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Genebanks and the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources

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Genebanks and the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources Genebanks and the management of farm animal genetic resources Editor: J.K. Oldenbroek Publisher: DLO Institute for Animal Science and Health P.O. Box6 5 8200 AB Lelystad The Netherlands isbn 90-75124-06-6 ©ID-DLO, 1999 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieva l system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without theprior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director of the DLO Institute of Animal Science and Health, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, the Netherlands. On the cover: upperleft: Reggiana cow upperright: Groningen horse lower left:Iberia n pigs lower right: Finnish Landrace sheep (Photos courtesy ofG.C. Gandini (Reggiana) and OklahomaState University). Contents Preface Page 1. Introduction 1 J.K.Oldenbroe k 2. Choosing the conservation strategy 11 G.C.Gandin i andJ.K . Oldenbroek 3. Measuring the genetic uniqueness in livestock 33 J.H. Eding and G. Laval 4. Selecting breeds for conservation 59 J. Ruane 5. Establishing aconservatio n scheme 75 M.Tor o and A.Mäki-Tanil a 6. Operation of conservation schemes 91 T.H.E. Meuwissen 7. Development ofa nexper t system for conservation 113 J.A. Woolliams andT.H.E . Meuwissen Preface Economic, social and environmental developments were the driving force for the selection of highproductiv e breeds tob e used in the intensive animal production systems.Thi s selection decreased the contribution of locally developed breeds withlower-input , lower-output levels to food production andthreatene d the existence ofthes ebreeds .Fo r goodreason s the society andth ebreedin g organisations canno t afford andwil lno t acceptth enon-reversibl e disappearance ofbreed s including the loss of genetic variation within the important farm animal species.World-wid e genebanks for plants in which genetic variation is conservedd o exist already for more then 30year s and onlyi n afe w countries farm animal genebanks exist. A scientific foundation for the set up of afar m animal genebank, itsrol e in conservation for future use and its integration in in situ conservation programs ishighl y needed for the European Union. Sofar , several organisations were active in the field of conserving animal genetic resources, e.g. theEuropea n Association for Animal Production (EAAP) andth eFoo d and Agricultural Organisation ofth eUnite d Nations (FAO).Thi sboo k can be seen asa n addition toth ewor k published by EAAP and FAO,especiall y as an addition to the"Secondar y Guidelines for Development ofNationa l Farm Animal Genetic Resources Management Plans"o f FAO published in 1998. Within the Concerted Action BIO4-CT96-0197thre emeeting s were held in 1997an d 1998i n which several aspects ofconservatio n ofgeneti cvariatio n in farm animal populations in Europe were presented and discussed in order todevelo p guidelines for the cryoconservation offar m animal genetic diversity. Much attention waspai dt oth eintegratio n ofth e exsitu conservation in ageneban k inprogram s for in situconservatio n in EU circumstances. Geneticistsfrom Scotland , Norway, Finland, France, Italy, Spain,Th eNetherland s and from FAOparticipate d inthes emeetings . In afourt h meeting in 1998the y synthesised these aspects and discussions for publication in thisbook . Thereader s of theboo k might bepeopl eworkin g in education, inresearch , in animal breeding andi n governmental andnon-governmenta l organisations.Thi sboo kwil l helpthe m to stimulate awareness for theproblem s resulting from the extinction ofbreed s and create awareness for the opportunities of conservation of genetic diversity within species byth e creation and use of genebanks andmanagemen t of farm animal geneticresource s in theEC . Thecontent s of theboo k will helppeople , whoshoul d make decisions on conservation activities for farm animals, to found their viewpoints. Such activities aim atth e future useo f conserved geneticmateria l in European animal breeding programs andwil l secure future food production and future market demands, e.g. a diversification ofproductio n systems or consumer demands for specialised foods. Chapter 1. Introduction J.K.Oldenbroe k Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, DLO Institute for Animal Science and Health, P.O.Bo x 65,820 0A B Lelystad, The Netherlands Challengesfor food production anddevelopments inanimal production systems Developments infarm animalpopulations used for food production History ofconservation in Europe Whatis farm animalgenetic variation? Whyshould farm animalgenetic variation be conserved? Who shouldconserve farm animalgenetic variation? Howshould farm animalgenetic variation be conserved? Backgroundto decision making inconservation farm animalgenetic variation 1.1 Challenges for food production and developments in animal production systems 1.1.1 Food for agrowin g global population World-wide the human population is expected togro w by moretha n 50%unti l the year2030 . Inth e past the demand for an increased food production hasbee n realised by acombinatio n of genetic improvements, greater farming inputs and cultivation ofmor elan d for agriculture. It can hardly be expected that in the future the agricultural inputs can still beincrease d andtha t more land can be cultivated for intensive food production systems.Therefore , onth e one hand the genetic improvement of farm animals isth e most viable approach tomee tth e increasing demand for food from animal origin in intensive systems.O nth e otherhan drura l areas might be used for food production with low-input, low-output breeds which arelocall y developed and adapted tothes eareas . 1.1.2 Growing demand for diversification ofanima l production Oneo fth emajo r reasons for the domestication of animals wast o supply food for the family ofth e owner. In the last centuries, animal food supply of mankind inth e developed world is concentrated on specialised farms and farm animals arebre d andmanage d toexpres s production and quality traits in an efficient way. Besides,i n thedevelope d world iti s observed that anincreas e in income leads toris e in thedeman d for specialised foods generated by adiversificatio n of animal production systems.T omak e the genetic approach successful in intensive and extensive circumstances and in the demand for adiversificatio n of animal products, thegeneti c variation must bemaintaine d ormus t be enlarged in our selection activities for farm animals. 1.2 Developments in farm animal populations used for food production 1.2.1 Driving forces In Europe breeding organisations strongly influenced the composition of farm animal populations used for food production. Economic, social and environmental developments were the driving force for the selection ofhig hproductiv e breeds tob e used in intensive animal production systems.Thi s selection decreased the contribution oflow-input , low-output breeds to food production andthreatene d the existence ofthes ebreeds . 1.2.2 Effects of technology Applying genetic science in the improvement of the genetic ability of farm animals andth e use of artificial reproduction techniques led toth e development of advanced breeding schemes and advanced methods toidentif y thegeneti c superior animals within the selected high productive breeds.I n thesebreed s ahig h geneticimprovemen t is obtained for only afe w traits.Th e other traits,whic h were ignored in the selection, were compensated by increasing management efforts. This way ofselectio n widened the gapi nproductivit y between the developed highproductiv e breeds andth e original low-input, low-output breeds,whic h wasa further steptoward s the extinction oflocall y developedbreeds . 1.3 History of conservation in Europe 1.3.1 Increase in erosion andstar t of conservation World-wide the discussion on conservation ofgeneti cresource s in animal production started much latertha n in plantproduction . However, already atth e start ofartificia l insemination of cattle in the fifties, Swedish AI-studs conserved semen from eachbul l used for breeding.I n the sixties, scientific and farmer communities draw attention toth ehig h rate of erosion of animal genetic resources. In Europe, farmers were leaving therura l areas where much breed diversity waspresen t andman y local breeds werereplace d by afe w highly promoted and highly selected breeds.Thes e breedswer e also exported todevelopin g countries outside Europe andreplace d breeds,whic h were well adapted to circumstances and management systems deviating sharplyfrom thos e in Europe. In 1972th e first United Nations Conference on the Environment in Stockholm recognise these developments andproblems . Ultimately, the first Global Technical Consultation on Genetic Resources washel d at FAO-headquarters in Romei n 1980. 1.3.2 FAO-activities forth emanagemen t of farm animal resources In 1985 FAOintroduce d under theresponsibilit y of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food andAgricultur e an expanded Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Resources. In 1992FA O launched aspecia l action program for the Global Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources with aframework t o stimulatenationa l participation in the global effort toimplemen t conservation activities.Nationa l andregiona l focus points playa n important rolei n stimulating andco-ordinatin g these actions.Th e Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS) is used to collect information onbreed s and conservation activities and it offers the opportunity toretriev e guidelines for conservation activities.I n 1998thi s program got ane w impulse in the first session of the Intergovernmental Working Group onAnima l Genetic Resources for Food andAgriculture . This working group recommended the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food andAgricultur e that FAO continuet o shapemor e clearly theframework an dfurthe r developth e framework andtha t FAOco-ordinat e the development of acountry-drive n Report on the State ofth e World's Animal Genetic Resources.
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