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Patterns of Invertebrate Distribution and Abundance on Cordyline Australis in Human- Modified Landscapes

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Patterns of Invertebrate Distribution and Abundance on Cordyline Australis in Human- Modified Landscapes Patterns of invertebrate distribution and abundance on Cordyline australis in human­ modified landscapes A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Ph. D. at Lincoln University by Ruth J. Guthrie Lincoln University 2008 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Ph.D. Patterns of invertebrate distribution and abundance on Cordyline australis in human- modified landscapes Ruth. J. Guthrie Fragmentation of forest habitat by urban and rural development has had profound effects on the distribution and abundance of many native species; however, little is known about the ecological processes driving patterns in community structure (species richness and composition) of host-specialised herbivores in modified habitats. I examined patterns in community structure of 9 specialist and 19 generalist invertebrate herbivores of cabbage trees (Cordyline australis Laxmanniaceae) across a highly-modified landscape. I found that, although species richness of specialists was highest in forest sites, the majority of host- specialised species were not restricted to forest habitats and were as widespread as many generalists. In terms of site occupancy, only two specialist and four generalist species were rare. I show that patterns of species occupancy and abundance reflect differing susceptibility to habitat modification, with landscape-level variation an important predictor of abundance for nearly all species. When species occurrences and life history traits were considered I did not find strong evidence for the importance of dispersal ability, which suggests that habitat variability had a stronger organising effect on the community. In a replicated common garden experiment, I found distinct regional patterns in the community structure of the specialist invertebrates occurring on different phylogenetic groups of C. australis. In contrast, community structure of generalist herbivores did not differ significantly among host genotypes. I speculate these patterns are due to historical changes in the distribution of cabbage trees in the Southern phylogenetic region that caused specialised herbivores to become locally adapted on populations of low genetic diversity following expansion after the last glacial maximum. However, this consistent selection pressure did not occur in the Northern region where C. australis habitat has been more consistently available over the past tens of thousands of years, reflected in higher host genetic diversity. This study has advanced our understanding of the patterns in community structure of an indigenous, host-specialised fauna in a highly modified and fragmented urban and rural landscapes. Keywords: New Zealand cabbage tree, Cordyline australis, habitat modification, insect herbivory, ecology, local adaptation, phylogeography, species composition, species richness ii Acknowledgements Supervisory committee: Hannah Buckley, Jon Sullivan and Rich Leschen Family and friends: John and Margaret, Corrigan, Hannah and Brad, Amber and Jeremy, Jeff, Michelle and Shane, and Brian and Glenda. Advice and discussion: Rich Leschen, Ross Beever, Warwick Harris, Nicola Day, Amber Sciligo, Brad Case, Richard Duncan, Robert Hoare, Rosa Henderson, John Dugdale, Trevor Crosby, John Marris, Nick Martin, Rob Cruickshank, Roddy Hale, Brian Patrick, Phil Sirvid and Riccardo Palma, Field and lab assistance: Ben Horne, Shona Sam, Myles Mackintosh, Shaun Ferguson and Chris Berry GIS components: Brad Case Access to common gardens and support at Landcare Research (Lincoln) and UNITEC (Auckland): Sue Scheele, Warwick Harris, Ross Beever, Jessica Beever and Mel Galbraith. Access to arthropod collections: John Marris (Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum), Phil Sirvid and Riccardo Palma (Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Atawhai) and Trevor Crosby (New Zealand Arthropod Collection). Research and/or personal funding: Bio-Protection and Ecology Division, Lincoln University; Lincoln University Prestige Scholarship, Gordon Williams Postgraduate Scholarship in Ecological Sciences, the Isaac Centre for Nature Conservation, my parents Dr John & Margaret Guthrie, and Corrigan Sowman, who supported me to finish my work both on and off the farm! Special thanks to Hannah, Brad, Sam, Amber and Jeremy, thank you for your friendship, support and opening your homes to me. Without you guys, getting to the finish line would have been so much more difficult, and much less fun. iii Contents Abstract.......................................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................iii Contents.....................................................................................................................................iv List of Tables............................................................................................................................vii List of Figures............................................................................................................................ix Chapter 1: General introduction .................................................................................................1 Fragmentation of native communities ................................................................................1 The effect of plant host genetics on invertebrate herbivores..............................................3 Study system.......................................................................................................................3 Aim and objectives .............................................................................................................5 References ..........................................................................................................................7 Chapter 2: Patterns of host damage by the cabbage tree monophage Epiphryne verriculata Feld (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) across urban, rural and native forest habitats......................13 Abstract.............................................................................................................................13 Introduction ......................................................................................................................14 Methods ............................................................................................................................16 Results ..............................................................................................................................18 Discussion.........................................................................................................................19 References ........................................................................................................................24 Chapter 3: The invertebrate fauna of cabbage trees (Cordyline australis)...............................35 Introduction: .....................................................................................................................35 Methods ............................................................................................................................36 Results ..............................................................................................................................38 Destructive sampling ........................................................................................................47 Discussion.........................................................................................................................48 References ........................................................................................................................51 Chapter 4: The invertebrate community of cabbage trees in Canterbury: patterns of occupancy and abundance in a human-modified landscape.......................................................................66 iv Introduction ......................................................................................................................66 Methods ............................................................................................................................71 Results ..............................................................................................................................77 Discussion.........................................................................................................................84 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................90 References ........................................................................................................................92 Chapter 5: Tastes like home: regional patterns of community structure and local adaptation by invertebrates of Cordyline australis .......................................................................................118 Introduction ....................................................................................................................118 Methods ..........................................................................................................................123 Data collection................................................................................................................124 Data analysis...................................................................................................................125
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