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Conditions and Terms of Use Copyright © Heritage History 2010 Some rights reserved This text was produced and distributed by Heritage History, an organization dedicated to the preservation of classical juvenile history books, and to the promotion of the works of traditional history authors. The books which Heritage History republishes are in the public domain and are no longer protected by the original copyright. They may therefore be reproduced within the United States without paying a royalty to the author. The text and pictures used to produce this version of the work, however, are the property of Heritage History and are subject to certain restrictions. These restrictions are imposed for the purpose of protecting the integrity of the work, for preventing plagiarism, and for helping to assure that compromised versions of the work are not widely disseminated. In order to preserve information regarding the origin of this text, a copyright by the author, and a Heritage History distribution date are included at the foot of every page of text. We require all electronic and printed versions of this text include these markings and that users adhere to the following restrictions. 1. You may reproduce this text for personal or educational purposes as long as the copyright and Heritage History version are included. 2. You may not alter this text or try to pass off all or any part of it as your own work. 3. You may not distribute copies of this text for commercial purposes. 4. This text is intended to be a faithful and complete copy of the original document. However, typos, omissions, and other errors may have occurred during preparation, and Heritage History does not guarantee a COLUMBUS AS A YOUTH. perfectly reliable reproduction. Permission to use Heritage History documents or images for commercial purposes, or more information about our collection of traditional history resources can be obtained by contacting us at [email protected] Original Copyright 1894 by John Bonner. 2 Distributed by Heritage History 2010 HERNANDO CORTEZ .............................................. 87 IN THE CITY OF MEXICO ....................................... 90 TABLE OF CONTENTS CORTEZ DRIVEN OUT OF MEXICO ........................ 93 THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO .................................. 96 SPAIN—BEGINNING TO ROMAN CONQUEST ........... 4 PIZARRO ................................................................. 99 THE GOTHS IN SPAIN ............................................... 7 THE CONQUEST OF PERU ..................................... 101 THE MOORISH CONQUEST .................................... 10 PHILIP THE SECOND ............................................. 103 WHO WERE THE MOORS? ..................................... 13 THE DUKE OF ALVA ............................................. 107 THE CONQUEST...................................................... 16 DON JOHN OF AUSTRIA ........................................ 110 ABDERRAHMAN THE FIRST .................................... 19 THE KNIGHTS OF MALTA .................................... 113 ABDERRAHMAN'S SUCCESSORS ............................. 22 THE MORISCOES .................................................. 116 FLORA AND MARY ................................................. 25 SPAIN UNDER PHILIP THE SECOND...................... 118 ABDERRAHMAN THE THIRD .................................. 27 TWO MORE PHILIPS ............................................. 121 THE GREAT VIZIER ............................................... 30 CHARLES THE SECOND ........................................ 124 THE CHRISTIANS OF NORTHERN SPAIN ................ 33 PHILIP THE FIFTH ................................................ 126 THE CID CAMPEADOR ........................................... 36 FERDINAND THE SIXTH ........................................ 129 THE BATTLE OF LAS NAVAS ................................. 39 CHARLES THE THIRD ........................................... 131 SEVILLE .................................................................. 42 THE PRINCE OF THE PEACE ................................. 134 CASTILE AND ARAGON .......................................... 45 THE OLD KING AND TILE NEW ONE ................... 137 THE MOORS AT GRANADA .................................... 47 KING JOSEPH ........................................................ 140 ZAHARA AND ALHAMA .......................................... 51 THE FRENCH SPAIN .............................................. 142 BORDER WARFARE ................................................ 53 FERDINAND THE SEVENTH ................................... 145 THE FALL OF MALAGA .......................................... 56 THE SPANISH-AMERICAN COLONIES .................. 148 THE FALL OF GRANADA ........................................ 58 THE WOMAN FROM NAPLES ................................ 151 THE LAST OF THE MOORS ..................................... 62 ISABELLA .............................................................. 154 THE CONDITION OF SPAIN ..................................... 65 SPAIN IN OUR DAY ............................................... 156 COLUMBUS ............................................................. 68 THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA .............................. 70 THE SECOND VOYAGE ........................................... 73 THE DEATH OF COLUMBUS ................................... 77 THE END OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA .............. 80 CHARLES THE FIRST .............................................. 83 Original Copyright 1894 by John Bonner. 3 Distributed by Heritage History 2010 mammoths and other enormous preadamite monsters, whose bones are still found in great heaps in the mountains. After CHAPTER I their day came volcanic convulsions which altered the shape of the country, uptwisted mountain ranges, burst yawning chasms, tilted great layers of rock on edge, cut channels for SPAIN—FROM THE BEGINNING TO THE rivers, and perhaps opened a way for the waters of the ROMAN CONQUEST Mediterranean to empty into the Atlantic through the Straits of Gibraltar. 500 B.C. – 50 A.D. We first bear of Spain four or five hundred years before Christ, when the Phoenicians of Tyre planted a colony Away down in the south-western corner of Europe, cut near the present seaport of Cadiz. Two or three hundred years off from the rest of the continent by a range of mountains six later we again bear of it, when the mighty trading city of to twelve thousand feet high, is the beautiful country of Spain. Carthage founded the town which is now called Carthagena, It is a country of lofty and rugged mountain chains and long and sent a general with an army of fifty thousand men and two level plains. Some of the latter lie low, and are watered by hundred elephants to conquer the coasts of Spain. flowing rivers; here the climate is genial and the rainfall At that time the peninsula was inhabited by two races, copious, so that the fields are fat and rich; others, in the centre who were know as Iberians and Celts, and who afterwards of the country, stand higher above the level of the sea; these blended and were then called Celtiberians. The Iberians came have a scanty rainfall, excessive beat in summer, and extreme from Africa, and were short, dark-skinned men, though not cold in winter, and are sometimes baked and sometimes negroes; the Celts came from the North, were tall and white, frozen, but always dry and poor. In the north the Basque wore their hair in long braids, and dressed in leathern coats, peasant in his long ragged black cloak cowers from the bleak over which they threw long black cloaks. They spent their time winds from the Atlantic and the biting gales from the snow- in war or at the chase, while their women tilled the fields. clad ridge of the Pyrenees and the Cantabrians; in the south, Their weapons were swords and spears of iron, and they were the gay Andalusian is warmed by balmy breezes from the skilled horsemen. They lived chiefly on vegetables, fruits, Mediterranean, and sleeps his noonday sleep under groves of acorns, and chestnuts, and were not acquainted with strong gently waving palms or orange-trees, or beneath broad vine- liquor. In some respects they may remind you of some of our leaves, or in orchards laden with fragrant fruit, or in snug Indian tribes. corners of fields yellow with golden wheat. Thus Spain is divided into a paradise and a wilderness. These races were intermarrying, or living peaceably side by side, and growing in numbers, when the Carthaginians Long, long ago, before history began to be written, invaded Spain. The latter were a very superior people to the Spain was probably part of Africa. On the Cape of Gibraltar Celtiberians; highly educated, far-seeing, good soldiers, good live thirty or forty monkeys of the African breed; an old sailors, and, above all, good merchants. They taught the Spanish legend says that they still visit their old home, from natives how to work their mines of silver and gold and lead time to time, by a submarine tunnel under the Mediterranean. and iron; they bought the produce of the mines and the fields In old prehistoric times the country was overrun with and the orchards, and gave in exchange the goods of Carthage Original Copyright 1894 by John Bonner. 4 Distributed by Heritage History 2010 and of Tyre; they kept order with their armies, and when Hannibal attacked the place with high towers which Greek marauders landed they drove them off with their well- overtopped the walls, and from which huge stones, thrown by drilled regiments and their elephants;

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