apprises et voies à 175 suivre Dialogue Inter-religieux Inter Religious Dialogues David Rosen Interreligious Dialogue and Genocide Prevention: 181 Reflections to Seek the Ways Forward Azza Karam Interreligious Dialogue and Prevention: Lessons 185 Learned and Ways Forward – Reflections on/from United Nations experiences Quelques acteurs de la prévention Some actors of prevention Shara Duncan-Villalobos The Role of Smaller Countries in Mass Atrocity 195 Prevention: The Case of Costa Rica Liberata Mulamula ICGLR- 14 Years After the Signing of the ICGLR Pact 199 and Protocol on Prevention of Genocide: Lessons Learned and the Way Forward Lamberto Zannier Regional Mechanisms and Prevention Experiences: 205 Lessons Learned and Ways Forward Kyle Matthews & Daniel Twijuke Parliamentarians and atrocity prevention 209 Amina Bouayach Institutions nationales des droits de l’homme: « Prévenir 213 les atrocités, vers de nouveaux paradigmes? » Jeremy Condor Facilitate your way out of this! How a disparate group 217 of people with seemingly entrenched positions, came together to unite their forces against mass atrocity crimes Politorbis Nr. 68 – 1 / 2020 5 6 Politorbis Nr. 68 – 1 / 2020 Préface Ignazio Cassis1 Génocides, crimes contre l’humanité, crimes de Chaque société devrait être à même d’affronter guerre et nettoyages ethniques : que l’on parle de l’imprévu ; la convergence entre science et techno- l’Holocauste nazi, du génocide perpétré au Cam- logie recèle un potentiel immense pour l’évolution bodge par les Khmers rouges ou du génocide de de l’humanité, mais comporte aussi des dangers. De Srebrenica, toutes ces tragédies ont en commun nouveaux conflits potentiels émergent par exemple, d’avoir fait des millions de victimes en raison de en relation avec la sécurité des données, l’accès des leur appartenance culturelle ou religieuse. La com- individus à la santé et aux ressources. Si nous vou- munauté internationale se montre toujours étonnée, lons réduire les risques de conflits futurs, nous de- impuissante, face à un présent qu’elle n’a pas antici- vons instaurer aujourd’hui même des mécanismes pé. Pourtant, ces crimes effroyables et la déportation qui placent le progrès technologique au service d’un de milliers de personnes ne se produisent pas du développement inclusif et mettent le potentiel éco- jour au lendemain : ils sont l’aboutissement sanglant nomique et social à la portée non pas des seuls pays d’une longue escalade de violences et de conflits. riches mais de toutes les populations. Si nous voulons éviter de telles situations, nous de- La prévention doit aussi pouvoir s’appuyer sur un vons comprendre comment elles ont pu se produire. système multilatéral performant, fondé sur le droit La Suisse a présidé jusqu’en novembre le réseau international et axé sur la résolution pacifique des international de prévention des atrocités (Global conflits. La Suisse, forte de sa tradition en matière Action Against Mass Atrocity Crimes [GAAMAC]), d’action humanitaire et de bons offices, peut appor- qui poursuit plusieurs objectifs : promouvoir une ter une contribution importante à la prévention, et gouvernance stable et des sociétés solides et rési- contribuer au débat sur ce thème. Tel est précisément lientes, encourager la confrontation avec sa propre le sujet de cette ultime édition de Politorbis. Tout en histoire, et faire prendre conscience que le travail de rendant hommage au travail accompli, il nous en- prévention commence dans son propre pays. L’anti- courage à poursuivre nos efforts en faveur de la pré- cipation est un facteur déterminant à cet égard : non vention au plan national. Il explique de quelle ma- pas l’anticipation qui découlerait exclusivement du nière cette prévention repose sur une collaboration passé, mais l’anticipation adaptative, fondée sur la interdisciplinaire, comment naissent et évoluent les connaissance scientifique, ses tendances et les débats contextes dans lesquels des atrocités sont perpétrées qu’elle suscite entre des communautés plurielles et et pourquoi il est crucial d’identifier, à un stade très multidisciplinaires. précoce, les indicateurs qui conduisent à ces crimes. Je me réjouis de poursuivre cet engagement et ce dia- Comment nos sociétés, marquées par les conflits, logue. peuvent-elle utiliser
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